Okay, here are some possible descriptive questions and answers based on

the topics covered in the provided files, formatted chapter-wise:

Unit 1: Expressions and Control Statements in PHP

 Question: Explain the basic structure of a PHP file.

 Answer: A PHP file typically contains HTML tags and PHP scripting
code, and it uses the ".php" file extension. PHP statements within
the file end with a semicolon (;).

 Question: How are comments used in PHP, and what are the
different syntaxes for writing them?

 Answer: Comments in PHP are lines of code that are not executed
and are used to explain code, remind the programmer of its
function, or prevent code execution. PHP supports single-line
comments using // or #, and multi-line comments using /* */.

 Question: Describe PHP variables, including how they are declared,

their data types, and the rules for naming them.

 Answer: In PHP, variables are used to store information and are

declared with a $ sign followed by the variable name. PHP is a
loosely typed language, so you don't need to define the data type;
it's automatically associated with the variable's value.

o Rules for variable names:

 Start with a letter or underscore.

 Cannot start with a number.

 Can only contain alphanumeric characters and

underscores.

 Are case-sensitive.

 Should not contain spaces (use underscore or

capitalization for multiple words).

 Question: Explain variable scope in PHP. What are the different

types of variable scope?

 Answer: The scope of a variable determines where in the script it

can be accessed. PHP has three variable scopes:

o Local: Variables declared within a function are only accessible

inside that function.

o Global: Variables declared outside a function are only

accessible outside that function.
 o Static: Static variables are not deleted after a function
completes; their value is retained for subsequent function
calls.

 Question: How do the global keyword and the static keyword affect
variable scope in PHP?

 Answer:

o The global keyword is used within a function to access global

variables.

o The static keyword is used within a function to declare a

variable that retains its value between function calls.

 Question: What is PHP, and what are its key characteristics?

 Answer: PHP (Hypertext Preprocessor) is a widely-used, open-

source, server-side scripting language for creating dynamic web
applications. It is partially case-sensitive: keywords, classes, and
functions are not case-sensitive, but variable names are case-
sensitive.

 Question: Explain the difference between echo and print in PHP.

 Answer: Both echo and print are used to output data to the screen,
but echo can take multiple parameters and has no return value,
while print takes a single parameter and returns a value of 1. Echo is
also marginally faster.

Unit 2: Arrays, Functions, and Graphics

 Question: What is a multidimensional array in PHP? How do you

declare and access elements in a multidimensional array?

 Answer: A multidimensional array is an array containing one or

more arrays. Elements are accessed using multiple indices (e.g.,
$array[row][column]).

 Question: Explain the purpose and syntax of the following PHP

array functions: extract(), compact(), implode(), explode(), and
array_flip().

o extract(): Imports variables into the current symbol table from

an array.

o compact(): Creates an array containing variables and their

values.

o implode(): Joins array elements into a string.

 o explode(): Breaks a string into an array.

o array_flip(): Exchanges all keys with their associated values in

an array.

 Question: What are the advantages of using PHP arrays?

 Answer: PHP arrays allow you to store multiple values in a single

variable, which leads to less code, easier traversal of elements using
loops, and the ability to sort elements.

 Question: Describe the different PHP array sorting functions.

 Answer: PHP provides functions to sort arrays:

o sort(): Sorts arrays in ascending order.

o rsort(): Sorts arrays in descending order.

o asort(): Sorts associative arrays in ascending order by value.

o ksort(): Sorts associative arrays in ascending order by key.

o arsort(): Sorts associative arrays in descending order by value.

o krsort(): Sorts associative arrays in descending order by key.

 Question: What is a function in PHP? Explain how to declare and

call a function.

 Answer: A function is a block of code that performs a specific task.

o Declaration: Functions are declared using the function

keyword, followed by the function name, parentheses (), and
curly braces {} containing the function code.

o Calling: Functions are called by using the function name

followed by parentheses ().

 Question: Explain the concepts of "arguments" and "return values"

in PHP functions.

 Answer:

o Arguments: Arguments are values passed to a function when

it is called.

o Return Values: A function can return a value back to the

caller using the return statement.

Unit 3: Object-Oriented Concepts in PHP

 Question: What is a class and an object in PHP?

  Answer:

o A class is a blueprint for creating objects; it defines the

properties (variables) and methods (functions) that the objects
will have.1

o An object is an instance of a class.

 Question: How do you create an object in PHP?

 Answer: Objects are created using the new keyword followed by

the class name (e.g., $obj = new ClassName();).

 Question: What is the purpose of the $this keyword in PHP object-

oriented programming?

 Answer: The $this keyword is a special variable that refers to the

current object within a class method.

 Question: Explain the concept of a constructor in PHP. How is it

defined and what is its use?

 Answer: A constructor is a special method that is automatically

called when an object is created. In PHP, a constructor is defined
using the __construct() method. It is used to initialize object
properties.

 Question: What are the different types of constructors in PHP?

 Answer: PHP supports default constructors (constructors without

parameters) and parameterized constructors (constructors that
accept arguments).

 Question: Explain method overriding.

 Answer: Method overriding is the ability of a child class to provide a

different implementation of a method that is already defined in its
parent class.2

 Question: What is inheritance in PHP?

 Answer: Inheritance is a mechanism in which a new class (child

class) can inherit properties and methods from an existing class
(parent class).

 Question: What is the purpose of final keyword in PHP?

 Answer: The final keyword prevents method overriding and class

inheritance.

Unit 4: Creating and Validating Forms

  Question: Explain the difference between cookies and sessions in
PHP.

 Answer:

o Cookies: Small files stored on the user's computer by the

browser. They are used to remember information about the
user.

o Sessions: Data stored on the server to associate data with a

specific user across multiple pages.

 Question: How do you create, access, modify, and delete cookies in

PHP?

o Create: Use the setcookie() function.

o Access: Use the $_COOKIE superglobal array.

o Modify: Set the cookie again with setcookie().

o Delete: Set the cookie with an expiration date in the past.

 Question: How do you start, set, get, and destroy PHP sessions?

o Start: Use the session_start() function.

o Set: Use the $_SESSION superglobal array.

o Get: Access values from the $_SESSION array.

o Destroy: Use session_destroy() or unset $_SESSION variables.

 Question: What are common HTML form controls, and how are they
used?

 Answer: Common form controls include:

o Textbox: For single-line text input.

o Textarea: For multi-line text input.

o Radio Button: For selecting one option from a group.

o Checkbox: For selecting multiple options.

o List: A dropdown menu for selecting options.

o Buttons: To trigger actions.

o Hidden control: To store data not visible to the user.

Unit 5: Database Operations

 Question: How do you create a database in MySQL?

 Answer: You can create a database using the CREATE DATABASE
statement.

 Question: How do you delete a database and the tables within it?

 Answer: You can delete a MySQL database using the DROP

DATABASE command. This command permanently deletes the
database and all its tables.

 Question: Explain how to create, describe, add data to, and delete
a table in MySQL.

o Create: Use the CREATE TABLE command.

o Describe: Use the DESCRIBE command.

o Add Data: Use the INSERT INTO command.

o Delete: Use the DROP TABLE command.

 Question: What are the SELECT, DELETE, and WHERE commands

used for in MySQL?

o SELECT: Used to extract data from a table.

o DELETE: Used to remove rows from a table.

o WHERE: Used to filter records.