Creative Programming

Spring 2025
CUL1122 Lecture #11
Object-Oriented Programming
Today

❖Object-Oriented Programming
▪ Real World vs. Object-Oriented Programming
❖Classes and Objects
▪ Defining a Class
▪ Using Objects
❖Exercises: Working with Classes and Objects

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Programming Paradigm: Internet Banking Example

❖Procedural Programming ❖Object-Oriented Programming

▪ Variables: Account number, account ▪ Attributes: Account number, account

holder, balance holder, balance
▪ Functions: Deposit, withdraw, ▪ Behaviors: Deposit, withdraw,
transfer transfer

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Object-Oriented Programming
❖Object-oriented programming (OOP) is a programming paradigm that
focuses on the interaction between objects.
❖It provides a natural way to solve problems and is commonly used in
languages like Python, Java, C++, and C#.
❖Example: Starting a Car
▪ In this example, the two objects involved are
a person and a car.
▪ The interaction unfolds as follows:
➢The person gets into the car.
➢A command is given to start the car.
➢The car begins to run.

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Programming Methodology

❖This approach views a program as a collection of components (objects)

and emphasizes the assembly of the necessary objects to construct the
program.
❖It simplifies the complexities of the real world by focusing on the key
features needed to define each object.
❖Process:
▪ 1) Object Creation
▪ 2) Object Assembly
▪ 3) Program Development

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Complexity and Abstraction

❖Programming is much easier when problems are straightforward and

programs are manageable.
❖While complexity can impede effective programming, abstraction is the
key to overcoming it.
▪ Abstraction helps remove unnecessary details, allowing us to focus on what
truly matters.
❖Example of Abstraction: A Car Racing Game
▪ Car user interface: Right Pedal → “Accelerate,” Left Pedal → “Decelerate.”
▪ Users don’t need to understand the internal mechanics of the car.
▪ This interface remains consistent, whether the car is gasoline or electric.
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Need for Object-Oriented Programming

❖Easy Modifications:
▪ When issues come up or new features need to be added, you can quickly
replace or add objects in the program.
❖Increased Efficiency and Productivity:
▪ Reusing existing objects can accelerate development and enhance overall
efficiency.
❖Simplified Teamwork:
▪ This approach supports distributed development for large-scale programs.

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Objects

❖Simulating the Real World: Objects mimic real-world entities.

❖Grouping Similar Objects: This involves categorizing objects of the same
type.

Image Credits, clockwise from top: Image Courtesy Harald Wehner, in the public Domain. Image Courtesy MTSOfan, CC-BY-NC-SA. Image Courtesy Carlos Solana, license CC-
BY-NC-SA. Image Courtesy Rosemarie Banghart-Kovic, license CC-BY-NC-SA. Image Courtesy Paul Reynolds, license CC-BY. Image Courtesy Kenny Louie, License CC-BY

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Objects

❖Simulating the Real World: Objects mimic real-world entities.

❖Grouping Similar Objects: This involves categorizing objects of the same
type.

Image Credits, clockwise from top: Image Courtesy Harald Wehner, in the public Domain. Image Courtesy MTSOfan, CC-BY-NC-SA. Image Courtesy Carlos Solana, license CC-
BY-NC-SA. Image Courtesy Rosemarie Banghart-Kovic, license CC-BY-NC-SA. Image Courtesy Paul Reynolds, license CC-BY. Image Courtesy Kenny Louie, License CC-BY

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Composition of Objects

❖Objects represent data in an abstract way, ATTRIBUTES BEHAVIORS

Name Open Account
expressing generalized forms rather than Risk Tolerance Buy Stocks
Financial Goals Sell Stocks
specific instances. Diversification Close Account

❖1) Attributes
Investor
▪ These are the characteristics or states of the
objects.
❖2) Behavior/Methods
▪ These refer to the actions and functionalities
that objects can perform.
▪ They serve as interfaces for interaction between objects.

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Implementation of OOP: Classes and Objects

❖Concept: Class
▪ A class acts as a template or blueprint that
defines the common attributes and behaviors
for all objects within that class.
❖Instance: Object
▪ An object is created from this template and
has its own unique attributes and behaviors.

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Implementation of OOP: Classes and Objects

❖Components of a Class:
▪ Common attributes shared by all objects.
▪ Actions that all objects can perform.
❖Components of an Object:
▪ Specific values for each attribute that define its identity.
▪ A set of concrete actions the object can perform.

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Example of Class and Object: Ford Car
Class: Ford Car Object: Ford Car 1

Attribute Attribute Identity

Color, Color: Orange,
Type, Type: Coupe,
Model, Model: Fucus,
Cylinder. Cylinder: 4

Behavior Behavior Object: Ford Car 2

Start, Accelerate, Reverse, Stop. Start, Accelerate,
Reverse, Stop Attribute Identity
Color: Yellow,
Type: Coupe,
Model: Mustang,
Cylinder: 6

Behavior
Start, Accelerate, Reverse, Stop 14
Object-Oriented Programming Phases
❖1) Define Class
▪ This involves bundling an object’s attributes and behaviors into a single package.
▪ You start by defining the class name and then listing its attributes and methods.
❖2) Create Objects
▪ To use a class, you need to create an instance, which represents a specific case
of that class.
▪ This requires specifying the class attributes in concrete terms to instantiate the
object.
❖3) Implement Object Interaction
▪ In this phase, the focus is on expressing interactions between objects through
their associated methods.
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Problem Solving Using Object-Oriented Programming

❖Example Problem: Starting a Car

▪ The person object sends a command to start the car object.

Object: Person 1
Object: Ford Car 1
Attribute Identity
Name: Jennie Attribute Identity
Height: 5’ 4’’ Color: Orange,
Age: 21 Type: Coupe,
Model: Fucus,
Behavior Cylinder: 4
Speak, Listen, Eat, Run, Walk
Behavior
Start, Accelerate, Reverse, Stop

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Defining a Class: Step 1 - Specifying the Name and Parent Class

❖To create a class, use the class keyword followed by the class name and
the parent class name.
❖Similar to functions, the code within the class definition must be
indented.
❖Example: The Coordinate Class
▪ In this case, object is the parent class, and Coordinate becomes the child class.
▪ This means that the Coordinate class inherits all the attributes of the Python
object class.

class Coordinate(object):
# Attributes and methods 17
Defining a Class: Step 2 - Implementing the __init__() Method

❖The __init__() method initializes the attributes (identity) when objects

are created.
▪ For instance, a coordinate object requires specific X and Y values.
class Coordinate(object):
def __init__(self, x, y): self refers to the object itself.
self.x = x The dot (.) operator is used for attribute access.
self.y = y

❖In every method, the first parameter represents the object itself and is
denoted as self.
❖You use the dot (.) operator to access each attribute or method of the
object.
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Defining a Class: Step 2 - Implementing the __init__() Method

❖When an object is created, the __init__() method is automatically called

to initialize the object’s attributes.
▪ The first parameter, self, is automatically passed by Python, even if you don’t
explicitly specify it.
class Coordinate(object):
def __init__(self, x, y):
self.x = x
self.y = y

c = Coordinate(3, 4) Creating a coordinate object with the coordinates (3, 4).

origin = Coordinate(0, 0)
print(c.x) The dot (.) operator is used for attribute access.
print(origin.x) 19
Defining a Class: Step 3 - Adding Custom Methods

❖Add specific operations or functions to manipulate the class.

▪ For example, in a coordinate class, you would include a method for calculating
the distance between coordinates.
class Coordinate(object):
def __init__(self, x, y):
self.x = x
self.y = y
Adding a method for measuring the
def distance(self, other): distance between coordinates.
x_diff_sq =(self.x - other.x) ** 2
y_diff_sq =(self.y - other.y) ** 2
return (x_diff_sq + y_diff_sq) ** 0.5

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Defining a Class: Step 4 - Redefining the __str__() Method

❖By default, the print() function displays the object’s memory address.
class Coordinate(object):
def __init__(self, x, y):
self.x = x
self.y = y
def distance(self, other):
x_diff_sq = (self.x - other.x) ** 2
y_diff_sq = (self.y - other.y) ** 2
return (x_diff_sq + y_diff_sq) ** 0.5
>>> c = Coordinate(3, 4)
>>> print(c) Printing memory address not useful for user.
<__main__.Coordinate object at 0x7fa918510488> 21
Defining a Class: Step 4 - Redefining the __str__() Method
class Coordinate(object):
def __init__(self, x, y):
self.x = x
self.y = y
def distance(self, other):
x_diff_sq =(self.x - other.x) ** 2
y_diff_sq =(self.y - other.y) ** 2
return (x_diff_sq + y_diff_sq) ** 0.5
def __str__(self): Redefining to print useful object information.
return '('+str(self.x)+', '+str(self.y)+')'
>>> c = Coordinate(3, 4)
>>> print(c)
(3, 4)
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Using Objects: Step 1 – Creating an Object

❖For creating an object, specify the class name along with its attributes.
class Coordinate(object):
def __init__(self, x, y):
self.x = x
self.y = y
def distance(self, other):
x_diff_sq =(self.x - other.x) ** 2
y_diff_sq =(self.y - other.y) ** 2
return (x_diff_sq + y_diff_sq) ** 0.5
def __str__(self):
return '('+str(self.x)+', '+str(self.y)+')'
>>> c = Coordinate(3, 4)
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Using Objects: Step 2 – Invoking a Method

❖To call a method on an object, use the dot (.) operator.

class Coordinate(object):
def __init__(self, x, y):
self.x = x
self.y = y
def distance(self, other):
x_diff_sq =(self.x - other.x) ** 2
y_diff_sq =(self.y - other.y) ** 2
return (x_diff_sq + y_diff_sq) ** 0.5
def __str__(self):
return '('+str(self.x)+', '+str(self.y)+')'

>>> c = Coordinate(3, 4)
>>> zero = Coordinate(0, 0)
>>> print(c.distance(zero))
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Advantages of Object-Oriented Programming
❖Encapsulation:
▪ Manage attributes and their related methods as a single package.
▪ Example: account number, holder, balance, deposit, withdrawal, transfer.
❖Divide-and-Conquer Development:
▪ Develop and evaluate each class separately.
▪ This approach reduces complexity by organizing code into modules, making it
easier to create complex programs.
❖Code Reuse with Classes:
▪ Most Python modules are designed as classes.
▪ Inheritance allows child classes to inherit and modify attributes or methods
from parent classes as needed.
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Lab 11
Exercise 1: Coordinate Class in 2D Space (Assignment 3)

❖Create a Coordinate class to represent points in two-dimensional space

using x and y values. Your class should include:
▪ An initialization method __init__ to store x and y coordinates.
▪ A string method __str__ to return a readable description of the coordinate.
▪ Three custom methods:
➢distance() – calculates the distance between two coordinates.
➢midpoint() – returns the midpoint between two coordinates.
➢slope() – computes the slope between two coordinates (you may display a message for
vertical lines where the slope is undefined).

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Exercise 1: Coordinate Class in 2D Space (Assignment 3)

❖Verification Required:
▪ Create two Coordinate objects for the points (0, 0) and (3, 4).
▪ Then:
➢Print their coordinate information.
➢Print the distance, midpoint, and slope between them.

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Exercise 2: Car Class
❖Create a Car class to represent basic features and behaviors of a car.
Your class should include:
▪ Attributes:
➢model: the name of the car model
➢speed: the current speed of the car
➢price: the price of the car
▪ Methods:
➢getSpeed(): returns the current speed
➢getPrice(): returns the price
➢isFaster(other): returns True if the current car is faster than the other car
➢isMoreExpensive(other): returns True if the current car is more expensive than the other
car
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Exercise 2: Car Class

❖Verification Required:
▪ Create three Car objects with the following data:
➢Model: “BMW X5”, Speed: 222, Price: 90295
➢Model: “Toyota Cololla”, Speed: 200, Price: 28145
➢Model: “Jeep Wrangler”, Speed: 210, Price: 89390
Jeep Wrangler
▪ Then: 210 km/h
$89,390
➢Print each car’s model, price, and speed.
Toyota Cololla
➢Compare their speeds and prices using isFaster() BMW X5 200 km/h
222 km/h
and isMoreExpensive() methods. $90,295 $28,145

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Exercise 2: Car Class

❖Output:

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Exercise 3: TV Class with Controls and Limits

❖Create a TV class that simulates a television with adjustable channel

and volume settings. Your class should include:
▪ Attributes:
➢on: A Boolean indicating whether the TV is on
➢channel: The current channel number
➢maxChannel: The maximum channel number
➢volumeLevel: The current volume level
➢maxVolumeLevel: The maximum volume level

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Exercise 3: TV Class with Controls and Limits
▪ Methods:
➢Power control: getOn(), turnOn(), turnOff()
➢Channel control: getChannel(), setChannel(), channelUp(), channelDown()
➢Volume control: getVolume(), setVolume(), volumeUp(), volumeDown()

❖Behavioral Notes:
▪ Channel and volume operations should only work when the TV is turned on.
▪ Channel and volume levels should not fall below 1 or exceed their maximum
values.

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Exercise 3: TV Class with Controls and Limits

❖Verification Required:
▪ Create a TV object with the initial channel set to 1 and volume level set to 1.
▪ Then,
➢Turn the TV on.
➢Adjust the channel and volume several times, including attempts to exceed both the
lower and upper limits.
➢Print the final channel and volume levels to verify they remain within valid bounds.

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수고하셨습니다!

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