Unit 3: The

Mole and
Stoichiometry
 Uncertainties and Errors
Precision vs Accuracy

Precision Accuracy

- Degree of exactness to which the measurement of a - Difference between a measured (experimental)

quantity can be reproduced value and an accepted value

- Depends on the finest division of the scale on the

measuring instrument

Significant Digits and Scientific Notation

Rules
- Non-zero numbers are always significant
- Zeros between non-zero digits are significant.
- Any zero following a non zero digit and is to the right of the decimal point is significant
- Zeros are not significant if they are simply holding a place value. These zeros are called spacers.

Adding and Subtracting Significant Digits

- Final answer must have the same number of decimal places as the measurement with the least amount of precision
(least number of DP)

Multiplying & Dividing Significant Digits

- Final answer must have the same number of significant digits as the measurement with the least number of significant digits

Scientific Notation
- Decimal placed between first 2 digits of the number
- Round according to the correct number of SD
- Exponent 10 refers to the magnitude of the number
- Negative: number less than zero (shift decimal left)
- Positive: number greater than zero (shift decimal right)
Random (Equipment) Errors Absolute Error: smallest unit decimal place in a measurement
- Precision; errors inherent in apparatus
- Reading the scales of a balance, graduated cylinder, thermometer, etc
- Uncertainties
- Errors as a result of imperfect tools

Percentage Error: Absolute error expressed as a percentage

Adding and Subracting Uncertainties

- Sum of absolute errors
- Rounded to correct number of SD of uncertainty

Multiplying and Dividing Uncertainties

- Sum of percentage errors
- Rounded to correct number of SD of uncertainty
- Steps
- Convert absolute to percentage uncertainties
- Add % uncertainties
- Convert percentage uncertainty to absolute (final answer)
 Mole Calculations
What is a mole?
- Amount of a substance that contains as many elementary entities (atoms, molecules, formula units) as exactly 12 g of carbon
- A “Chemist’s Dozen”

The “mole” = 602, 200, 000, 000, 000, 000, 000, 000
Avagadro’s Number

Formulas

Mole Map

Molar Mass
What is the mass of 1 mol of chlorine atoms?

Mole Map
Percent Composition
- Determine, based on a known formula, the percentage mass
- Analyse a sample of a compound and use the molar mass to determine the % of each element by mass

A sample of a compound is analyzed and found to contain 0.90g Of calcium and 1.60 g of chlorine. The sample has a mass of 2.50 g. Find
the percentage composition of the compound.
 Empirical Formula
Enpirial Formula: Simplest whole numbered ratio of each element present

Step 1 Step 2 Step 3 Step 4

convert % to mass (100g) find moles of each element divide each element by the mole ratios = subscript of formula
lowest number of moles to
develop a simple mole ratio

Example: A compound is analyzed and found to be 26.52% Cr, 24.52% S, Dealing with Decimals
and 48.96% O. Find its empirical formula. Assume 100g sample.
Decimals X subscript by
0.17 6
0.20 5
0.25 4
0.33 3
0.40 5
0.50 2
0.60 5
0.67 3
0.75 4
0.80 5

Combustion Analysis
- A 1.00g sample of a compound containing carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen undergoes. Complete combustion to produce 2.44g of CO₂
and 1.00g of H₂O . Determine the empirical formula.
1. A sample of a compound was found to contain 62.02% carbon, 10.43% hydrogen and the remainder oxygen by mass. Determine the
empirical formula for this compound.

2. An unknown element was collected during a chemical reaction. The sample of the unknown element with a mass of 4.00 g was then
allowed to react with excess oxygen, forming an oxide with a mass of 6.63 g. The oxide contains an equal amount (in mol) of both
elements (the unknown element and oxygen). Identify the unknown element. Mg

3. The percent composition by mass of copper and oxygen in copper(I) oxide is determined to be _____ % copper and ________ %
oxygen. Round your answers to two decimal places.

4. A compound is found to contain 24.0 g carbon, 4.00 mol hydrogen and 1.204 × 10^24 atoms of oxygen. What is the empirical formula of
this compound?

5. A 4.99 g sample of an unknown element contains 1.07 × 10^23 atoms. Identify the unknown element.
6. Calculate the total number of hydrogen atoms in 2 moles of benzene, C6H6. Give the answer to 3 significant figures _ . _ _ × 10^24.

7. An organic acid contains 0.848 g of carbon, 0.140 g of hydrogen and 1.13 g of oxygen. Given that the relative molecular mass (Mr) of
the compound is 60, determine the molecular formula of the compound.
Answer with the number of carbon, hydrogen and oxygen atoms (in this order) in the molecular formula as follows (including the colons).

8. Determine the empirical formula of silicon oxide, if 5.36 g of a silicon oxide sample contains 2.50 g of silicon. Give the answer using
symbols, not words and without using subscripts, e.g CH4 for methane.

9. Calculate the total number of ions in one mole of magnesium nitrate, Mg(NO3)2. Give answer to 3 significant figures _ . _ _ × 10^24 .

10. A 27.0 g sample of an unknown hydrocarbon compound (containing carbon and hydrogen only) was burned in excess oxygen to form
88.0 g of CO2 and 27.0 g of H2O. Identify which of the following is a possible molecular formula for the hydrocarbon. C4H6
11. A compound has a relative molecular mass (Mr) of 56. Which of the following cannot be a possible empirical formula for this compound?
(Ar values: H = 1, Cl = 35.5, C = 12, O = 16, Mg = 24, N = 14)
MgN2H4
CH2
HCl
C3H4O

12. Determine which of the following samples has the greatest mass (in g).
3 mol of carbon, C
1.5 mol of anhydrous calcium sulfate, CaSO4
2 mol of fluorine molecules, F2
3 mol of molecular oxygen, O2

13. Determine the mass of oxygen in 18.5 g of the organic compound, C4H10O.

14. Calculate the mass (in g) of oxygen in 3 moles of sulfuric acid molecules, H2SO4.

15. Determine the mass (in g) of two molecules of CO2.

16. Determine the number of carbon atoms in 0.500 mol of ethene (C2H4).

17. Calculate the mass (in g) of two moles of chlorine molecules (Cl2).
 Molecular Formula
- Use the empirical formula (simplest formula) and it's molar mass to determine the molecular formula
- Indicates the number of atoms of each element present in a compound
- Could be the same or different from the empirical formula

Step 5 step 6
Compare Mr of empirical formula to the mr of molecular (provided) multiply subscripts of empirical by this factor

Caffeine consists of 49.5% C, 5.15% H, and 28.9% N. The rest is oxygen. If the molar mass of caffeine is 195 g/mol, find the molecular
formula.

An ester is analyzed and the following information is recorded: Mass of ester is 4.479 g, mass of C is 3.161 g, mass of H is 0.266 g, and
mass of O is 1.052 g. If the molar mass of the ester is 136 g/mol, find the molecular formula.

An acid has a percentage composition of 40.0% C, 6.71% H, and the rest oxygen. If the molar mass is 270 g/mol, find the molecular
formula.
 Hydrates
Hydrates
- Many ionic compounds crystallize from a water solution with water molecules incorporated into their crystal structure,
forming a hydrate
- Hydrates have a specific number of lopter molecules chemically bonded to Each formula unit
- Weak bond between the water molecules and ionic compound (denoted by )

The hydrate of barium hydroxide has the formula Ba(OH) × H20. A 50 g sample of the hydrate contains 27.2 g of Ba(OH)2.
- Find the percent by mass of water in the sample
- Determine the degree of hydration (X)
 Lab
Data Table 1: Quantitative Measurements Data Table 2: Qualitative Properties
Mass (g ± 0.01 g) Physical Properties
Beaker and Rod 112.39 Copper (II) Sulphate Hydrate Bright Blue Powder
Hydrate 5.01 Copper (II) Sulphate Dull grey/ ashy power
Anhydrate, Beaker and Rod 115.64 Copper (II) Suphate + Water Transparent blue solution
 Stoichiometry
Stoichiometry
- "Stoicheion" (element) and "metron" (measure)
- Refers to all quantitative aspects of chemical composition and reactions
- A balanced equation ensure the Law of Conservation of Mass

Mole Ratios
- 3 Mg + N2 → Mg3N2
- 3 atoms of Mg react with 1 molecule of N, to produce 1 molecule of Mg.N2.
- 3 moles of Mg react with 1 mole of N2 to produce 1 mole of Mg.N2
- Coefficients indicate the number of moles required and produced in a reaction

If we react with 5 moles of Mg, how many Methanol (CH3OH) is the newest fuel used to power cars. The equation for
moles of Mg3N2 will be produced? the combustion of methanol is: 2 CH3OH + 3 O2 → 2 CO2 + 4 H2O
3 Mg + N2 → Mg3N2 If 3.5 moles of CH3OH are bumed in excess oxygen, how many moles of
CO2, and H2O are produced?

Pg 319 Q 1, 2

Pg 320 Q 1, 2
 Mass to Mass
Stoichiometry Rules
1. Balanced: Ensure equation is balanced
2. Variables: Record the given information beneath the appropriate species
3. Moles: Convert the given data to moles
4. Mole Ratio: Use mole ratios to determine the number of moles of the unknown species
5. Mass: Convert the number of moles to mass
6. Answer: Write a statement that answers the question (correct SD)

Pure iron is produced by reacting iron ore, Fe2O3, with carbon monoxide, CO, produced carbon dioxide as well. What mass of iron can
be produced if 425 g of Fe2O3 is reacted?

How many grams of calcium hydroxide will be needed to react completely with 10.0g of phosphoric acid?
A mixture of hydrazine, N2H4. and dinitrogen tetroxide, N204, act as a fuel to launch rockets. When they react, they form nitrogen gas
and water. What mass of water vapour would be formed if 50 g of hydrazine reacted completely?

Pg 323 Q 1-3
Pg 325 Q 6-9
 Limiting Reactants
Limiting Reactant
- Reactant which is completely used up
- Limits the amount of product produced
- The amount of product produced will stop when the reaction stops

Excess Reactant
- Reactant left over (unreacted)

Example: 6.0 g of zinc reacts with 4.0 g of sulphur, according to the following reaction:
- Zn + S → ZnS
Questions:
1. What is the limiting reactant?
2. What mass of ZnS is produced?
3. Which reactant is in excess? What mass of excess reactant remains?
Solution: Zn, 8.97 g ZnS, 1.058 g S
A 1.00 g piece of phosphorous is burned with 2.60 x 10^23 molecules of oxygen gas.
What mass of P4O10 is produced?
What mass of excess reactant remains?

Pg 334 Q 1, 3
Pg 335 Q 5, 7-10
12.00 g of hydrogen are mixed with 40.00 g of nitrogen. Assuming the reaction goes to completion, determine the maximum mass (in g)
of ammonia that is produced. Give the answer to four significant figures.
N2 (g) + 3H2 (g) 2NH3 (g)
M N = 14.01 g mol-1
M H = 1.01 g mol-1

72.1 g of steam is reacted with excess ethene (C2H4) according to the following reaction. Determine the maximum mass (in grams) of
ethanol that could be produced. Give the answer to 3 significant figures. C2H4 (g) + H2O (g) → C2H5OH (l)

2.4 g of magnesium metal reacted vigorously when heated with excess iron(III) oxide, Fe2O3 according to the following equation:
16.0 grams of H2 react with 64.0 grams of O2 according to the following equation:
Determine which of the following species will be present in the reaction mixture at the end of the reaction.

In a basic solution, hydrogen peroxide, H2O2, reacts with manganate(VII) ions, MnO4–, according to the following equation:

2MnO4–(aq) + 3H2O2(aq) → 2MnO2(s) + 3O2(g) + 2OH–(aq) + 2H2O(l)

Calculate the amount (in mol) of hydrogen peroxide needed to produce 8 moles of water.
 Percent Yeild
Percent Yeild - Experimental Error
- Loss of product during experiment
- Reaction may not have gone to completion
- Poor measurements
- Products may be unstable

Terminology
- Theoretical/ Stoichiometric Yield: Amount of product that should be produced based on the chemical equation. MATH
- Experimental/ Actual Yield: Amount of product produced. LAB
- Percentage Yield: Relationship between theoretical yield and experimental yield, expressed as a percent (%)

Ethanol, C2H5OH, is produced by the decomposition of sugar, CHi206, according to the following reaction:
C6 H12 O2 → 2 C2 H5 O H + 2 C O2
In a particular experiment, 10.0 g of sugar reacts and 0.664g of ethanol is produced.
What is the percentage yield?

If 6.0 g of Mg(OH), react and the percentage yield of H2O is 73.4%, what was the experimental yield of H20
Pg 339 Q 4, 6-10
A 27.0g sample of an unknown carbon-hydrogen compound was burned in excess oxygen. 88.0g of co, and 27.0g of water was produced.
What is the empirical formula of this Compound?
100.0g of zinc and 100.0 g of idine read.
What mass of product is produced?
What mass of ER remains?
If 105.3g of product is made, what is the % Yeild?