INDEX

Sr. Chapter Page 11. Problem on Races 122

No. No.
12. Boats and Streams 128

SIMPLIFICATION
INTEREST

1. Simplifica,on 02
13. Simple & Compound 135
Interest
2. Approxima,on 18
14. Instalments 145
NUMBER SYSTEM
AVERAGES
3. Number System 36
15. Averages 151
PROFIT AND LOSS
TIME AND WORK
4. Percentages 50
16. Time & Work 161
5. Profit and Loss 62
17. Pipes and Cisterns 170
RATIOS AND PROPORTIONS
PERMUTATIONS & COMBINATIONS AND
6. Ra,os and Propor,ons 76 PROBABILITY

7. Partnership 88 18. Permuta,ons & 176

Combina,ons and
8. Mixtures and Alliga,ons 97 Probability

SPEED, DISTANCE AND TIME SEQUENCES AND SERIES

9. Speed, Distance and Time 109 19. Sequences 184

10. Problem on Trains 116 20. Series 188

1
 3 NUMBER SYSTEM

number line. Real numbers can further be classified into

two groups, i.e. rational and irrational numbers. Rational
Objectives: numbers can also be classified as terminating and non-
terminating. And so on...
Ø Basic classification of numbers into Natural
numbers, Whole numbers, Integers etc. Here is the chart which classifies numbers.
Ø Divisibility rules of 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, 11,
13, 99, 101, 999, 1001 etc.
Ø Factors and Multiples
Ø Highest Common Factor (HCF) and Least
Common Multiple (LCM), HCF and LCM of
Fractions
Ø Remainder, Remainder when Successive division
occurs, Finding Last digit when divided by a
number with large exponent
Ø Remainder Formula, Fermat Little’s Theorem,
Wilson’s Theorem, Finding Last two digits when
divided by a number with large exponent

Numbers: The basic pillar of Mathematics, the language

of the universe. The thing which we learnt in our first
mathematics class. The thing we deal with, in our day-
to-day life. The thing which is almost everywhere.

Real Numbers: These are the numbers whose squares

are positive numbers.

Imaginary Numbers: These are the numbers whose

squares are negative numbers. They are represented by
iota ‘i’.
(i = √(-1), i2 = -1, i3 = -i, i4 = 1)
E.g. Express 0.82828282…. in the form of a fraction.
Sol: Let x = 0.82828282… _(1)
E.g. If the number 6i is given, it means its value is
As the period contains 2 digits, we multiply by 102 = 100,
6 × √ (-1) = 6√ (-1) = √ (-36)
\ 100x = 82.82828282…. _(2)
Now, (2) – (1), we get,
Rational Numbers: The numbers which can be written
in the form p/q where p and q are co-prime integers and Þ 99x = 82 Þ x = 82/99.
q ≠ 0. i.e. In decimal form, they are either terminating or
recurring numbers. E.g. Express 0.024024024024024024….. in the form of
a fraction.
We are not here to talk about the universe. But let me Sol: Let x = 0.024024024024…. _(1)
make this thing very clear. This is the most important As the period is contains 3 digits,
topic of the quant section. Not only this one, but the we multiply with 103 = 1000
entire Number System”. \1000x = 24.02404024…. _ _(2)
Now, (2) – (1), we get, 999x = 24
\ x = 24/999 = 8/333.
CLASSIFICATION
Irrational Numbers: The numbers which cannot be
written as p/q. i.e. In decimal form, these numbers are
Numbers can be classified into two groups, i.e. Real and non-terminating and non-recurring numbers. e.g. √2.
imaginary numbers. Real numbers can be represented on

36
Integers: The numbers whose value after decimal is 0. E.g. Check whether 91 is a prime number or not.
Sol: Square root of 91 will be between 9 and 10. So the
Decimals: The numbers whose value after decimal is prime numbers smaller than 9 are 2, 3, 5 and 7. Since 91
non- zero. e.g. 3.456 is divided by 7 (13 × 7 = 91). 91 is not a prime number.
Negatives: The numbers whose value is less than 0.
DIVISIBLE RULE
Positives: The numbers whose value is more than 0.

Natural Numbers: The integers more than 0. Divisibility of 2: A number is always divisible by 2 if it
is an even number i.e. its last digit is 0, 2, 4, 6 or 8.
Whole Numbers: Whole numbers are basically natural
numbers, including 0. These are also called non-negative Divisibility of 3: A number is divisible by 3 if the sum of
integers. its digits is divisible by 3.
Prime Numbers: The number which has exactly two Divisibility of 4: A number is divisible by 4 if the last
factors (1 and the number itself). two digits of the number are divisible by 4.
Composite Numbers: The number which has more than Divisibility of 5: A number is divisible by 5 if its last
two factors. digit is 0 or 5.
[Note: 1 is neither Prime nor Composite number.]
Divisibility of 6: A number is divisible by 6 if it is
divisible by both 2 and 3.
PRIME NUMBERS
Divisibility of 8: A number is divisible by 8 if its last 3
digits are divisible by 8.
As we have discussed earlier, these are the numbers
which have exactly two factors. And these two factors are Divisibility of 10: A number is divisible by 10 if its last
1 and the number itself. digit is 0.
From 1 to 50, we have 15 prime factors. Divisibility of 12: A number is divisible by 12 if it is
divisible by both 3 and 4.
From 1 to 100, we have 25 prime factors. And these are:
2, 3, 5, 7, 11, 13, 17, 19, 23, 29, 31, 37, 41, 43, 47, 53, Now, we will discuss the divisibility rule of 7, 9, 11 and
59, 61, 67, 71, 73, 79, 83, 89 and 97. 13.
Prime numbers have some properties like: Divisibility Rule of 9 and 11:
i) No integer can divide them completely other than 1 and Divisibility Rule of 9: A number is divisible by 9 if the
the number itself (that’s why they have only two factors). sum of the digits of the number is multiple of 9.
ii) Every prime number should be in the form of [4n + 1 E.g. 356211 has sum of the digits, 3 + 5 + 6 + 2 + 1 + 1
or 4n – 1] for less than 5 and [6n + 1 or 6n – 1] for more = 18 and 18 had sum of the digits, 8 + 1 = 9, so 356211
than or equal to 5. But the reverse of this statement is not is divisible by 9.
true. e.g. 25 can be written as 6(4) + 1 but it is not a prime
number. Divisibility Rule of 11: If the difference between the
sum of the digits at odd places (from right) and the sum
iii) Every integer, greater than 1, can be written as the of the digits at even place (from right) is 0 or a multiple
product of prime numbers. of 11, then it is divisible by 11.

Since, there is no formula to find out whether a number E.g. 356213 has the sum of the digits at odd places 3 + 2
is prime or not. But for small numbers, we can use this + 5 = 10 and the sum of the digits at even places, 1 + 6 +
trick. Take the square root of the number (approximately) 3 = 10. So, 10 – 10 = 0. Hence it is divisible by 11.
and check its divisibility by the prime numbers smaller
than its square root. The most interesting fact is, the divisibility rule of 9 and
11 is also applicable for 99, 999, 101, 1001, etc. but in a
E.g. Check whether 97 is a prime number or not. slightly different way.
Sol: Square root of 97 will be between 9 and 10. So the
prime numbers smaller than 9 are 2, 3, 5 and 7. Since 97 Let’s understand this thing by taking an example of a
is not divisible by any of these, hence it is a prime number ‘abcdefg’
number.

37
• This number is divisible by 9 if: (a + b + c + d + e + f We know how to find whether a number is divisible by
+ g) is 9 at the end (or a multiple of 9) 1001 or not. And 1001 = 7 × 11 × 13
• This number is divisible by 99 if: (a + bc + de + fg) is
divisible by 99. [Pairing from right side] So, if a number is divisible by 1001 it will also be
• This number is divisible by 999 if: (a + bcd + efg) is divisible by 7 and 13.
divisible by 999. [Tripling from right side]
And so on… We learned the divisibility of different numbers in this
section which we will use in further parts of chapter to
Also, determine the last digit of last two digit etc.

• This number is divisible by 11 if: (g + e + c + a) – (d

+ f + b) is 0 or 11
FACTORS AND MULTIPLES
• This number is divisible by 101 if: (fg + bc) – (de +
a) is 0 or a multiple of 101 [Pairing from right side] Firstly, let’s just differentiate between the meaning of
• This number is divisible by 1001 if: (efg + a) – (bcd) factors and multiples.
is 0 or a multiple of 1001 [Tripling from right side]
And so on… Factors: Factors of a number are the numbers by which
when the number is divided, the remainder will be 0.
Let us take some examples to understand it clearly.
Multiples: Multiples of a number are the numbers which
E.g. Check whether 4636665 is divisible by 9, 99 and 999 are if divided by the number, the remainder will be 0.
or not.
Sol: Divisibility by 9: 4 + 6 + 3 + 6 + 6 + 6 + 5 = 36 E.g. 8 has the factors 1, 2, 4 and 8 and has the multiples
and 3 + 6 = 9 8, 16, 24, etc.
So, yes, it is divisible by 9.
Now, let’s talk about factors.
Divisibility of 99: (Pairing from right side) 4 + 63 + 66
+ 65 = 198 Any number greater than 1 can be written as the product
So, yes, it is divisible by 99 of prime factors. Let’s generalize this term then we will
explore this topic.
[Note: Since the number is divisible by 99. Hence, it is
also divisible by all the factors of 99. And so, this number Let N is a composite number. So, by above statement, N
is divisible by 9.] can be written as,
Divisibility of 999: (Tripling from right side) 4 + 636 + N = ap × bq × cr × …
665 = 1305 (Where a, b, c are distinct prime factors of N and p, q, r
So, no it is not divisible by 999. are integers)

E.g. Check whether 8064143 is divisible by 11, 101, So, the general formula to calculate the number of factors
1001. Sol: Divisibility by 11: (3 + 1 + 6 + 8) – (4 + 4 + of N is:
0) = 18 – 8 = 10
So, it is not divisible by 11. Total number of factors of N = (p + 1) (q + 1) (r + 1)...

Divisibility of 101: (Pairing from right side) (43 + 06) – E.g. Find the total number of factors of 756.
(41 + 8) = 49 – 49 = 0 Sol: 756 can be written as, 756 = 22 × 33 × 7
So, it is divisible by 101. So, the total number of factors of 756
= (2 + 1) (3 + 1) (1 + 1) = 3 × 4 × 2 = 24.
Divisibility of 1001: (Tripling from right side) (143 + 8)
– (064) = 151 – 64 = 87 E.g. How many factors of 756 are multiple of 12?
So, it is not divisible by 1001. Sol: 756 = 22 × 33 × 7 and 12 = 22 × 3
Þ 756 = 22 × 31 [32 × 71]
Divisibility of 7 and 13: Since we have to find out the multiples of 12 in it.
So, this [32 × 71] is important for us.
Divisibility by 7: We have a rule for 7 that if the No. of factors = (2 + 1) (1 + 1) = 3 + 2 = 6.
difference between the number of tens in the number and
twice the unit digit is divisible by 7. But it has some Sum of all factors of N = !
𝐚𝐩"𝟏 "𝟏 𝐛 𝐪"𝟏 "𝟏
"! "!
𝐜 𝐫"𝟏 "𝟏
"…
limitations. It is good for some small numbers like 651, 𝐚"𝟏 𝐛"𝟏 𝐜"𝟏

994, 1078 etc. but it is a very time-consuming process for

numbers like 456745. E.g. Find the sum of all factors of 48.
Sol: We can write it as, 48 = 24 × 3
So, we can do some additional stuff here.

38
So, Sum of all factors of 48 = (20 + 21 + 22 + 23 + 24) (30 No. of factors = (998 + 1) (998 + 1) = 999 × 999 = 9992
+ 31) = (1 + 2 + 4 + 8 + 16) (1 + 3) = 31 × 4 = 124 \ required answer = 10002 – 9992
𝟐𝟒"𝟏 "𝟏 𝟑𝟏"𝟏 "𝟏 = (1000 + 999) (1000 – 999) = 1999 × 1 = 1999.
or, ! 𝟐"𝟏
"! 𝟑"𝟏
" = 31 × 8/2 = 124 (Ans.)

E.g. In an NGO, there are 70 workers. All the workers

Co-Prime Numbers: Co-Prime numbers are the two
visited an old age home having 70 senior citizens. The
numbers which have no common factor other than 1. e.g.
first worker donated Rs. 1000 to each senior citizen. The
24 and 25 are co-prime numbers because 24 has factors
second worker donated Rs. 1000 to every second senior
1, 2, 3, 4, 6, 8, 12, 24 and 25 has factors 1, 5, 25. No factor
citizen starting from the second senior citizen. The third
is common other than 1.
worker donated Rs. 1000 to every third senior citizen
starting from the third senior citizen and so on. How
Now let us take a look at some interesting points:
many senior citizens received donations from an odd
number of workers?
1) The product of two consecutive integers is always
Sol: Read the question twice and thrice and try to
even. Because one of them is even and one of them is
understand what this question wants to say. The first
odd, so the product will always be even.
worker gives rupees to all 70 citizens. But the 2nd worker
gives only to 2nd, 4th, 6th, 8th, etc. citizens. Same thing is
2) The product of three consecutive integers is always
done by 3rd, he gives rupees to only 3rd, 6th, 9th, 12th, etc.
divisible by 6. Because one of them is always even and
citizens. Same for 4th, 5th, 6th workers till 70th. It means, a
one of them is always divisible by 3.
worker whose number is x is giving money to all the
citizens whose number is a multiple of x.
3) Like that, the product of four consecutive integers is
And hence, the citizen, whose number is y, is receiving
always divisible by 24.
the donations from all the workers whose number is a
factor of y. i.e. is receiving as many donations as the
4) The product of n consecutive integers will always be
number of factors of y. So, we just have to find out, from
divisible by n.
1 to 70, how many numbers have odd numbers of factors.
And from the previous discussion, we know that only
5) Total one-digit numbers are 9.
perfect squares have an odd number of factors. And from
Total two-digit numbers are 90 (from 10 to 99).
1 to 70, there are 8 perfect squares, which are 1, 4, 9, 16,
So, they have 90 × 2 = 180 digits.
25, 36, 49 and 64.
Total three-digit numbers are 900 (from 100 to 999).
So, the answer is, only 8 senior citizens received
So, they have 900 × 3 = 2700 digits.
donations from an odd number of workers.
Total four-digit numbers are 9000 (from 1000 to 9999).
Now, it is time to discuss Highest Common Factor (HCF)
So, they have 9000 × 4 = 36000 digits. And so on …
and Lowest Common Multiple (LCM).
E.g. Divya typed the first n natural numbers on a
keyboard without any spaces. If she had to press keys HCF AND LCM
1692 times, find n.
Sol: 1-digit numbers have 9 digits. 2-digit numbers are
90 and have 180 digits. So, 1692 – (180 + 9) = 1503. HCF: Highest Common Factor (HCF) is the largest
Since 3-digit numbers are 900 and have 2700 digits but factor of two or more given numbers which can divide all
we left only 1503 digits, it means the number is a 3-digit of these numbers. It is also called Greatest Common
number. Divisor (GCD).
Now, 1503/3 = 501, means it is the 501st 3-digit number.
So, the number is, 501 + 90 + 9 = 600. LCM: Lowest Common Multiple (LCM) of two or more
numbers is the least number which is divisible by each of
Let us look at two examples and if you are now confident these numbers (i.e. leaves no remainder).
about this section, just try these questions by yourself
before looking at my solution. It would be fun. [Note: Product of two numbers = Their LCM × Their
HCF]
E.g. How many natural numbers divide 35999 but do not
divide 35998? E.g. Find the HCF and LCM of 288, 432 and 768.
Sol: It wants us to find the factors of 35999 which are not Sol: 288 = 25 × 32
the factors of 35998. In simple words, Þ 432 = 24 × 33
(No. of factors of 35999) – (No. of factors of 35998), Þ 768 = 28 × 3
Because these are the only factors which are greater than So, HCF would be = 24 × 3 = 48
35998 and, so that, they do not divide 35998. And LCM would be = 28 × 33 = 6912.
Now, 35999 = (5 × 7)999 = 5999 × 7999
No. of factors = (999 + 1) (999 + 1) Now, here are some interesting ways to find HCF of two
= 1000 × 1000 = 10002 or more numbers.
Also, 35998 = (5 × 7)998 = 5998 × 7998

39
1) Long Division method (Best applicable for two E.g. Find the LCM of 3/7, 5/9, 4/10 and 8/9.
numbers): Take two numbers. Divide the greater number Sol: Here, most of the students make mistakes. They
by the smaller number, then divide the divisor by the directly take the LCM of (3, 5, 4 and 8). But here, we
remainder, divide the divisor of this division by the next have to first simplify the fraction. So, 4/10 will become
2/5.
remainder and so on until the remainder is 0. The last Now, LCM = (LCM of 3, 5, 2, 8)/(HCF of 7, 9, 5, 9) =
divisor is the HCF of the two numbers taken. 120.

E.g. Find the HCF of 1363 and 1457. Now, let us just look at some properties and tricks of HCF
Sol: and LCM:

Any number which when divided by p, q or r leaving the

same remainder s in each case, will be the form of

k (LCM of p, q, r) + s, where k = 0, 1, 2, ….
\ HCF (1367, 1457) = 47
If k is 0, then we get the smallest such number.
2) Difference method (Best applicable for numbers
which are close to each other): Let us take the numbers E.g. Find the smallest number which when divided by 4,
like 3800, 3600, 3672. First we have to find the minimum 11 or 13 leaves a remainder 1 and is greater than the
difference between numbers (in this case, it is 3672 – remainder.
3600 = 72). Then we have to check whether 72 or which Sol: Required number = LCM (4, 11, 13) + 1 = 573.
factor (highest) of 72 is also a factor of the third number
(i.e. 3800) so here, 72 = 23 × 32. Since 3 cannot divide Any number which when divided by p, q or r leaving
3800, no multiple of 3 can divide 3800. So, we are left respective remainders of s, t and u where (p – s) = (q – t)
with 23, we can see that 3800 can be divided by 8 but not = (r – s) = a (say), will be of the form
by any factor of 72, bigger than 8. So, 8 is the HCF of
these numbers. k (LCM of p, q and r) – a.

Let us take another example, find the HCF of 2704, 2700, The smallest such number will be obtained by
1586. Here, the minimum difference is 4 (i.e. 2704 – substituting k = 1.
2700). Since, 4 cannot divide 1586 but its factor 2 does.
And 2 is the second biggest factor of 4. So, 2 is the HCF E.g. Find the smallest numbers which when divided by 8
of these numbers. and 12 leave remainders of 6 and 10 respectively.
Sol: Required number = LCM (8, 12) – 2 = 22.
3) Factor method (Best applicable for numbers in
which at least one number is small enough to calculate The largest number with which the numbers p, q or r are
the factors): Let us take numbers like 108, 288 and 360. divided gives remainders of s, t and u respectively will be
Here the smallest number is 108 but it does not divide the
288 and 360 both. Now its second biggest factor is 54,
but it also cannot divide 288 and 360 both. Now its third HCF of the three numbers (p – s), (q – t) and (r – u)
biggest factor is 36, yes it can divide both 288 and 360.
So, 36 is the HCF of given numbers. E.g. Find the largest number which leaves the remainders
of 2 and 3 when it divides 89 and 148 respectively.
Sol: Largest number = HCF (89 – 2, 148 – 3) = HCF (87,
LCM AND HCF OF FRACTION 145) = 29.

If there were questions like, Find the largest number with

!"# %& '()*+,-%+. which if we divide the numbers p, q and r, the remainder
LCM =
/"0 %& 1*2%)32,-%+. are the same. Then the required number is
/"0 %& '()*+,-%+.
HCF =
!"# %& 1*2%)32,-%+. HCF of (p – q) and (p – r) = HCF of (p – q) and (q –
It means, if there are numbers like a/b, c/d and e/f. r) = HCF of (q – r) and (p – r)

!"# (,,6,*) It is happening because the numbers have the same

Then, LCM (a/b, c/d, e/f) = remainder, so if we subtract the remainder from the
/"0 (8,9,&)
numbers, the numbers will become the multiples of that
/"0 (,,6,*)
HCF (a/b, c/d, e/f) = !"# (8,9,&) number. It means, the difference between those multiples
is equal to the difference between p, q and r. And since
[Note: Fractions should be in reduced forms i.e. if the the numbers are multiples, the difference between them
fraction is like x/y, x and y must be co-prime numbers.] is also a multiple of that number.

40
E.g. Find the largest number which divides 444, 804 and So, we can write it as, 684 = 7 × 97 + 5
1344 leaving the same remainder in each case. Here, the quotient is 97 and the remainder is 5.
Sol: Largest number = HCF (804 – 444, 1344 – 804) =
HCF (360, 540) = 180.
SUCCESSIVE DIVISION
Now, before binding up this section, let us look at a good
and interesting example.
If the quotient of a division is taken and this is used as the
E.g. Mahesh distributed all the marbles with him equally dividend, such a division is called “successive division”.
among 8 children and found that 5 marbles were left. Had This process can continue up to any number of steps –
he distributed the marbles equally among 12 or 18 until the quotient in the first division becomes zero or the
children, he would have still had 5 marbles left with him. first time. In easy words, the quotient in the first division
If the number of marbles Mahesh distributed was less is taken as dividend and divided in the second division;
than 200, how many marbles did he initially have? the quotient in the second division is taken as the
dividend in the third division and so on.
Sol: Try this question yourself before looking at my
solution. If we remember the formula, this question will E.g. If we say that 3649 is divided by 2, 7, 3 and 5, then
not take more than 2 minutes. the quotients and the remainders are as follows in the
The number of marbles Mahesh had = k × [LCM (8, 12, successive division.
18)] + 5 (where k is any natural number) Dividend Divisor Quotient Remainder
Now, LCM (8, 12, 18) = 72.
So, the number of marbles Mahesh had = 72k + 5 3649 2 1824 1
Since, the number of marbles he had is less than 200 i.e. 1824 7 260 4
72k + 5 < 200
260 3 86 2
Þ k = 1 or 2
So, the number of marbles Mahesh had could be 72 + 5 86 5 17 1
or 72 × 2 + 5 i.e. 77 or 149. Here, we say that when 3649 is successively divided by
2, 7, 3 and 5 the respective remainders are 1, 4, 2 and 1.
Now, what we are going to learn now is the most
important section in many ways. We will learn how to But if there will be a question like, a number when
deal with powers. Lots of powers. We will learn how to divided by a, b and c successively leaves the remainder
calculate the last digit of these numbers, the remainder of x, y and z. find the remainder when it is divided by m.
(without actually simplifying it) when they are divided
by a certain number. What can we do in these types of questions?

And most importantly, it is the sum-up of all the three Let, the number is p. Here we have to make equations,
sections, so that we will clear those topics also which such as,
were left behind or left incomplete. p = q1a + x
q1 = q2b + y
So let’s start with this general thing, called remainder. q2 = q3c + z

Then, we can equate by putting q1 in terms of q2 and q2

REMAINDER in terms of q3 and then we make an equation which can
combine these three equations and then find out the
remainder when it is divided by m. But it is a very
We know if we divide some number (say a) with another lengthy and time taking method.
number (say b), there were only two cases:
i) It will fully divide the number, or Can we find it in any other easy way?
ii) It will not fully divide the number. Yes, we can.

In the second case, it leaves a number (say r), and the Let’s take it in this way,
significance of this number is, if we subtract this number
from the original number, then that (a – r) will be Divisors
divisible by b. So, this r is called remainder.
Remainders
In general, we can write it as:
a = qb + r (where, q is quotient and r is remainder) The smallest number satisfying the given conditions is
found by using the following method. Divisor and the
E.g. Find quotient and remainder if 684 is divided by 7. remainder it leave are written as shown above. Starting
Sol: with the last remainder, each remainder is multiplied
with the previous divisor and added to that divisor’s

41
remainder. This procedure is carried out until the Þ 4 ® 4, 6
divisor’s remainder is the first remainder. Þ5®5
Þ6®6
Let the smallest possible value of the number is s. Þ 7 ® 7, 9, 3, 1
General form of the number = k (a × b × c) + s. Þ 8 ® 8, 4, 2, 6
Þ 9 ® 9, 1
E.g. A number when divided by 5, 6 and 8 successively
Þ0®0
leaves remainders of 1, 3 and 4 respectively. Find the
Þ1®1
remainder when the largest such three-digit number is
divided by 9.
From here, we can conclude that after at most every 4th
Sol: Here, the smallest such number is,
power of any number, the last digit starts repeating itself.
Divisors Let’s take some examples to understand it better.

Remainders E.g. Find the remainder when 7267 is divided by 10.

Sol: Here, we just have to find the last digit of the
Þ (((4 × 6) + 3) × 5) + 1 = 27 × 5 + 1
number. We can see that the last digit of power of 7 starts
= 135 + 1 = 136
repeating after every 4th power. So, we can simply divide
So, the general term is:
the power with 4 and find the remainder.
N = k (5 × 6 × 8) + 136 = 240 k + 136
So, 267 = 4 × 66 + 3
The largest three-digit number will be when k = 3
So, the remainder is 3. Now, the last digit of 73 is 3. So,
So, the number is 240 × 3 + 136 = 856
the remainder will be 3.
And 856 = 9 × 95 + 1
So, the remainder is 1.
E.g. 5. Find out the last digit of the equation 222555 +
555222.
E.g. Find the smallest number which, when divided by
Sol: We just have to find out the last digits of 2555 and
6, 4 and 2 successively leaves remainders of 4, 2 and 1
5222 and then we will add them.
respectively.
Now, the last digit of any power of 5 will be 5.
Sol: The smallest such number is,
And the last digit of any power of 2 starts repeating after
Divisors every 4th power. And 555 = 4 × 137 + 3.
So, 23 = 8
Remainders Now, 5 + 8 = 13
So, the last digit will be 3 (not 13, remember).
Þ (((1 × 4) + 2) × 6) + 4 = (6 × 6) + 4 = 36 + 4 = 40.
E.g. Find out the last digit of equation 357223 × 8641446 ×
We will continue this "how to find the remainder” thing 250945786 × 512346.
in sometime, firstly, let’s get familiar with "last digits”. Sol: Here, we can see that the equation has 41446 and
512346. We know that the power of an even number is
always even and any power of 5 will always give 5 as the
LAST DIGIT last digit. And 5 × (any even number) has always 0 in its
last digit. So, the answer is 0.

We can see in exams some questions like, what will be

the last digit (or unit digit) of a number like 22345 or what REMAINDER FORMULA
will be the remainder if 22345 is divided by 10.

There is a property of these last digits that, after some Let’s just start from where we had left in the earliar
time, these digits start repeating itself in the same pattern section. We can find whether any number is divisible by
in which they occur earlier. 9, 99, 999, 11, 101, 1001, etc. or not.

Like, for 21, the last digit is 2. For 22, the digit is 4. For There were two cases:
23, the last digit is 8. For 24, the last digit is 6. But after
that, for 25, 26, 27 and 28, the last digits will be again 2, i) The number is fully divided by these numbers.
4, 8 and 6 respectively. ii) The number is not fully divided by these numbers.

So, let us just write down the possible last digits of the In the second case, after doing our calculation, we will
powers (greater than 1) of the numbers in the pattern in be left with a number which is smaller than the dividend
which they occur. (if it is not smaller, we will do that process again until
we will find a number smaller than the dividend), that
Last digit of the power of: number will be the remainder.
Þ 2 ® 2, 4, 6, 8
Þ 3 ® 3, 9, 7, 1 E.g. Find the remainder when 83421579 is divided by

42
1001. Now, with some examples, let’s just try to find the
Sol: (Tripling from right side): (579 + 83) – 421 = 241, remainder of other numbers.
Hence, the remainder will be 241.
E.g. Find the remainder when 530 is divided by 4.
E.g. Find the remainder when 212121……[120 digits] is Sol: Since, if we divide 5 with 4, the remainder will be
divided by 99. 1. And 130 is always 1. So, the remainder will be 1.
Sol: There are 120 digits, so there are 60 pairs of 21.
So, the sum of 60 pairs will be, 21 × 60 = 1260 E.g. Find the remainder when 837 is divided by 9.
Now, we will apply same procedure for 1260 Sol: 837/9 = (-1)37/9 = -1/9 = (9 – 1)/9 = 8/9
(Pairing from right side): 60 + 12 = 72. So, the remainder will be 8.
Hence, the remainder will be 72.
E.g. Find the remainder when 757 is divided by 9.
E.g. Find the remainder when 324516…..[600 digits] is Sol: 757/9 = (-2)57/9 = - (2)57/9
divided by 1001. (Since the power is odd, the term will be negative)
Sol: There are 600 digits. It means there are 200 triplets Þ -(23)19/9 = -(8)19/9 = -(-1)19/9 = 1
in which 100 triplets are of 516 and 100 are of 324. We So, the remainder will be 1.
have to take the difference of the sum of all the triplets
at even position from right side (i.e. 324 × 100) and the E.g. Find the remainder when 3233 is divided by 7.
sum of all the triplets at odd position (i.e. 516 × 100) Sol: 3233/7 = 433/7 = (43)11/7 = 6411/7 = 111/7 = 1/7
Þ (516 – 324) × 100 = 19200 So, the remainder will be 1.
We have to do this procedure again, (Tripling from right
side): 200 – 19 = 181. If p = n × s, so for the remainder of nm, when divided by
Hence, 181 will be the remainder. p, we can find the remainder of the term n(m – 1) (or
Now, we know that 1001 = 7 × 11 × 13. accordingly, as per the requirement of the question),
So, we just have to divide the remainder of the number, when divided by s. and later multiply the remainder with
when divided by 1001, by 7. And the remainder will be n.
the final remainder.
E.g. Find the remainder when 771 is divided by 35.
Like, in example 7, the remainder is 241. If we divide Sol: 771/35. Since, 35 = 7 × 5, one 7 will be cancelled by
241 with 7, the remainder will be 3. So, when 83421579 35. So, it becomes,
is divided by 7, the remainder will be 3. Same for 13. 770/5 = (72)35/5 = (49)35/5 = (-1)35/5 = -1/5 = (5 – 1)/5 =
4/5 = 28/35
Like, in some pevious example, the remainder is 181. If So, the remainder will be 28.
we divide 181 with 13, the remainder will be 12. So,
when 324516....[600 digits] is divided by 13, the E.g. Find the remainder when 2173 is divided by 16.
remainder will be 12. Sol: 2173/16 = 573/16 = (52)36(5)/16 = (25)36(5)/16 = 936
(5)/16 (92)18(5)/16 = (81)18(5)/16 = (1)18(5)/16 = 5/16
• Now, we know that, like, let a number (say N), when So, the remainder will be 5.
divided by 9, gives the remainder of 5. So, if the same
number is divided by 3 will give the remainder of 2. We can find the remainders when the dividends are small
It is just because, we can write N as: or have factors, but what if the dividends are big prime
N = 9k + 5 numbers?

Here, since 3 is a factor of 9, 9k will be divisible by 3.

And for 5, when divided by 3, the remainder will be 2. FERMAT’S LITTLE THEOREM
And, if N is divided by 99 and the remainder is 5. Then
the remainder will be 5 if N is divided by 11 or 9.
Because, 11 and 9 are factors of 99 and 5 is less than 9. 𝐍𝐏 – 𝟏
Remainder [ ]=1
𝐏
Let's just check out some properties of remainder:
(where, P is a prime number and N < P) Or,
• For a number nm, where n = pq + r (where q is 𝐚𝐏 – 𝟏
quotient, r is remainder and p is dividend), when nm Remainder [ ]=1
𝐏
is divided by p, the remainder will be the same as the [where, P is a prime number and HCF (a, P) = 1]
remainder obtained when rm is divided by p. (We can
prove this by taking power m on both sides but there E.g. Find the remainder when 383 is divided by 41.
is no need.) Sol: since 41 is a prime number so 340 when divided by 41,
the remainder will be 1.
• The remainder r and the number (r – p) are So, 33/41 = 27/41
equivalent, but since we find the positive remainder, So, the remainder will be 27.
we should take the positive value.
E.g. Find the remainder when 8782 is divided by 17.

43
Sol: since 17 is a prime and HCF (87, 17) = 1. Now, we have to find the least value of a and b. We put
So, 8716/17 = 1. And (8716)5/7 = 1. both the equations together,
So, we are left with, 872/17 = 22/17 = 4/17 Þ 11b + 5 = 7a + 2
(Because 87 = 17 × 5 + 2) Þ 7a = 11b + 3
So, the remainder will be 4. Þ 7a = 7b + (4b + 3)
(We can do this directly by taking 8716/17 = 216/17 and then It means, 4b + 3 = 0 or 7 or 14 or 21 or etc.
by applying Fermat’s little theorem) For b = 1, 4b + 3 will be 7. So, b = 1 (least value).
So, the least value will be,
Þ 11 × 1 + 5 = 16.
WILSON’S THEOREM Hence, we can represent it as,
Þ 21024 = 77n + 16.
(𝐏 – 𝟏)!
So, the remainder will be 16.
Remainder [ ] = -1 or (P – 1)
𝐏
Rules for numbers in the form of an – bn
(𝐏 – 𝟐)!
Remainder [ ]=1
𝐏 i) It is always divisible by (a – b), when n is odd.
ii) When n is even, it is also divisible by (a + b)
(𝐏 – 𝟑)!
Remainder [ ] = (P – 1)/2
𝐏
Rules for numbers in the form of an + bn
(Where P is a prime number)
i) When n is odd, it is divisible by (a + b)
38
E.g. Find the remainder when (14!) is divided by 17. ii) We can’t say anything when n is even.
Sol: Since, 14 = 17 – 3,
we can apply the third Wilson theorem.
Þ Remainder (14!/17) = (17 – 1)/2 = 8
LAST TWO DIGITS
So, 838/17 = (816)2(8)6/17 = 86/17 = 4
Hence, the remainder will be 4. We also saw in exams, the questions like, what will be
the last two digits of 21137 or what will be the remainder
E.g. Find the remainder when 21! is divided by 19. if 21137 is divided by 100.
Sol: Since 21! = 21 × 20 × 19 × … × 1,
19 will be cancelled out with 19. See, we can clearly say that since the unit digit is 1, the
So, the remainder will be 0. last digit of the answer will be 1. But we are not sure
about the second last digit.
E.g. Find the remainder when 19! Is divided by 23.
Sol: Since we can’t apply any Wilson theorem, we can So, let’s check the last two digits of the power of the
assume that, Remainder [19!/23] = k number containing unit digit in base as:
Now, Remainder [21!/23] = 1
Þ Remainder [(21 × 20 × 19!)/23] = 1 • 0 ® 00
Þ Remainder [(-2)(-3)(k)/23] = 1 For any number ending with 0, like 70126, 2035, 30001235,
Þ Remainder [6k/23] = 1 764501235, the last two digits will always be 00.
For, k = 4, the remainder will be 1.
So, the remainder will be 4. • 5 ® It has two cases
i) The power and the second last digit of base is odd ®
To find the remainder of nm, when divided by p, where 75
p = x × y, we can separately find the remainder of nm, ii) Otherwise ® 25
when divided by x and y, and then we will join them by
making an LCM model and find the least value. E.g. Find the remainder when (275)123 is divided by 100.
m
So, n = k × p + (least value). Sol: Here, we have to calculate the last two digits of the
And that least value will be our remainder. number. Since the second last digit (i.e. 7) and the power
(i.e. 123) both are odd, so the last two digits will be 75.
Let’s understand it better by taking an example. So, the remainder will be 75.

E.g. Find the remainder when 21024 is divided by 77. E.g. Find the last two digits of (385)167.
Sol: We know that 77 = 11 × 7. Since both are prime Sol: Since, the second last digit of base is even, so the
numbers and 2 is smaller than both of them, we can use last two digits will be 25.
Fermat’s little theorem.
Þ 21024/7 = (26)170(2)4/7 = 24/7 = 16/7 = 2/7 • 1 ® Last digit is 1
So, 21024 = 7a + 2 …..(i) And the second last digit is the last digit of the product of
Also, 21024/11 = (210)102(2)4/11 = 24/11 = 16/11 = 5/11 the second last digit of base and last digit of power.
So, 21024 = 11b + 5 …..(ii) i.e. for number like (xy1)abc,

44
Second last digit = last digit of (y × c) So, that’s all we have in Number System for Banking
Exams. With some seriousness and some practice, you
• 3, 7, 9 ® will master this topic.
We know that every fourth power of 3 and 7 is 1 and
every second power of 9 is 1. So, we have to convert the
unit digit into one, then apply the trick given above.
EXERCISE FOR SSC
E.g. Find the last two digits of (83)382.
Sol: (I’ll mention last two digits only, so be aware)
Þ (83)382 = (834)95 (832)
Now, 834 = (832) (832) ® (89)2 ® 21 PREVIOUS YEAR QUESTIONS
Þ (21)95 (83)2 = (01) (89) = 89
So, the last two digits will be 89.
Q:1 If the number 72864*@ is divisible by both 8 and 5,
97 then what digits will come in place of * and @
E.g. Find the last two digits of (47) .
respectively? [SSC CGL Tier 1 2024]
Sol: (47)97 = (474)24 (47)
1. 4 and 0 2. 2 and 0
Now, 474 = (472)2 ® (09)2 = 81
3. 2 and 5 4. 4 and 5
Þ (81)24 (47) ® 21 × 47 ® 87
So, the last two digits will be 87.
Q:2 Find the lowest positive value of (c – b) such that the
7-digit number 1738b9c is divisible by 12.
• 2® [SSC CHSL Tier 1 2024]
There are only 4 things to remember (apart from all 1. 4 2. 2 3. 1 4. 7
values from 21 to 210, which we have to learn)
Last two digits of 210 = 24 Q:3 If 1234567y is divisible by 11, then what is the value
Last two digits of 24odd = 24 of y? [SSC CHSL Tier 1 2024]
Last two digits of 24even = 76 1. 3 2. 1 3. 4 4. 2
Last two digits of 76any = 76.
Q:4 Three numbers are in the ratio 5 : 7 : 9, and their
• 4, 6, 8 ® LCM is 1260. What is the difference between the largest
We have to split the number as a multiple of 2. Then we and the smallest number? [SSC CHSL Tier II 2024]
will apply all the previous tricks. 1. 20 2. 32 3. 16 4. 24

E.g. Find the last two digits of (98)84. Q:5 A milk vendor has 75 litres of cow milk, 45 litres of
Sol: 9884 = 284 × 4984 toned milk and 30 litres of full cream milk. These should
⇒ (210)8 (24) × (492)42 → 76 × 16 × (01)42 be placed in different trays such that each tray contains
→ 16 × 01 = 16 the same quantity of milk and two kinds of milk should
So, the last two digits will be 16 (Ans.) not be mixed in a tray. What is the least number of trays
required to place all the milk? [SSC CHSL Tier II 2024]
E.g. Find the remainder when (158)432 is divided by 100. 1. 25 2. 20 3. 15 4. 10
Sol: (158)432 → (58)432 = 2432 × 29432 = (210)43 × 22 ×
(292)216 → 24 × 4 × (292)216 Q:6 The ratio of two numbers is 3 : 4 and their HCF is 4.
⇒ 96 × (41)216 → 96 × 41 → 36 Then, their LCM is: [SSC MTS Tier 1 2024]
So, the remainder will be 36 (Ans.) 1. 24 2. 38 3. 28 4. 48

[Note: Last two digits of k2 = (50 – k)2 = (100 – k)2 = Q:7 The square of 72 is equal to the product of 216 and
(100 + k)2] a number. Find the number. [SSC CGL 2023]
1.36 2.18 3.24 4.48
Let’s see one more question and we will bind up after
that. Q:8 When m is divided by 7, the remainder is 5. When
3m is divided by 7, the remainder is: [SSC CGL 2023]
E.g. What is the remainder when 7671009 is divided by 1.3 2.2 3.1 4.0
25?
Sol: Here, we know that 25 = 100/4. So, let’s just find out Q:9 What will be the remainder when (265)4081 + 9 is
its remainder when divided by 100 i.e. its last two digits. divisible by 266? [SSC CGL 2023]
⇒ (767)1009 → (67)1009 = (672)504 (67) 1.8 2.6 3.1 4.9
→ (892)252(67) → 21252 × 67
→ 41 × 67 → 47 Q:10 The divisor is 10 times the quotient and 5 times the
So, the last two digits are 47. remainder in a division sum. What is the dividend if the
Now, 47 = 25 × 1 + 22 reminder is 46? [SSC CHSL 2023]
So, the remainder is 22. 1.5972 2.4650 3.4874 4.5336

45
Q:11 A number when divided by 78 gives the quotient 1.15 2.12 3.9 4.7
280 and the remainder 0. If the same number is divided
by 65. What will be the value of the remainder? Q:5 Find the lowest number which leaves 3 as remainder
[SSC CHSL 2023] when divided by 4, 12 and 24.
1.1 2.3 3.0 4.2 1.27 2.54 3.43 4.39

Q:12 If a number is divisible by 624, the remainder will Q:6 In a number system, on dividing 11509 by a certain
be 53. If the same number is divisible by 16, then the number, Mukesh gets 71 as quotient and 7 as remainder.
remainder will be: [SSC CHSL 2022] What is the divisor?
1.6 2.5 3.7 4.4 1.132 2.172 3.182 4.162

Q:13 Find the sum of all the possible values of (a + b), Q:7 A three-digit number N27 is divisible by 9, what will
so that the number 4a067b is divisible by 11. be a possible value of N, if N is a single digit?
[SSC CGL 2022] 1.0 2.3 3.6 4.9
1.21 2.11 3.16 4.5
Q:8 Find the difference between the total number of odd
Q:14 What is the value of k such that number 72k460k is factors and the total number of even factors of number
divisible by 6? [SSC CGL 2022] 120. 1.12 2.5 3.7 4.8
1.4 2.7 3.9 4.8
Q:9 An eight-digit number of form 1x4x30y5 is divisible
Q:15 If the nine - digit number 23541y49x is divisible by by 99. If both x and y are less than or equal to 5, then
72, then (3x + 5y) : (5x + 3y) is equal to: what is the value of x/y?
[SSC CHSL 2022] 1.2 2.3 3.5 4.4
1.7 : 9 2.4 : 3 3.9 : 7 4.3 : 4
Q:10 If x6 - 512y6 = (x2 + Ay2)(x4 - Bx2y2 + Cy4), then
Q:16 If the 6-digit number 5x423y is divisible by 88, then what is the value of (A + B - C)
what is the value of (5x - 8y)? [SSC CGL 2021] 1.-72 2.72 3.-80 4.82
1.16 2.28 3.24 4.14
Q:11 Find the number of factors of 420.
Q:17 If the 5-digit number 688xy is divisible by 3, 7 and 1.4 2.24 3.20 4.12
11, then what is the value of (5x + 3y)? [SSC CGL 2021]
1.36 2.23 3.43 4.39 Q:12 If a 10-digit number 2094x843y2 is divisible by 88,
then the value of (5x - 7y) for the largest possible value
Q:18 The sum of two numbers is 59 and their product is of x, is:
1150. Find the sum of their squares? [SSC CHSL 2021] 1.3 2.5 3.2 4.6
1.1183 2.1178 3.1176 4.1181
Q:13 If the sum of two numbers is 10, and one of those
Q:19 If the number 583p2310q2 is divisible by 11, then numbers is equal to the sum of 6 and twice the other
what is the value of p × q, where p > q? number, what is the difference of two numbers?
[SSC CHSL 2021] 1.2 2.22/3 3.6 4.17/3
1.0 2.4 3.6 4.2
Q:14 A class is sponsoring a drama production to raise
Q:20 If the number 34k56k is divisible by 6, then what funds and plans to charge the same price for all admission
will be the largest value of k? [SSC CHSL 2021] tickets. The class has Rs. 700 in expenses for the
1.4 2.8 3.6 4.9 production. If 300 tickets are sold, the class will make a
profit of Rs. 1100. What will be the profit for the class if
500 tickets are sold?
EASY 1.1133 2.3700 3.2300 4.1833

Q:15 What is the remainder if 6241 + 781 is divided by 13?

Q:1 Which of the following is not a prime number: 1.7 2.0 3.1 4.11
1.47 2.43 3.45 4.53
Q:16 What smallest number should be subtracted from
Q:2 A 4 digit number that is divisible by 88 is : the sum of squares of 15 and 13, so that the resulting
1.9944 2.9678 3.9988 4.8889 number is a perfect square?
1.4 2.67 3.30 4.33
Q:3 What is the least number when divided by 6, 8, 24
leaves a remainder of 3? Q:17 What is the remainder when 2579315 is divided by
1.51 2.21 3.27 4.45 11?
1.0 2.10 3.8 4.2
Q:4 How many positive factors of 60 are there?

46
Q:18 When 2525 is divided by 26, the remainder is? 3.Rs 24000 4.Rs 12000
1.1 2.24 3.27 4.25
Q:10 In an exam of 300 questions, student A marked
Q:19 What is the remainder when 2404 is divided by 17? every 2nd question starting from the 2nd question,
1.14 2.15 3.18 4.16 Student B marked every 5th question starting from the
5th question, and student C marked every 7th question
Q:20 What is the last digit of 6984? starting from the 7th question. What is the number of
1.9 2.0 3.1 4.8 questions which are answered by three of them?
1.15 2.10 3.1 4.4

MODERATE Q:11 Let X be the least number divisible by 13 such that

when X is divided by 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, and 12 the remainder
in each case is 2. Sum of the digits of X is:
Q:1 If the 5-digit number 538xy is divisible by 3, 7, 1.10 2.11 3.9 4.8
and 11, then the value of (x2 + y2) is:
1.25 2.10 3.17 4.13 Q:12 The HCF of two numbers is 6 and their LCM is 108.
If one of the numbers is 12, then the other is:
Q:2 A natural number N leaves the remainder of 1 when 1.36 2.54 3.48 4.27
it isdivided by 2, 3, 4, 5 or 7. Find the number of possible
values of N if N < 10000. Q:13 A student was asked to multiply a two-digit number
1.22 2.23 3.24 4.25 by 7/8, instead of that, he divided the number by 7/8 and
got the result 15 more than the original result. The sum
Q:3 In a number of two digits, the digit at the unit place of the digit of the number is:
is one more than twice the digit at the tenth place. If the 1.8 2.9 3.11 4.12
digits are interchanged, then the difference between the
new number and the original number will be 27. Find the Q:14 M is the largest three-digit number which when
new number. divided by 6 and 5 leaves remainder 5 and 3 respectively.
1.25 2.52 3.37 4.73 What will be the remainder when M is divided by 11?
1.1 2.2 3.3 4.4
Q:4 Find the least perfect square number, which is
divisible by 10, 12 and 15. Q:15 Find the sum of all factors of 360 that are multiple
1.600 2.900 3.225 4.400 of 6?
1.168 2.252 3.1008 4.1024
Q:5 4 boys visit a garden after every 3, 5, 2 and 6 days,
respectively. How many times in a year will they visit the Q:16 If x = (2)1/2 + 1, find the value of (x)2 + (1/x2).
garden on the same day? (Consider counting is done from 1.1 2.2 3.4 4.6
the start of the year)
1.11 2.14 3.13 4.12 Q:17 P613 is divisible by 11. Find the smallest value of
‘P’. 1.9 2.8 3.4 4.6
Q:6 Three bells ring once every 16 minutes, 24 minutes
and 32 minutes respectively. If all of them ring together Q:18 When a number is divided by 112, the remainder
at 6:30 pm, then at what time will they all ring together obtained is 20. What will be the remainder when the
for the next time? number is divided by 7?
1.7 : 30 p.m. 2.8 : 06 p.m. 1.6 2.7 3.8 4.9
3.9 : 30 p.m. 4.7 : 56 p.m.
Q:19 The LCM of two numbers is 2376 while their HCF
Q:7 Let x be the least number which when divided by 8, is 33. If one of the numbers is 297, then the other number
9, 12, 14 and 36 leaves a remainder of 4 in each case, but is?
x is divisible by 11. The sum of the digit of x is _____. 1.250 2.271 3.145 4.264
1.5 2.6 3.9 4.4
Q:20 Find the largest number which divides 62, 132, and
Q:8 Find the L.C.M. of given numbers: 237to leave the same remainder in each case.
52, 65/13, 120/15, 26, 169/13 and 39. 1.35 2.34 3.25 4.24
1.240 2.1320 3.1560 4.780

Q:9 For a given year, a mayor has Rs. 45000 allotted to HARD
spend on the sanitation department, police department
and fire department. If 1/5 of his money goes to the
sanitation department and 2/3 of the remaining money Q:1 Polynomial x4 - 4x3 - 7x2 + kx - 1 gives remainder 3
goes to the police department, how much does the mayor when it is divided by (x + 2). Value of k is _____.
have left for the fire department? 1.-8 2.23 3.8 4.25
1.Rs 21000 2.Rs 6000

47
Q:2 Raghav works in a company in which he keeps the hens will be ______.
accounts of all the employees. The file in which only the 1.22 2.23 3.26 4.24
serial number of employees starting from one are stored,
has a size of 1.5 KB. Considering that every digit of each Q:14 Sum of two numbers is 45. Their difference is 1/9th
employee's serial number takes 1 byte of storage, find the of their sum. Their L.C.M is
number of employees in the company. 1.100 2.150 3.120 4.240
(1KB = 1024 Bytes)
1.412 2.563 3.548 4.216 Q:15 The product of two numbers is 48. If one number
equals "The number of wings of a bird plus 2 times the
Q:3 4764 - 3364 is divisible by _____. number of fingers on your hand divided by the number of
1.840 2.980 3.1120 4.1260 wheels of a Tricycle”. Then the other number is:
1.9 2.10 3.12 4.18
Q:4 P and Q are two cubic polynomials such that their
HCF and LCM are (a + 1) (a + 2) and (a + 1)2 (a + 2)2. Q:16 What is the number of odd factors of 40250?
What is the sum of the polynomials? 1.32 2.8 3.15 4.60
1. 2a3 + 9a2 + 13a + 6 2. 2a3 + 13a2 + 9a + 6
3 2
3. 2a + 9a + 6a + 13 4. 2a3 + 13a2 + 6a + 9 Q:17 When (4311)457 is divided by 6, what will be the
remainder?
Q:5 The numerator of a fraction is 1 less than the 1.2 2.3 3.4 4.0
denominator. If 3 is added to the numerator and 1 is
subtracted from the denominator the fraction becomes Q:18 Which one of the following is the remainder when
5/2. Find the original fraction: 1021 is divided by 7?
1.13/2 2.2/3 3.5/2 4.2/5 1.5 2.2 3.3 4.6

Q:6 What is the sum of the greatest three-digit number Q:19 What is the remainder when 54 × 23 × 32 × 65 ×
and the smallest four-digit number, whose HCF is 23? 72 is
1.2001 2.2002 3.1984 4.1998 divided by 100?
1.20 2.40 3.30 4.60
Q:7 There are three natural numbers a, b and c such that
LCMs of (a, b), (b, c) and (a, c) are 28, 84 and 12 Q:20 Which of the following could NOT be the number
respectively. Also, the HCFs of (a, b), (b, c) and (a, c) are of zeroes at the end of a factorial?
1, 1 and 4, then what is the value of abc? 1.31 2. 65 3.28 4.30
1.336 2.1008 3.84 4.1344

Q:8 What is the second smallest number which upon

dividing by 3, 5, 7 and 11 leaves a remainder of 2 in each
EXERCISE FOR BANKING
case?
1.2310 2.2312 3.2314 4.2316
EASY
Q:9 If a number 1234........81 is divided by 16. Find the
remainder.
1.0 2.81 3.15 4.1 Q:1 Find the least number which when divided by 13, 12,
and 11 leaves the same remainder 7.
Q:10 What is the correct order when given numbers 1.1715 2.1716 3.1725
are arranged in descending order? 4.1723 5.1735
3/8, 4/11, 5/14
1.4/11, 5/14, 3/8 2.5/14, 3/8, 4/11 Q:2 What is the L.C.M. of 45, 80, and 120?
3.3/8, 4/11, 5/14 4.5/14, 4/11, 3/8 1.480 2.360 3.600
4.720 5.240
Q:11 The ratio of two numbers is 6 : 7 and the LCM of
the two numbers are 252. Find the greatest of the two Q:3 What is the H.C.F. of 1057, 1661, 4681?
numbers. 1.153 2.161 3.151
1.46 2.42 3.38 4.36 4.171 5.None of these
Q:12 Find the sum of the remainders, when 128653 is Q:4 Arrange the following number in descending order.
divided by 16 and 21. (31/50), (Ö.49), (.629), (0.8)2
1.13 2.91 3.20 4.28 1.(31/50), (Ö.49), (.629), (0.8)2
2.(Ö.49), (0.8)2, (.629), (31/50)
Q:13 A man has some hens and cows. if the total number
3.(0.8)2, (.629), (31/50), (Ö.49)
of heads (hens and cows) be 48 and the total number of
legs (hens and cows) equals to 140, then the number of 4.(0.8)2, (.629), (Ö.49), (31/50)

48
5.(.629), (31/50), (Ö.49), (0.8)2 4.18 5.45

Q:5 When 40% is subtracted from a number, it becomes Q:3 If the sum of two numbers is 84 and their product is
300. What is the original number? 1748, then find the difference between the numbers.
1.500 2.400 3.200 1.4 2.6 3.8
4.600 5.350 4.10 5.13

Q:4 4764 - 3364 is divisible by ___.

MODERATE 1.840 2.980 3.1120
4.1260 5.850
Q:1 A and B are two positive numbers and A2 – 61A + Q:5 If p + 1/p = 8, then the value of (p4 + 1/p4) is ____.
192 = 0. If LCM and HCF of A and B is 576 and 8 1.2744 2.2916 3.3072
respectively, then what is the difference between values 4.3744 5.3842
of ‘A’ and ‘B’?
1.24 2.32 3.16
4.8 5.20
ANSWERS AND SOLUTIONS
Q:2 Find the greatest number which divides 33, 59 and
87 leaving remainders 8, 9 and 12 respectively.
1.25 2.12 3.35 PREVIOUS YEAR QUESTIONS
4.28 5.42

Q:3 Two numbers 100 and 150 are increased by 26% and Q:1 (1) Divisibility rule of 8: A number is divisible by
20% per cent respectively so that we get a new ratio. 8 if the last three digits of the number are divisible by 8
How many pairs of natural numbers between 100 and or are zeros.
1000 are there such that the value is equal to the new Divisibility rule of 5: A number is divisible by 5 if its
ratio? last digit is 0 or 5.
1.7 2.78 3.81 The number is 72864*@
4.85 5.91 So, @ = 0, 5 [if 5 will be the last digit then, it will not
be divisible by 8]
Q:4 What is the digit in the unit place of 5959252 + 434773? So, @ = 0
The digit is 72864*0
1.1 2.2 3.3 Last 3 digits = 4*0
4.4 5.5 So, for * = 4 [440 is divisible by 8]
Hence, the value of * and @ are 4 and 0 respectively.
Q:5 If x - y = 12, then find the value of x3 - 36xy - y3?
1.1728 2.1836 3.1872 Q:2 (2) For a number to be divisible by 12, it must be
4.1912 5.1861 divisible by both 3 and 4
Divisibility rule of 3: For a number to be divisible by 3,
the sum of its digits must be divisible by 3
HARD Divisibility rule of 4: For a number to be divisible by 4,
the last 2 digits must be divisible by 4
The sum of the given number = 28 + b + c
Q:1 Raj being a genius child changed two percentages c can take values = 2 or 6
15% and 22% into respective rational numbers Now this sum needs to be divisible by 3
(fractions). What is the sum of both numerator and both This can happen when b = 0 and c = 2
denominator in the fractions created by Raj? Hence, the lowest possible value of c - b = 2
1.78 2.84 3.62
4.74 5.83 Q:3 (3) Divisibility rule of 11: A number is divisible by
11 if the difference between the sum of its digits in odd
Q:2 In a magical forest, there are 50 fairies. All the positions and the sum of its digits in even positions is
fairies decided to spread joy to the 50 talking trees living either 0 or a multiple of 11.
in the forest. The first fairy shared a magical spell to each The number is 1234567y
tree. The second fairy shared a magical spell with every The sum of Odd positions = 1 + 3 + 5 + 7 = 16
second tree, starting from the second tree. The third fairy The sum of Even positions = 2 + 4 + 6 + y = 12 + y
shared a magical spell to every third tree, starting from The difference between the sum of the digits in odd
the third tree, and so on. How many spells were received positions and the sum of the digits in even positions
by those trees in total who received magical spells from should be 0 or a multiple of 11
an odd number of fairies? Difference/11= ((16 - (12 + y))/11 = (16 - 12 - y)/11
1.15 2.27 3.29 ⇒ (16 - 12 - y)/11 = (4 - y)/11

49
if we put y = 4; Divisor = 5 × 46 = 230
⇒ (4 - 4)/11 = 0/11 = 0 Quotient = Divisor/10 = 230/10 = 23
Thus, the value of y is 4 Hence, Dividend = 230 × 23 + 46 = 5336

Q:4 (3) Let the numbers be 5x, 7x and 9x, where x is the Q:11 (3) Dividend = 78 × 280 + 0 = 21840
common factor. Hence, 21840 is divided by 65, the remainder is 0
LCM of 5x, 7x and 9x = 315x
According to the question; Q:12 (2) 5
⇒ 315x = 1260 ⇒ x = 4
Hence, the required difference = 9x - 5x = 4x = 16 Q:13 (1) If the alternating sum of the digits is zero or
divisible by 11 or then the number is also divisible by 11.
Q:5 (4) We need to determine the HCF of the quantities 4a067b = (a + 6 + b) - (4 + 0 + 7) = 0 or
of milk. 11 = (a + b) - 5 = 0 or 11
The HCF will be the maximum quantity of milk that can 1st case: a + b = 5
be placed in each tray without mixing the types of milk. 2nd case: a + b - 5 = 11 ⇒ a + b = 16
Using the prime factorization method, we can find the So, the sum of all possible values of a + b = 5 + 16 = 21
HCF of 75, 45 and 30.
⇒ 75 = 3 × 52 Q:14 (1) Co-prime factors of 6 = 2 and 3
⇒ 45 = 32 × 5 72k460k is divisible by 6 which means that it is also
⇒ 30 = 2 × 3 × 5 divisible by 2 and 3.
Hence, the HCF = 3 × 5 = 15 The last digit of 72k460k must be divisible by 2
Such that each tray can hold 15 liters of a single type of Possible values of k = 0, 2, 4, 6, 8
milk. Now, we can calculate the number of trays needed Now according to the divisibility rule of 3,
Cow milk = 75/15 = 5 The sum of the digits of 72k460k must be divisible by 3.
Toned milk = 45/15 = 3 7 + 2 + k + 4 + 6 + 0 + k = 18 + 1 + 2k
Full cream milk = 30/15 = 2 18 is already a multiple of 3 so one can ignore this.
Total number of trays required = 5 + 3 + 2 = 10 trays 1 + 2k must be divisible by 3.
At k = 4 it satisfies, 1 + 2 × 4 = 9 Þ k = 4
Q:6 (4) We know that,
Product of two numbers = Their HCF × Their LCM Q:15 (1) 23541y49x is divisible by 72, 72 being the
Now, the ratio of two numbers is 3 : 4 product of 8 and 9, which are two co-prime.
So, let’s assume the numbers are 3x and 4x. But their So, the number has to be divisible by both 8 and 9.
HCF is 4, so x must be 4. So, the numbers are 12 and 16. 23541y49x is divisible by 8, if 49x is divisible by 8,
Hence, by the formula: which gives x = 6.
⇒ 12 × 16 = 4 × LCM ⇒ LCM = 48 The number becomes 23541y496, which will be divisible
by 9, if the sum of the digits becomes divisible by 9.
Q:7 (3) Let a number be N. Now, 2 + 3 + 5 + 4 + 1 + y + 4 + 9 + 6 = 34 + y
Given that, the square of 72 is equal to the product of 216 Þ y should be 2, so that the digit sum becomes (34 + 2 =
and a number. According to the question, 36) which is divisible by 9.
⇒ 722 = 216 × N For x = 6, y = 2, (3x + 5y) : (5x + 3y)
⇒ N = 72 × 72/216 = 24 Þ (3 × 6 + 5 × 2) : (5 × 6 + 3 × 2) = 28 : 36 = 7 : 9

Q:8 (3) Given that Q:16 (3) 6-digit number 5x423y is divisible by 88
When m is divided by 7, the remainder is 5 Divisibility factors of 8 and 11:
Dividend = Divisor × Quotient + Remainder Þ If 5x423y is divisible by 11, difference of the
⇒ m = 7 + 5 = 12 alternative number should be 0 or factor of 11.
Then the value 3m = 3 × 12 = 36 Þ (5 + 4 + 3) - (x + 2 + y) = 0
Hence, 36 is divided by 7, the remainder = 1 Þ (12) - (x + 2 + y) = 0
Þ x + y = 10 ------------------ (1)
Q:9 (1) (265)4081 + 9 is divisible by 266 If 5x423y is divisible by 8, last three digits should be
⇒ (266 - 1)4081 + 9 divisible by 8.
Dividing the value by 266 Þ 23y is divisible by 8.
⇒ (266 - 1)4081/266 + 9/266 So, the least value of y is 2.
The remainder we get, Þ 232 is divisible by 2.
From the first fraction = (-1)4081 = -1 Put the value of x in equation (1),
From the second fraction = 9
Þ x + y = 10 Þ x + 2 = 10 Þ x = 8
Remainder from (265)4081 + 9 = -1 + 9 = 8
So, the value of (5x - 8y) = 5(8) - 8(2) = 40 - 16 = 24.
Hence, 8 will be the remainder when (265)4081 + 9 is
divisible by 266.
Q:17 (4) Here it is given that 688xy is divisible by 3, 7
and 11. The divisibility of 3 says that if the sum of the
Q:10 (4) Remainder = 46
digits of a number is divisible by 3 then the number will

50