CHAPTER 1 (REAL NUMBERS)

Introduction and Importance of the chapter:

There is almost nothing we can do that does not involve numbers.
We use numbers to represent:
(1) Speed of our car
(2) Combination of locker
(3) Time telling
(4) Temperature of oven
(5) The number of people left of survivors
There are millions examples and even that sentence has a number in it.
In the physical sciences, most physical constants such as the universal gravitational constant, and
physical variables, such as position, mass, speed, and electric charge, are modeled using real
numbers.
Euclidean division is with addition, subtraction and multiplication one of the four basic operations on
integers. Its purpose is to try to leave fairly a given group of elements relative to a constraint
characterized by a number.
For example a bag containing 12 balls to distribute over 3 people or the cake of grandma cut into 8
portions while we are 6 around the table.
This equitable distribution is sometimes impossible without the appearance of “halves”, “quarters”,
“third party” or other... For example 3 balls to be distributed over 2 people give each 1 ball and we not
try to cut the last... This residue undistributed is set aside, it is the rest.
L1. General Introduction of Number System, Euclid's Division Lemma
Q.1 Show that any positive integer is of the form 4q+1 or 4q+3
Q.2 Show that square of any positive integer is of the form 3m or 3m+1 for some integer m.
Q.3 Use Euclid’s Division Lemma to show that the cube of any positive integer is of the form 9 m, 9 m + 1 or
9 m + 8, for some integer m.
Q.4 Prove that one of every three consecutive positive integers is divisible by3.
Q.5 Show that n2–1 is divisible by 8, if n is an odd integer.
L-2 : Euclid's Division Algorithm.
Q.1 Use Euclid’s division algorithm to find the H.C.F. of 81 and 237 Ans 3.
Q.2 If the H.C.F of 468 and 222 is expressible in the form 468x + 222y, find x,y Ans. x=–9, y=19
Q.3 Find the largest number which divides 285 and 1249 leaving remainder 9 and 7 respectively.
Ans 138
Q.4 The length, breadth and height of rooms are 8m 25cm, 6m75cm and 4m 50 cm respectively. Determine
the longest rod which can measure the three dimensions of the room exactly. Ans 75 cm

L-3 : Fundamental theorem of Arithmetic.

Q1. Express each of the following positive integers as the product of its prime factors
(i) 140 Ans. 2x2x5x7
(ii) 5005 Ans. 5x7x11x13
Q.2 Find the HCF and LCM of 90 and 144 by the prime factorization method and verify HCF x LCM = Product
of the Numbers. Ans. HCF=18, LCM=720
Q.3 Prove that there is no natural number for which 6n end with digit zero.
Q.4 A circular field has circumfrence of 360 km . Three cyclists start together and can cycle 48,60 and 72 km
a day, round the field. When will they meet again Ans. 30 days

L-4 : Proofs of irrationality of numbers.Terminating/non-terminating recurring decimals and Exer-

cise.

Q.1 Insert one rational and one irrational number between 2 and 3
Ans. Two rational number 1.5,1.6
Two irrational number 1.5010010001......,1.6010010001.....
2 45  3 20
Q.2 Write whether on simplification gives a rational or an irrational number..
2 5
Q.3 Prove that 3 is irrational number

Q.4 Prove that 2  5 3 is irrational number

Q.5 Prove that 2  3 is irrational number

77
Q.6 Without actually performing the long division, state whether has terminating decimal expansion or
225
not. Ans. No

Q.7 What can you say about the prime factorisations of the denominators of the following rationals :
(i) 23.567 Ans Denominator of the form 2mx5n
(ii) 5.897 Ans Denominator is not of the form 2mx5n

37
Q.8 The decimal expansion of rational number will terminate after how many decimal places
125
Ans. after 3 deimal places
L-5 : Module and DPP discussion
 CHAPTER 2 (POLYNOMIALS)

Introduction and Importance of the chapter:

Think of the movement of ball in air. The path of ball is a polynomial. Polynomials are used to describe
curves of various types, so people use them in real world to graph curves. For example, roller coaster
designers may use polynomials to describe the curves in their rides.
In Physics, polynomials are used to describe trajectory of projectiles.
When you reduce or double a recipe, you are using a polynomial. For example,

PANCAKES

Ingredient Flour (call this A) sugar (this is B) milk (this is C) eggs (D) vanilla (E)
Quantity 1 cup 1/4 cup 1/3 cup 2 1/2 teaspoon

Pancakes = 1 A + (1/4) B + (1/3) C + 2 D + (1/2) E

So, if we want to double the recipe, we have to multiply everything by 2.
L-6 : Polynomials, Remainder and Factor Theorem.
1. Which type of polynomial it is according to number of terms and degree (x+2)2– (x–2)2
2. If 1 is a zero of the polynomial p(x) = ax2 – 3 (a – 1) x – 1, then find the value of a.
p(1)  p( 1)
3. If p(x)=ax2+5x+3 find the value of a ,if 7
2
4. A quadratic polynomial is exactly divisible by (x + 1) & (x + 2) and leaves the remainder 4 after division by
(x + 3) then that polynomial is :
5. The values of a & b so that the polynomial x3 – ax2 – 13x + b is divisible by (x – 1) & (x + 3) are :
L-7 : Zeros of a polynomial. Relationship between zeros and coefficients of a Quadratic Polynomi-
als.
1. Find the zeros of the polynomials x2–9 and x2–2x–8 and verify the relationship between zeros and its
coefficients.
2. Form a quadratic polynomials whose sum and product of zeros are (i)–3,5 (ii)0,6
3. Form a quadratic polynomials whose zeros are (i)2,3,5 (ii)5,–5(iii) 3  5 , 3  5
4. If ,  are the zeroes of the polynomial 2y2 + 7y + 5, then find the value of

1 1  
(i)    2  2     2   2 .
   
5. If ,  are the zeroes of the polynomial x2 –3x+q. what is the value of q, if 2 +  Ans.q=–54
6. Determine the sign of the zeros of the quadratic polynomial x2 + 99x + 127. Ans. both
negative
7. If one zero of 2x2–3x+k is reciprocal to the other, then find the value of k Ans. k=2
L-8 : Zeros of a polynomial. Relationship between zeros and coefficients of a cubic Polynomials.
1 1 1
1. , ,  are zeros of cubic polynomial 6x3 + 3x2 – 5x + 1. Then find the value of   Ans. 5
  
2. , ,  are zeros of cubic polynomial x3 – 5x2 – 2x + 24 such that  then find zeros

3. , ,  are zeros of cubic polynomial x3 – 12x2 + 44x + c. If , ,  are in A.P., find the value of c.

4. f zeros of cubic polynomial x3 – 6x2 + 3x + 10. are in A.P., find the zeros Ans. –1,2,5.
L-9 : Division Algorithm, Graph of Polynomials
5 5
1. Obtain all the zeros of 3x4 + 6x3 – 2x2 – 10x – 5, if two of its zeros are and – .
3 3
2. On dividing x3 – 3x2 +x + 2 by a polynomial g(x), the quotient and remainder were x – 2 and –2x + 4,
respectively. Find g(x).
3. Find the value of a and b so that x4+x3+8x2+ax+b is divisible by x2+1
Ans a=1,b=7
4. Draw the graph of following polynomials.
(i)f(x) = x – 4(ii) f(x) = |x + 2| (iii)f(x) =x 2 – 9 (iv)f(x) = x 3 + 2x
5. If the diagram given below shows the graph of the polynomial f(x) = ax 2 + bx + c, then :
y
 –b –D
 , 
 2a 4a 

x' o x
2
f(x) = ax + bx + c
y'
6. In figure, the graph of a polynomial p(x) is shown. The number of zeroes of p(x) is :

L-10 : Module and DPP discussion

 CHAPTER 3 (LINEAR EQUATION IN TWO VARIABLES)

Introduction and Importance of the chapter:

Suppose you went to a shop to buy some items and you ask the shopkeeper to tell the price of each item
you buy. The shopkeeper replies that two tiffin boxes and one bottle costs Rs. 120 and one tiffin box and
two bottles cost Rs. 90
So, if we need to find cost of one tiffin box and one bottle, we need to frame linear equations in two
variables and solve them. Here, if x denotes cost of one tiffin box and y denotes cost of a bottle, then
2x + y = 120 and x + 2y = 90
are the required equations which we need to solve.
L-11 : General form of Linear equations. Solution of pair of linear equations Graphically
1. If we compare the line 3x+5y =7 with standard form of line then find value of 2a+3b–4c Ans. 49
2. Check the point (2,-3) is lie on the line 2x+5y =9 Ans no
3. If (3,4) lie on the lineax+6y=30 , then find the value of a. Ans a=2
4. Draw the graphs of the following equations and solve graphically :
3x + 2y + 6 = 0 ; 3x + 8y – 12 = 0
Also, determine the co-ordinates where lines meets the x – axis.
Ans x=-4,y=3 line meet X axis(-2,0)(4,0)
5. Solve graphically :5x – 6y + 30 = 0; 5x + 4y – 20 = 0. Also, find the vertices of the triangle formed by the
above two lines and x – axis. Ans (0,5) Vertices of triangle(0,5)(-6,0),(4,0)

L-12: Elimination by substitution and by equating the coefficient

1. Solve by substitution x+8y=19 and 2x+11y=28 Ans x=3,y=2
2. Solve by elimination 2x+3y=7 and 5x–8y=2 Ans x=2,y=1
3. Solve for x and y :
37x + 43y = 123
43x + 37y = 117 Ans x=1,y=2
4. Solve by substitution ax+by=2ab and x/b +y/a=2 Ans x=b, y=a
5. Solve the following pair of linear equations for x and y.
b a
x  y = a2 + b2
a b
x + y = 2ab Ans x=y=ab
L-13 : Cross multiplicatio, equations reducible to linear equations
1. Solve by cross multiplication 2x+y=4 and 2(y-5)=–5x Ans x=–2,y=10
2. Solve by cross multiplication x+y=a+b and ax–by=a2–b2 Ans x=a,y=b
3. Solve the following equation :

2 3 4 9
(i)   2 and   1 Ans x=4, y=9
x y x y

10 2 15 5
(ii) x  y  x  y  4 and x  y  x  y  2 Ans x=3,y=2

7 6 8 9
(i) – = 15; = . Ans x=-2,y=-3
3 x
2 y 3x 2y

L-14 : Conditions for solvability of linear equations

1. Find the value of k for which the given system of equations has a unique solution.
3x + 5y = 12 ; 4x – 7y = k. Ans k is any real no.
2. Find the value of k for which the following system of linear equation becomes infinitely many solution or
represent the coincident lines. 6x + 3y = k – 3; 2k x + 6y = k. Ans.k=6
3. Find the value of m for which the pair of linear equations.
2x + 3y – 7 = 0 and (m – 1) x + (m + 1) y = (3m – 1) has infinitely many solutions. Ans.m=5
4. For what value of a and b, the following system of equations have an infinite number of solutions.
2x + 3y = 7 ; (a – b) x + (a + b) y = 3a + b – 2. Ans. a=5,b=9

L -15 : Word problems

1. The sum of the numerator and the denominator of fraction is 4 more than twice the numerator. If 3 is added
to each of the numerator and denominator, their ratio becomes 2 : 3. Find the fraction. Ans 5/9
2. Six years hence a man’s age will be three times the age of his son and three years ago he was nine times
as old as his son . Find their present ages. Ans Man age 30, Son age 6
3. Abdul travelled 300 km by train and 200 km by taxi taking 5 hours 30 minutes. But, if he travels 260 km
by train and 240 km by taxi, he takes 6 minutes longer. Find the speed of the train and that of the taxi.
Ans train=100, taxi=80km/h
4. The sum of the digits of a two-digit number is 12. “The number obtained by interchanging the two digits
exceeds the given number by 18. Find the number. Ans . 57
5. 2 men and 3 boys together can do a piece of work in 8 days. The same work is done in 6 days by 3
men and 2 boys together. How long would 1 boy alone or 1 man alone take to complete the work.
Ans. Man 20, boy 120 days
 CHAPTER 4 (TRIGONOMETRY)

Introduction and Importance of the chapter:

The word ‘trigonometry’ is derived from the Greek words ‘tri’ (meaning three), ‘gon’ (meaning sides) and
‘metron’ (meaning measure).The earliest known work on trigonometry was recorded in Egypt and Babylon.
Early astronomers used it to find out the distances of the stars and planets from the Earth. Even today,
most of the technologically advanced methods used in Engineering and Physical Sciences are based on
trigonometrical concepts.
Trigonometry is commonly used in finding the height of towers and mountains.

It is used in navigation to find the distance of the shore from a point in the sea.

It is used in oceanography in calculating the height of tides in oceans

It is used in finding the distance between celestial bodies

Architects use trigonometry to calculate structural load, roof slopes, ground surfaces and many other
aspects, including sun shading and light angles

Trigonometry was invented because its need arose in astronomy. Since then the astronomers have used
it, for instance, to calculate distances from the Earth to the planets and stars. Trigonometry is also used
in geography and in navigation. The knowledge of trigonometry is used to construct maps, determine the
position of an island in relation to the longitudes and latitudes.
L-16 : Introduction of trigonometry, trigonometric ratios of an acute angle of a right-angled triangle.
1. If cosecfind all other T ratios
15 (2  2 sin )(1  sin )
2. If cot  = , then evaluate
8 (1  cos )(2  2 cos )

3
3. If sin = then find the value of (tan + sin)2 . Ans 729/400
5
4. In  ABC, right angled at B, AC + AB = 9 cm and BC = 3 cm. Determine the value of cot C, cosec C, sec C.
Ans. cot C=3/4, cosec C=5/4, sec C =5/3.

L-17 : Proof of the existence of T- Ratios. Values (with proofs) of the trigonometric ratios of 30°, 45° &
60°.
1. Find the value of 3sin 30–4sin330 Ans 1
2. If sin(A+B)=1, cos(A-B)=1/2, find A,B Ans A=75,B=15
3. Find the area of triangle whose two sides are 8,6 unit and the included angle between them is 30°.
Ans. 12
4. Find the side of equlilatral triangle inscribed in a circle of radius 7 cm
Ans. 7 3 cm
5 A Rhombus of side of 10 cm has two angles of 60º each. Find the length of diagonals and also find its
area. Ans 50 3 cm2
L-18 : Trigonometric ratios of complementary angles,Relationships between the trigonometric ratios.
cot 54 º
1. Evaluate : tan 7º tan 23º tan 60º tan 67º tan 83º + + sin 20º sec 70º – 2
tan 36 º
2. Prove that tan1ºtan2ºtan3º.........tan87ºtan88ºtan89º = 1
3. If sin(2a+30)= cos(3a+10) find the value of a. Ans a=10

tan A tan B  tan A cot B sin 2 B

4. If A + B = 90º, prove that :  = tan A.
sin A sec B cos 2 A

5. If A, B, C are the interior angles of a  ABC, show that :

BC A BC A
(i) sin = cos (ii) cos = sin
2 2 2 2
L-19 : Trigonometric identities and problem based on it

1 – sin 
1. = sec – tan
1  sin 

cos  cos 
2. Prove :  = 2 tan
cos ec  1 cos ec – 1

3. Prove the following :

(1 + cot A – cosec A) (1 + tan A + sec A) = 2

4. Prove the following :

sin A (1 + tan A) + cos A (1 + cot A) = sec A + cosec A
tan   sec   1 1  sin 
5. =
tan   sec   1 cos 

1
6. If 7 sin2 + 3 cos2= 4, show that tan  = .
3

L-20 : Trigonometric identities and problem based on it

1. If cot  + tan  = x and sec  – cos  = y, then prove that (x2y)2/3 – (xy2)2/3 = 1.
p2  1
2. If sec A + tan A = p, then show that = sin A.
p2  1

3. If a cos A – b sin A = c, then show that a sin A + b cos A=  a 2  b 2  c 2

 CHAPTER 5 (SIMILAR TRIANGLE)
Introduction and Importance of the chapter:
Whenever there is need of indirect measurement, the concept of Similar Triangles plays an important
role. If we need to find length and width of a room, we can use measuring tape. But if we are to find
height of a mountain or width of a river or distance of a ship from a light house, we need some kind of
indirect measurement. And there comes the need of understanding the concepts of Similar Triangles.
L-21 : Basic proportionality theorem and its converse
1. In  ABC, D and E are points on AB and AC respectively such that DE || BC. If AD = 2.4 cm, AE = 3.2 cm,
DE = 2 cm and BC = 5 cm, find BD and CE.
2. In the given figure, in ABC, DE || BC so that AD = (4x – 3) cm, AE = (8x – 7) cm, BD = (3x – 1) cm
and CE = (5x – 3) cm. Find the value of x.

D E

B C

AD AE
3. In the given figure,  and ADE = ACB. Prove that ABC is an isosceles triangle.
DB EC

D E

B C
4. In the given figure, AB || DE and BD || EF. Prove that DC2 = CF × AC.

F
E
D

A B

5. Any point O, inside ABC, is joined to its vertices. From a point D on AO, DE is drawn so that DE || AB
a n d
EF || BC as shown in figure. Prove that DF || AC.
L-22 : Application and Problem based on BPT and Its converse
1. Prove that diagonal of trapezium intersect each other proportinally.
2. Prove that line drawn parallelto parallel side of trapezium divide non parallel side in the same ratio.
3. Prove the converse of midpoint theorem with BPT
4. State and prove Angle bisector theorem
5. O is any point inside a ABC. The bisectors of AOB, BOC and COA meet the sides AB, BC and
CA in points D, E, F respectively. Prove that (AD . BE. CF) = (DB . EC. FA).
A

D F

B E C

6. ABCD is a quadrilateral in which AD = BC. If P, Q, R, S be the midpoints of AB, AC, CD and BD

respectively, whow that PQRS is a rhombus.

D R C

S Q

A P B

L-23 : Similar triangle and Characteristic property of similar triangle(AA,SAS,SSS) and problem based
on it
1. Given : GHE = DFE = 90º, DH = 8, DF = 12, DG = 3x – 1 and DE = 4x + 2.

Find the lengths of segments DG and DE.

2. In figure, M is mid-point of side CD of a parallelogram ABCD. The line BM is drawn intersecting AC at L
and AD produced at E. Prove that EL = 2BL.

3. A girl of height 90 cm is walking away from the base of a lamp-post at a speed of 1.2 m/s. If the lamp is
3.6 m above the ground, find the length of her shadow after 4 seconds.

4. In the given figure DA  AB, CB  AB and OM AB . If AO = 5.4 cm, OC = 7.2 cm and BO = 6 cm, then
the length of DO is:
5. The perimeters of two similar triangle are 25 cm and 15 cm respectively. if one sode of the first triangle
is 9 cm, Find the corresponding side of the second triangle.

6. In the given figure, D is a point on the side BC of ABC such that ADC = BAC. Prove that CA2 =
CB × CD.

B D C

L-24: Areas of Similar triangles and problems.

1. The areas of two similar triangles ABC PQR are 25 cm2 and 49 cm2 respectively. If QR = 9.8 cm,
find BC.
2. In the given figure, the line segment XY is parallel to side AC of ABC and it divides the triangle into
two parts of equal area. Prove that AX : AB = (2 – 2 ) : 2.

A
X

B Y C
3. ABCD is a trapezium in which AB || DC and AB = 2DC. If the diagonals of the trapezium intersect each
other at the point O, find the ratio of the areas of AOB and COD.
4. In the given figure, DE || BC and AD : DB = 5 : 4.
Find the ratio ar(DFE) : ar(CFB).
A

D E

B C
5. In the given figure, DE is parallel to the base BC of triangle ABC and AD : DB = 5 : 3. Find the ratio:-
AD
(i)
AB
Area of  DEF
(ii)
Area of  CFB

6. AD is an altitude of an equilateral triangle ABC. On AD as base, another equilateral triangle ADE is con-
structed. Prove than area (ADE) : area (ABC) = 3 : 4.
L-25 : Pythagoras theorem and its converse problems.
1. A man goes 15 m due west and then 8 m due north. How far is he from the starting point ?
2. A ladder 15 m long reaches a window which is 9 m above the ground on one side of a street. Keeping
its foot at the same point, the ladder is turned to the other side of the street tto reach a window 12 m
high. Find the width of the street.
3. Prove that the sum of the squares on the sides of a rhombus is equal to the sum of the squares on its
diagonals.
4. In a ABC, AD is perpendicular to BC. prove that (AB2 + CD2) = (AC2 + BD2).

B D C
L-26 : Problem based on Pythagoras theorem and its converse
1. P and Q are the mid points of the sides AB and BC respectively of the triangle ABC, right-angled at B, then:
4
(A) AQ2 + CP2 = AC2 (B) AQ2 + CP2 = AC2
5
5 3
(C) AQ2 + CP2 = AC2 (D) AQ2 + CP2 = AC2
4 5
2. In figure, D and E trisect BC. Prove that 8AE2 = 3AC2 + 5AD2.

3. The perpendicular AD on the base BC of a  ABC meets BC at D so that 2DB = 3CD. Prove that
5AB2 = 5AC2 + BC2.
4. In  ABC,ABC = 135º. Prove that AC2 = AB2 + BC2 + 4ar ( ABC).
5. ABC is a right triangle in which C = 90° and CD  AB. If BC = a, CA = b, AB = c and CD = p then
prove that
1 1 1
(i) cp = ab (ii) = + .
p2 a 2
b2
6. O is any point inside a rectangle ABCD. Prove that OB2 + OD2 = OA2 + OC2 .
Deduction : In the given figure, O is a point inside a rectangle ABCD such that OB = 6 cm, OD = 8 cm
and OA = 5 cm, find the length of OC.

D C
8
cm m
xc
O
m 6c
5c m

A B
L-27 : Module and DPP discussion
 Chapter 4 (Statistics)

Introduction and Importance of the chapter:

L-28 : Introduction of measures of central tendency, Mean and method of finding mean.

Q.1 The marks obtained by 30 students of Class X of a certain school in a Mathematics paper consisting of
100 marks are presented in table below. Find the mean of the marks obtained by the students.

n
Q.2 The value of  ( x i  x ) where x is the arithmetic mean of x is i
i 1
Q.3 Find the missing value of P for the following distribution whose mean is 12.58
x 5 8 10 12 P 20 25
y 2 5 8 22 7 4 2

Q.4 Find the mean for the following distribution by using Direct method and deviation method :

xi 15 20 22 24 25 30 33 38
Frequency 5 8 11 20 23 18 13 2

Q.5 Find the mean of following distribution by step deviation method :

Class interval 50 - 70 70 - 90 90 - 110 110 - 130 130 - 150 150 - 170

No. of workers 18 12 13 27 8 22

L-29 : Median, Mode and method of find median and mode.

Q.1 The daily wages (in rupees) of 100 workers in a factory are given below :

Daily wages (in Rs.) 125 130 135 140 145 150 160 180

No. of workes 6 20 24 28 15 4 2 1

Find the median wage of a worker for the above data.

Q.2 The lengths of 40 leaves of a plant are measured correct to the nearest millimetre, and the data obtained
is represented in the following table :

Find the median length of the leaves.

Q.3 Find the mode of the following data :
25, 16, 19, 48, 19, 20, 34, 15, 19, 20, 21, 24, 19, 16, 22, 16, 18, 20, 16, 19.

Q.4 The following table shows the ages of the patients admitted in a hospital during a year

Find the mode and the mean of the data given above. Compare and interpret the two measures of
central tendency.

L-30 : Cumulative frequency graph (ogive) and Exercise

Q1. The following distribution gives the daily income of 50 workers of a factory.

Convert the distribution above to a less than type cumulative frequency distribution, and draw its ogive.
Q.2 Draw ‘less than ogive’ and ‘more than ogive’ for the following distribution and hence find its median.

Class 20–30 30–40 40–50 50–60 60–70 70–80 80–90

Frequency 8 12 24 6 10 15 25

L-31: Module and DPP discussion

 CHAPTER 7 (QUADRATIC EQUATION)
Introduction and Importance of the chapter:
In real life, we come across many situations where we observe a quadratic equation. For example, if we
want to construct a rectangular box with base area 35 cm2 and we have a restriction that the length of box
is 2 cm more than its width. Then, for finding the sides of base of the box, we need to solve a Quadratic
Equation.
x+2

x x(x + 2) =35 Þ x2 + 2x – 35 = 0

L32 : Standard form of a quadratic equation ax2 + bx + c = 0, (a ¹ 0), Roots of quadratic equation,Solution
of the quadratic equations (only real roots) by factorization and problem based on it

Q1. Check whether the following are quadratic equations:

(i) (x – 2)2 + 1 = 2x – 3 (ii) x(x + 1) + 8 = (x + 2) ( x – 2)
(iii) x (2x + 3) = x2 + 1 (iv) (x + 2)3 = x3 – 4

Q2. Find the roots of the equation 2x2 – 5x + 3 = 0, by factorisation.

Q3. Find the roots of the quadratic equation

Q4. Solve the following equation for x :

9x2 – 9(a + b) x + (2a2 + 5ab + 2b2) = 0.

Q5. Solve the quadratic equation by factorization method : 4x2 – 4a2x + (a4 – b4) = 0
2x 1 3x  9
Q6. Solve :   0.
x – 3 2x  3 ( x – 3)(2x  3)

L-33 : Solution of the quadratic equations (only real roots) by completing the square and Quadratic
formula and problem based on it
Q1. Find two consecutive positive integers, sum of whose squares is 365.

Q2. Solve the quadratic equation x2 – 4ax + 4a2 – b2 = 0 by the method of completing the square method.

Q3. Solve for x, given y = x2 – 1 and x = 2y + 1.

1  3 1    3
(A) x  {0, 1} (B) x   ,  (C) x   ,1 (D) x  0, 
2 4  2   4 
1 1 1 1
Q4. Solve for x : = + + ; a + b  0.
abx a b x
L-34 : Nature of roots.
Q1. Find the discriminant of the equation 3x2 – 2x +13 = 0 and hence find
the nature of its roots. Find them, if they are real.
Q2. The roots of the equation x2 + ax – 4 = 0 are, where a  R :
(A) real and distinct (B) equal (C) imaginary (D) real
Find the values of k for each of the following quadratic equations, so that they have two
equal roots.(i) 2x2+ kx + 3 = 0 (ii) kx (x – 2) + 6 = 0

Q3. For what value of k will x 2 – (3k – 1) x + 2k 2 + 2k = 11 have equal roots ?

(A) 9, – 5 (B) – 9, 5 (C) 9, 5 (D) – 9, – 5

Q4. For what value of k, (4 – k) x2 + (2k + 4) x + (8 k + 1) = 0, is a perfect square :

(A) k = 1, 2 (B) k = 1, – 2 (C) k = 0, 3 (D) k = – 1, – 3
L-35 : Word problem and Exercise.

Q1. The angry Arjun carried some arrows for fighting with Bheeshm. With half the arrows, he cut down arrows
thrown by Bheeshm on him and with six other arrows he killed the rath driver of Bheeshm, with one arrow
each he knocked down respectively the rath, flag and the bow of Bheeshm. Finally, with one more than
four times the square root of arrows he laid Bheeshm unconscious on an arrow bed. Find the total number
of arrows Arjun had.

Q2. In a flight of 600 km, a aircraft was slowed down due to bad weather. Its average speed for the trip was
reduced by 200 km/hr and the time of flight is increased by 30 minutes. Find the duration of flight

Q3. A motor boat whose speed is 18 km/h in still water takes 1 hour more to go 24 km upstream than to return
downstream to the same spot. Find the speed of the stream.
 CHAPTER 8 (ARITHEMATIC PROGRESSION)

Introduction and Importance of the chapter:

In real life, we come across many situations where we see a pattern of numbers arranged in a definite
order. Suppose a person starts saving Rs.100 every month, then to find the total savings at end of 1
year we observe the following :

Month 1st 2nd 3rd 4th . . . . . . 12th

Savings till that month (in Rs.) 100 200 300 400 . . . . . . 1200

Now observe another pattern :

If we need to find the number of circles in nth row, we observe :

Row Number 1st 2nd 3rd 4th . . . . . . nth
Number of circles 1 2 3 4 . . . . . . n

The pattern 1,2,3,4,... is an Arithmetic Progression

The heights (incm) of some students of a school standing in a queue in the morning assembly are 147,
148, 149 . . . 157.
L36. Arithmetic Progression : General form, nth Term of an A.P., mth of an AP from end and problem
based on it
1 2 3
Q1. Which term of the sequence 17, 16 , 15 , 14 ,...... is the first negative term.
5 5 5
Q2. If m times the mth term of an A.P. is equal to n times its nth term. Find the value of (m + n)th term of the A.P.
Q3. If pth, qth and rth term of an A.P. are a, b, c respectively, then a (q – r) + b (r – p) + c (p – q) = ?

L-37 : Selection of term

Q1. The sum of three numbers in A.P. is 27 and the sum of their squares is 293, find them.

Q2. The sum of three numbers in A.P. is – 3 and their product is 8. Find the numbers.

Q3. Find four numbers in AP whose sum is 50 and in which the greatest number is 4 times the least.
Ans. 5,10,15,20

L-38 : Sum of first n terms, word problems and Exercise

Q1. If the sum of n terms of an AP is 2n2 + 5n, then its nth term will be

Q2. The interior angles of a polygon are in A.P. If the smallest angle be 1200 and the common difference be 5, then
the number of sides is :
Q3. In an AP., the sum of its first ten terms is – 80 and the sum of its next ten terms is – 280. Find the A.P.

Q4. The sum of the series 452 – 432 + 442 – 422 + 432 – 412 + 422 – 402 + .....+ to 30 terms is :
7n  1
Q5. The sum of n terms of two A.Ps. are in ratio 1 th terms.
. Find the ratio of their 11
4n  27
Q6. If S1 is the sum of an arithmetic progression of ‘n’ odd number of terms and S2 the sum of the terms of the series

S1
in odd places, then
S2 =
L-39: Module and DPP discussion
 CHAPTER 9 (COORDINATE GEOMETRY)

Introduction and Importance of the chapter:

A plane is a flat surface that goes on forever in both directions. If we were to place a point on the plane,
coordinate geometry gives us a way to describe exactly where it is by using two numbers.

The method of describing the location of points in this way was proposed by the French mathematician
René Descartes (1596 - 1650). (Pronounced “day CART”). He proposed further that curves and lines
could be described by equations using this technique, thus being the first to link algebra and geometry.
In honour of his work, the coordinates of a point are often referred to as its Cartesian coordinates, and the
coordinate plane as the Cartesian Coordinate Plane.
Its uses are spread in all fields like trigonometry, calculus, dimensional geometry etc. And the subject
have obvious applications in statistics, physics also.
In real life for the construction field we are mainly using the coordinate geometry. The sketch of the
building is pure geometry. And for printing pdf files we are using this geometry help. For finding the
distance between the places we are using coordinate geometry and in geography also it have many
applications. In astrophysics to find the distance between the planets, coordinate geometry helps.
Whenever you look at a bridge or a building, you are seeing the results of coordinate geometry. If you
figure out the shortest distance to travel between two points, you are using coordinate geometry. This
mathematics discipline describes the position of points on a plane using an ordered pair of numbers.

In the game of Kho-Kho, suppose a boy wants to sit between the two poles A and B such that he divides
the distance between them in the ratio 1:2
So, to find out the suitable position of the boy without actually measuring it we need to use coordinate
geometry
L40. Introduction of coordinate geometry, Distance formula and its application

Q1. If the point (x, y) is equidistant from the points (a + b, b – a) and (a – b, a + b), prove that bx = ay.
Q2. The point on the y - axis which is equidistant from A (–5, –2) and B (3, 2) is :
Q3. If two vertices of an isosceles triangle are (2, 0) and (2, 5) and length of the equal sides is 3, then the third
vertex is :
Q4. Show that the points (1, 7), (4, 2), (–1, –1) and (– 4, 4) are the vertices of a square. Ans yes
Q5. If two opposite vertices of a square are (5, 4) and (1, –6), then the coordinates of its remaining two vertices
is :
Q6. Find the centre of a circle passing through the points (6, – 6), (3, – 7) and (3, 3).
L-41 : Section formula (Internal division & External division) and its ues.
Q1. The line segment joining the points (– 3, – 4) and (1, – 2) is divided by the y – axis in the ratio :
Q2. In what ratio does the point (– 4, 6) divide the line segment joining the points A(– 6, 10) and B(3, -8)?
Q3. Find the coordinates of the points of trisection (i.e., points dividing in
three equal parts) of the line segment joining the points A(2, – 2) and B(– 7, 4). Ans (–1,0)(–4,2)
Q4. If the points A (6, 1), B (8, 2), C (9, 4) and D ( P, 3) are the vertices of a parallelogram taken in order. Then
the value of P is
Q5. If the three vertices of a parallelogram are (a + b, a – b), (2a + b, 2a – b) and (a – b, a + b), then the fourth
vertex is :
Q6. The point (11 , 10) divides the line segment joining the points (5 ,  2) and (9 , 6) in the ratio :
Q7. ABC ism a triangle and G(4,3) is centroid of the triangle. If A,B and C are the points (1,3),(4,b),and
(a,1) respectively, find the values of a and b . Also find the length of BC Ans. a=7,b=5, BC=5
L-42 : Area of triangle & quadrilateral and Exercise
1. Find the area of a triangle whose vertices are (1, –1), (– 4, 6) and (–3, –5). Ans 24
2. The area of the triangle whose vertices are (a,a), (a + 1, a + 1) and (a +2, a) is

3. If A(–5, 7), B(– 4, –5), C(–1, –6) and D(4, 5) are the vertices of a quadrilateral, find the area of the
quadrilateral ABCD. Ans 72

4. The area of a triangle is 5. Two of its vertices are (2, 1) and (3, –2). If the third vertex lies on y = x + 3., then
the third vertex is
5. The vertices of a ABC are A(4, 6), B(1, 5) and C(7, 2). A line is drawn to intersect sides AB and AC at
D and E respectively, such that AD /AB =AE/ AC=1/4. Calculate the area of the triangle ADE and
compare it with the area of triangle ABC.
6. Value of p, for which the points (– 5, 1), (1, p) and (4, – 2) are collinear is

L-43 : Module and DPP discussion

 CHAPTER 10 (HEIGHT AND DISTANCE)
Introduction and Importance of the chapter:
The word ‘trigonometry’ is derived from the Greek words ‘tri’ (meaning three), ‘gon’ (meaning sides) and
‘metron’ (meaning measure).The earliest known work on trigonometry was recorded in Egypt and Babylon.
Early astronomers used it to find out the distances of the stars and planets from the Earth. Even today,
most of the technologically advanced methods used in Engineering and Physical Sciences are based on
trigonometrical concepts.
Trigonometry is commonly used in finding the height of towers and mountains.

It is used in navigation to find the distance of the shore from a point in the sea.

It is used in oceanography in calculating the height of tides in oceans

It is used in finding the distance between celestial bodies

Architects use trigonometry to calculate structural load, roof slopes, ground surfaces and many other
aspects, including sun shading and light angles

Trigonometry was invented because its need arose in astronomy. Since then the astronomers have used
it, for instance, to calculate distances from the Earth to the planets and stars. Trigonometry is also used
in geography and in navigation. The knowledge of trigonometry is used to construct maps, determine the
position of an island in relation to the longitudes and latitudes.
L-44: Angle of Elevation and depression. Basic Problems based on heights and distances.
1. The angle of elevation of a tower from a distance 100 m from its foot is. 30º. Height of the tower is
2. The length of a shadow of a pole is 3 times the length of the pole the angle of elevation of the sun is –
3. When a eucalyptus tree is broken by strong wind, its top strikes the ground at an angle of 30º to the
ground and at a distance of 15 m from the foot. What is the height of the tree?
Ans 15 3 m
4. Two pillars of equal height stand on either side of a roadway which is 150 m wide. From a point on the
roadway between the pillars, the elevations of the top of the pillars are 60º and 30º. Find the height of the
pillars and the position of the point.
5. The angles of elevation of the top of a vertical tower from points at distances a & b from the base and in
the same line with it are complementary. If a > b then the height of the tower is ab
L-45: Higher problems based on height and distance and Exercise.
1. The angular elevation of the top of a tower from two points in the same horizontal line with it's foot are
observed to be  and  respectively. If the height of the tower is h, show that the distance between the
two points of observation is h (cot – cot  ).
2. The angles of depression of the top of a rock from the top and foot of a 100 m high tower are 450 and 600
respectively. Find the height of the rock. Ans : 236.5m
3. The angle of elevation of the aeroplane from a point on the ground is 600. After 15 seconds flight the
elevation changes to 300. If the aeroplane is flying at a height of 1500 3 m find the speed of the plane.
Ans. :200 m/s
4. The angle of elevation of a cloud from a point 60 m above a lake is 300 and the angle of depression of its
reflection in the lake is 600. Find the height of the cloud. Ans : 120 m
5.
, A tower, h meters high, stands on the top of a mountain. At a point on the ground the mountain subtends
h tan 
an angle  and the tower an angle . Show that the height of the mountain is .
tan  – tan 
6. The angle of elevation of a cliff from a fixed point is . After going up a distance of k metres towards the top
of the cliff at an angle of , it is found that the angle of elevation is , then the height of the cliff is
k(cos   sin  cot  )
cot   cot 
 CHAPTER 11 (CIRCLE)

Introduction and Importance of the chapter:

In our daily life, we observe many shapes like the Sun , the Moon, a Ferris wheel or a bicycle wheel
which are circular in shape when drawn on a piece of paper. Also, the shape of a cricket field is almost
circular. So if we are to fence such a field we need to have knowledge of circles.
For similar situations when the distance of a moving point is required to be kept constant from a fixed
point , we need to study circles and related properties.
To find the area enclosed by a ring
To find the area of one piece of pizza, if the pizza is divided into 8 equal pieces & the diameter of the pizza
is 16 inches
To find the area of water that can be covered by the projected beam of light from the lighthouse
Real life example of a segment can be the cross section of the liquid level in a cylindrical vessel placed
laterally.

L-46 : Definition and general properties of Circle, Tangent & Secant, Theorems( based on circle and
tangent) and there proofs.
Q.1 Prove that the tangent at any point of a circle is perpendicular to the radius through the point of
contact
Q.2 In figure, a circle touches all the four sides of a quadrilateral ABCD with AB = 6 cm, BC = 7 cm and
CD = 4 cm. Find AD.

Q.3 Two tangents TP and TQ are drawn to a circle with centre O from an external point T. Prove that
PTQ = 2OPQ.
Q.4 PQ is a chord of a circle. The tangent XR at X on the circle cuts PQ produced at R. If XR = 12 cm, PQ =
x cm, QR = x – 2 cm, then x in cm is :
Q.5 A circle touches the side BC of a  ABC at P and touches AB and AC when produced at
1
Q and R respectively.Show that AQ = (Perimeter of  ABC)
2
L-47 : Problem based on above theorems and Exercise.
Q.1 The radius of the incircle of a triangle is 4 cm and the segments into which one side is divided by the point
of contact are 6 cm and 8 cm. Determine the other two sides of the triangle.
Q.2 In figure,  and m are two parallel tangents at P and R. The tangent at Q makes an intercept ST between
 and m. Prove that SOT = 90º.

Q.3 In the figure, PQ is a chord of a circle with centre O and PT is the tangent at P such that QPT = 70º.
Then the measure of PRQ is equal to :
Q.4 A hoop is resting vertically at stair cases as shown in the diagram. AB = 12 cm and BC = 8 cm. The
radius of the hoop is

A B
Q.5 Let a protractor be laid upon an angle, as pictured. If the measure of BOC is 47º, and measure
of BOD is 163º, then the measure of BAC is :

AA
 Chapter 12 (Area related to circle)
Introduction and Importance of the chapter:
In our daily life, we observe many shapes like the Sun , the Moon, a Ferris wheel or a bicycle wheel
which are circular in shape when drawn on a piece of paper. Also, the shape of a cricket field is almost
circular. So if we are to fence such a field we need to have knowledge of circles.
For similar situations when the distance of a moving point is required to be kept constant from a fixed
point , we need to study circles and related properties.
To find the area enclosed by a ring
To find the area of one piece of pizza, if the pizza is divided into 8 equal pieces & the diameter of the pizza
is 16 inches
To find the area of water that can be covered by the projected beam of light from the lighthouse
Real life example of a segment can be the cross section of the liquid level in a cylindrical vessel placed
laterally.
L-48 : Definition and general properties of circle ,tangents secants ,theorems(based on circle and
tangents.)Area of a circle; area of sectors and segments of a circle.
Q.1 In figure, there are shown sector of two concentric circles of radii 7 cm and 3.5 cm. Find the area of the
22
shaded region. (Use p = ).
7

Q.2 A chord of circle 14 cm makes an angle of 60º at the center of the circle. Find :
(i) area of minor sector
(ii) area of the minor segment
(iii) area of the major sector
(iv) area of the major segment
Q.3 In fig., find the area of the shaded region [Use  = 3.14]

A B
8 cm
6 cm

D C

L-49 : Problems based on areas and perimeter / circumference of plane figures.

Q.1 Diameter of a tyre is 1.26 m. How much will it cover in 500 revolutions
Q.2 A wire of 396 m length is in the form of a square. It is cut and bent to form a circle. Find the ratio of the area
of the square to that of circle
Q.3 In figure , AOBCA represents a quadrant of a circle of radius 3.5 cm with centre O. Calculate the area of
22
the shaded portion (Take  = ).
7 B

D C

2 cm

O 3.5 m A
Q.4 The area of a circle inscribed in an equilateral triangle is 154 cm2 . Find the perimeter of the triangle.

Q.5 Each of the figures below shows a square of side 1 unit with inscribed circles. In which of the figures
given below do the circles have the greatest total area ?

Q.6 If AB = BC = CD then find the perimeter of adjoining figure.

7m
A B D
7m C

L-50: Module and DPP discussion

 CHAPTER 13 (MENSURATION)

Introduction and Importance of the chapter:

L-51 : Problems based on surface areas and volumes of solid figure of individual solids.
1. The volume of the greatest sphere that can be cut off from a cylindrical log of wood of base radius 3 cm
and height 7 cm is :
4
(A) 108 cm3 (B) 36 cm3 (C) 12 cm3 (D) cm3
3
2. If a rectangular sheet of paper 44 cm × 22 cm is rolled along its length of form a cylinder, then the volume
of cylinder in cm3 is :
(A) 1694 (B) 3080 (C) 3388 (D) none of these
3. The total surface area of a cube is numerically equal to the surface area of a sphere then the ratio of their
volume is :

   6
(A) (B) (C) (D)
6 6 216 
4. A right-angled triangle whose sides are 15 cm and 20 cm, is made to revolve about its hypotenuse. Find
the volume and the surface area of the double cone so formed. [Take  3.14]
5. If sphere, cylider and cone have same radius and same height the find the ratio of their volumes.
L-52 : Problem based on combinations solids
1. Height of a solid cylinder is 10 cm and diameter 8 cm. Two equal conical holes have been made from its
both ends. If the diamater of the hole is 6 cm and height 4 cm, then : Ans.136 cm3
2. The shape of a solid is a cylinder surmounted by a cone. If the volume of the solid is 40656 cm3, the
diameter of the base is 42 cm and the height of the cylinder is 20 cm, find the slant height of the conical
portion. Ans 35 cm
3. A solid cylinder of diameter 12 cm and height 15 cm is melted and recast into 12 toys in the shape of a
right circular cone mounted on a hemisphere. Find the radius of the hemisphere and the total height of the
toy if height of the conical part is 3 times its radius. Ans r=3,h=9
4. A hemi-spherical depression is cutout from one face of the cubical wooden block such that the diameter
 of the hemisphere is equal to the edge of the cube. Determine the surface area of the remaining solid.

2
Ans [24 + p)
4
5. A tent is in the shape of a right circular cylinder surmounted by a right circular cone. The heights of the
cylindrical and the conical parts are 40 m and 21 m respectively. If the base diameter of the tent is 56 m,
find the area of the required canvas to make this tent, if 20% of the area is consumed in folding and
sewing. Ans 12144 m2
L-53 : Problems involving converting one type of metallic solid into another.
1. The number of solid spheres, each of diametres 6 cm, that could be moulded to form a solid
metal cylinder of height 45 cm and diameter 4 cm is :
2. Water is flowing at the rate of 5 km per hour through a pipe of diameter 14 cm into a rectangular tank,
which is 50 m long and 44 m wide. Find the time in which the level of water in the tank will rise by 7 cm.
3. A cylindrical container of radius 6 cm and height 15 cm is fulled with ice-cream. The whole ice-cream has
to be distributed to 10 children in equal cones with hemispherical tops. If the height of the conical portion
is four times the radius of its base, find the radius of the ice-cream cone.
4. A friction clutch is in the form of frustum have radii 10cm and 16cm and having height 8 cm . Find its
lateral surface area and its volume. Ans 817.14 cm2,4324.6 cm3
5. The height of a cone is 30 cm. A small cone is cut off at the top by a plane parallel to the base. If its
1
volume be of the volume of the given cone, at what height above the base is the section made?
27

L-54 : Frustum of a cone and problem based on it and Exercise.

1. The internal radii of the end of a bucket are 14cm and 7 cm respectively and have height 16 cm.
If the milk is poured from bucket into the hemispher. Find the internal diameter of hemisphere
Ans 28 cm
2. A hollow cone is cut by a plane parallel to the base and the upper portion is removed . If the curved surface
area of the remainder is 8/9 of the curved surface area of the whole cone . Find the ratio of the line
segement into which altitude of the cone is divided by the plane.
Ans 1:2
3. A solid cone of base radii 10cm ic cut into two parts through the midpoint of its height by aplane paralle
to its base . Find the ratio in the volumes of the two parts of the cone Ans 1:7

L-55 : Module and DPP discussion

 CHAPTER 14 (PROBABILITY)

Introduction and Importance of the chapter:

L-56 : Introduction and definitions of related terms.

Q.1 Write the sample space when a coin is tossed

Q.2 Write the sample space when a die is thrown.

Q.3 Write the sample space when 2 dice are thrown.

Q.4 Write the sample space when a die and a coin is thrown.

L-57: Problem based on probability.

Q.1 Two dice are thrown simultaneously. What is the probability that
(i) 5 will not come up on either of them ?
(ii) 5 will come up on at least one ?
(iii) 5 will come up at both dice ?

Q.2 A die is thrown. Find the probability of

(i) prime number (ii) multiple of 2 or 3 (iii) a number greater than 3

Q.3 A die is dropped at random on the rectangular region as shown in figure. What is the probability that it will
land inside the circle with diameter 1m ?
3m
Sol. Area of circle = r2
2
 1 
=×   2m = m2
 2 1m 4

 Probability that die will land inside the circle

/4 
= = .
6 24

Q.4 The probability of selecting a green marble at random from a jar that contains only green, white and
yellow marbles is 1/4. The probability of selecting a white marble at random from the same jar is 1/3. If
this jar contains 10 yellow marbles. What is the total number of marbles in the jar?
 CHAPTER 15 (CONSTRUCTION)

Introduction and Importance of the chapter:

L-58: Division of a line segment in a given ratio (internally), Tangent to a circle from a point outside
it.
1. Draw a line segment of length 7.6 cm and divide it in the ratio 5 : 8. Measure the two parts.

2. Draw a circle of radius 5 cm. Take a point P on it. Draw a tangent to the circle at the point P.
(i) Centre is given (ii) Centre is not given

3. Draw a circle of radius 5 cm. Take a point P at a distance of 8 cm from the centre of the circle. From the
point P, draw two tangents to the circle.
(I) Centre is given (ii) centre is not given

4. Construct a pair of tangent to a circle of radius 4 cm from a point on concentric circle of radius 6 cm.
Measure its lenght and verify by actual calculation

5. Draw a pair of tangent to a circle of radius 5 cm which are inclined 60° to each other
6. Let ABC be a right triangle in which AB = 6 cm, BC = 8 cm and B = 90°. BD is the perpendicular
from B on AC. The circle through B, C, D is drawn. Construct the tangents from A to this circle.

L-59 : Construction of a triangle similar to a given triangle and Exercise.

1. Construct a triangle of sides 4 cm, 5 cm and 6 cm and then a triangle similar to it whose sides are 2/
3of the corresponding sides of the first triangle.
2. Construct a triangle with sides 5 cm, 6 cm and 7 cm and then another triangle whose sides are 7/5 of
the corresponding sides of the first triangle.
3. Construct an isosceles triangle whose base is 8 cm and altitude 4 cm and then another triangle whose
sides are 3/2 times the corresponding sides of the isosceles triangle.