PRINCIPLES OF PLANNING AND DESIGN OF WATER DISTRIBUTION SYSTEMS ‘Typical Water Supply System ‘Typical Village/town water supply system constitutes of gravity/pumping based transmission and distribution system from local/distant water source with needed water treatment system. Typical Piped Water Supply System Source: Distant/local- Ground: Well, Handpump, Tube well, Surface : River, Pond, Rain water Bulk Water Purchase: Raw OR Treated ‘Treatment: Primary/secondary treatment for local and raw bulk water Primary: Screening/ sedimentation, Filtration- Sand/gravel, Chlorination-disinfection, Water softening-reverse osmosis ete. Storage: Primary/secondary storage: Elevated Storage, On ground storage, Underground storage Distribution: Gravity/pumped Pipe & Tap, Pipe & Stand Post Basic Planning Principles of Water Supply System + Rural water supply system should be designed to provide : a. Atleast 70 liter per capita per day (Iped) for piped water supply with household tap connections, b. Atleast 55 Iped for mix system with household (HH) tap supply + public taps/standpost + handpump. c. Atleast 40 Iped where no other source except hand pump, open wells, protected ponds etc are available. Such areas can be augmented with alternative sources. (Source: Strategic Plan 201 1-22, “Ensuring Drinking Water Security in Rural India”, Department of Drinking Water and Sanitation, Ministry of Rural Development, Government of India) + Stand posts/hand pumps should be provided where household water supply is not possible. They should have normal output of 12 litres/minute. Generally, one stand post/hand pump is estimated for every 250 persons. In case of independent habitation, even if population is less than 250 and there is no potable water source, one stand posthhand pump is provided. Moreover, stand posts/hand pump should not be more than 500 m from targetted household. (Source: Accelerated Rural Water Supply Programme (ARWSP), Ministry of Rural Development, Government of India) + For towns, water supply is designed to provide atleast 40 litres/person/day where water is made available through standposts,70 litres/person/day where piped supply is provided but sewerage system is not available. For urban areas with piped supply and sewerage system, water supply isEstablished standard of 40 -135 Iped for villages and towns. The total per day consumption can be worked out by multiplying this demand to number ‘of people residing in the village/town, Table 1 (Yearly Water Demand of Village/town) Total population of Water requirement Total water Total water village/town Pet Person per day requirement per requirement ina day at village/town year level (a) (b) C= (a*b) C* 365 40/70/135 Iped Assess Domestic/Drinking Water Availability: QUANTITY OF WATER ‘Water use is related to population: a large population will use more water than a small one. Water consumption is influenced by factors like: © Population© Climate * Economical level * Population density © Degree of industrialization © Cost of water © Supply pressure © Quality of water Future water demand Analysis of the future demand of a particular community should always begin by considering the resent use. ‘Consumption is broken down to classes of users: Domestic, commercial, industrial, and public. Rate of consumption may vary depending on: class of users, area of city, economic level of users, and season of the year, Per Capita consumption is defined to be the total water used divided by the total population. Determination of per capita demand may be limited by: i). Se inne may not be served by the water supply authority 1D. There may be large industrial users which wil not change withthe Population 5D. Characteristics as wel asthe sizeof the population may be changing. Population Estimation ~ Population should be predicted to estimate future water use, SxPand tend to have shorter design lives- population projection may range from as low as 5 years to 50 years, ~ Population data is obtained from the records ofthe National Bureau of the Census, which is conducted every 10 years. ~ The estimate will not be 100% right, but a reasonable estimate is required. 3~ Population Estimation Methods include: |. Arithmetic method: this assumes that the rate of growth is constant, ‘Mathematically the hypothesis is: dP ap dt At Where s. rate of change of population, and K is a constant, determined Braphically from successive censuses, The future population, P,, is obtained as: Pt = Po + Kt Pt- population at some time t, in the future Po-the present population t= period of the projection in years, Integration of this equation yields; InP = InPo + Kat This hypothesis is tested by plotting recorded population growth on logarithmic paper. If straight line can be fitted to the plot, then the value of K! can be determined from its slope. 3. Curvilinear Method: this involves graphical projection ofthe ast population growth curve, continuing whatever trends the historical data indicated. The method enables comparison of the projected growth tothe recorded growth of other cities,‘+ Logistic Method: The logistic curve used in modeling Population growth has an $- shape 5 combining a geometric rate of growth at low population and declining growth rate as the city approaches some limiting population, Logistic projection is based on the equation: ‘Where Psat — the saturation population of the community, a & b are constants, Po @, and b are determined from three successive census Populations by the equations; Water use for different purposes Municipal water is commonly classified according to the nature of the user, Ordinary classifications are: |. Domestic: includes water furnished to houses, hotels, etc,. Use varies with economic level ofthe consumer, the range being about 75 ‘0 380 litres per capital per day. (this includes water for ait conditioning, watering of lawns & gardens), Domestic consumption is typically about 50 % of the total, 2. Commercial and Industrial: Water furnished to commercial & industrial establishments, such as factories, offices, and stores.~ Quantity of water required for commercial and industrial purposes has been related to such factors as: units produced, number of persons employed, floor area of establishment, etc,. (These relations are derived locally or checked by comparison with recorded consumption), ~ _Incities of over 25.000 persons, commercial consumption is about 15% of the total. 3. Public use: Water furnished to public buildings and used for public services, Include water for; city buildings, schools, flushing streets, and fire protection- for Which the municipal supplier is usually not paid. For such purposes, tis is estimated to amounts of 50 to 75 L per capita per day. Fire supply does not affect the average consumption greatly, but has « major effect upon peak rates, 4. Loss and waste: Water which is “unaccounted for” in the sense that it is not assigned to a specific user. ~ _ Unaccounted for- water attributed to errors in meter readings, unauthorized connections, and leaks in the distribution system. ~ Loss & waste can be reduced significantly by careful maintenance of the system, and regular program of meter recalibration and replacement. NB/: Total consumption is the sum of the elements listed above, and this total is used to determine per capita demand. Factors affecting Water use (or Average daily per capita water consumption) ihe average daily per capita water consumption varies depending on factors such as: size of the community, presence of industries, quality of water, cost of water, pressure, climate, characteristics ofthe population, whether supplies are metered, efficiency with which the system is maintained. ~ Size ofthe city: hasan indirect effect in that small communities tend to have more limited uses for water. Presence of water-using industry result in high per capita usage. Extension of sewers produce increased use of water, ~ Industry and commerce: have pronounced effect upon total consumption. There is need to understand existing industries and those expected in the future. Commercial consumption is largely dependent on the number of people employed in business districts, Estimates for commercial use are made based on floor area: 610 to 15 L/(m?.day) or based on ground area 95 LA(ne. day) in highly developed areas. ~ Characteristics of the population: Particularly economic level:- high use occurs in high-value areas, ~ Metering of water supplied to individual users: this reduce consumption substantially due to need to conserve water. Metering enables analysis of use patterns of different facilities, ~ High pressure in the system: results in greater use, and in addi from leaks, increases losses ~ Fire demand: amount of water used annually for firefighting is small, but the rate of use is high. Required fire flow is calculated from: F=15.6202C(a)"* ‘Where, F — required fire flow in L/min C- coefficient related to the type of construction ‘A> the total floor area in m?, excluding the basement. : 1.5 for wood frame construction 1.0 for ordinary construction 0.8 for noncombustible construction 0.6 for fire resistive construction, NBi: The fire flow calculated by formula is not to exceed 32400 Limin in general nor 22680 L/min for one- story construction. The minimum fire flow is not to be less than 1890 Limin, General Design Considerations for a Water Treatment Plant Both adequate protection by treatment and proper operation are essential in furnishing a safe ‘water supply. Following are some considerations in design of a water treatment plant; 1. State requirements~ Most states require the approval of plans and specifications for public water supply facilities before construction begins. ~ Meet the minimum design requirements or standards based on good engineering Practice, local conditions, and experience, ~ The designer should be familiar with all laws and regulations that apply. . Quality of source of supply ~ Type of treatment depends on the quality of the source of supply and the quality desired in the finished product. ~ Types of sources fall into two general categories. Ground water sources (wells) and Surface water sources (rivers, lakes). . Treatment process selection ~ Quality ofthe source, quality desired, sate requirements, experience & skills of ‘perating personnel, and cost do influence selection ofthe treatment facilities |. Size of plant ~ The rated or nominal capacity of the treatment plant, usually expressed in ites per ay, should exceed the maximum daily water demand of the system, ~ A treatment plant is designed to serve the needs ofthe system adequately for a number of years, ~ Expansion is indicated when the maximum daily demand of the system approach the rated capacity of the existing facilities, ~ Future water demands are predicted as a basis for establishing treatment plant capacity. ~ _ Six factors that have a bearing on the period of design of treatment fac ies: i, Useful life of facilities Ease of expansion Rate of growth of the service area 'V. Change of purchasing power during the debt period ¥- Performance of the facilities during the early years, 8 |