MAHARASHTRA STATE BOARD OF TECHNICAL EDUCATION MAHARASHTRA STATE BOARD OF TECHNICAL EDUCATION MAHARASHTRA STATE BOARD OF TECHNICAL EDUCATION

(Autonomous) (Autonomous) (Autonomous)

(ISO/IEC - 27001 - 2013 Certified) (ISO/IEC - 27001 - 2013 Certified) (ISO/IEC - 27001 - 2013 Certified)
Model Answer: Summer-2022 Model Answer: Summer-2022 Model Answer: Summer-2022
Subject: Geotechnical Engineering Sub. Code: 22404 Subject: Geotechnical Engineering Sub. Code: 22404 Subject: Geotechnical Engineering Sub. Code: 22404
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Important Instructions to examiners:
1) The answers should be examined by key words and not as word-to-word as given in the Que. Sub. Total Que. Sub. Total
model answer scheme. Model Answer Marks Model Answer Marks
No. Que. Marks No. Que. Marks
2) The model answer and the answer written by candidate may vary but the examiner may try to Q.1 b) Give the classification of rock based on its mode of origin. Q.1 f) Define liquid limit.
assess the understanding level of the candidate.
3) The language errors such as grammatical, spelling errors should not be given more Ans Classification of rock based on its mode of origin : Ans. Liquid Limit: The minimum water content at which two separated
Importance (Not applicable for subject English and Communication Skills.
4) While assessing figures, examiner may give credit for principal components indicated in the 1. Igneous rock grooved soil parts mix together under 25 blows of Casagrande’s liquid 2 2
figure. The figures drawn by candidate and model answer may vary. The examiner may give 2. Sedimentary rock 2 2 limit apparatus; is called as Liquid Limit of soil.
credit for anyequivalent figure drawn.
5) Credits may be given step wise for numerical problems. In some cases, the assumed 3. Metamorphic rock
constant values may vary and there may be some difference in the candidate’s answers and
model answer. g) Give the meaning of CBR value.
6) In case of some questions credit may be given by judgement on part of examiner of relevant c) Define : Ans. Meaning of CBR value: The CBR value i.e. California Bearing Ratio
answer based on candidate’s understanding.
7) For programming language papers, credit may be given to any other program based on (i) Voids Ratio is the ratio of test load to the standard load for specific penetration in 2 2
equivalent concept. soil, expressed as percentage.
(ii) Water Content
8) As per the policy decision of Maharashtra State Government, teaching in English/Marathi and
Bilingual (English + Marathi) medium is introduced at first year of AICTE diploma Programme Ans. (i) Voids Ratio: It is the ratio of volume of voids to volume of 1
from academic year 2021-2022. Hence if the students in first year (first and second
semesters) write answers in Marathi or bilingual language (English +Marathi), the Examiner soil solids, called as voids ratio. 2 Q.2 Attempt any THREE of the following: (12)
shall consider the same and assess the answer based on matching of concepts with model (ii) Water Content: It is the ratio of weight of water to weight of a) Explain Atterberg’s limits of consistency.
answer.
soil solids, called as water content. 1
Que. Sub. Total Ans. Atterberg’s limits of consistency: The Atterberg’s limit is a basic
Model Answer Marks 1
No. Que. Marks measure of the critical water content of a fine grained soil, by its
Q.1 Attempt any FIVE of the following: (10) d) Draw a neat sketch of fully saturated soil.
shrinkage limit, plastic limit and liquid limit. In each state the
a) State the importance of geology for Civil Engineering. Ans. Sketch of fully saturated soil:
consistency and behavior of a soil is different and consequently so its
Ans. Importance of geology for Civil Engineering:
engineering properties.
1. Geology is essential to know the nature of substrata and hence
helpful to decide the depth of foundation for important structures. Types of consistency limit: i. Liquid limit ii. Plastic limit iii.
2. Geology is also required to know the properties of rock beneath 2 2 Shrinkage limit
the earth surface which becomes beneficial to design earthquake 1 4
1. Liquid limit: The minimum water content at which two
resistance structures.
1 2 separated grooved soil parts mixed together under 25 blows of
3. Geology is important to find the most suitable site for dams,
each Casagrande’s liquid limit apparatus; is called as liquid limit.
bridges etc. (any 1
2. Plastic limit: The minimum water content at which soil begins to
4. Geology plays vital role in groundwater survey and related two)
crumble into parts when it is rolled into 3 mm diameter thread; is
recharging process. Phase Diagram of Fully Saturated Soil
known as plastic limit.
5. Geology is significant in tunnel excavation projects as it provides 1
3. Shrinkage limit: The maximum water content at which there is
information of rock strata and its engineering properties. e) Define zero air voids line.
no reduction in volume of soil due to further decrease in water
6. Geology is also important to excavate raw materials for stone Ans. Zero air voids line: The line on the compaction curve showing 100 %
content is termed as shrinkage limit.
crushing plant to manufacture aggregates. degree of saturation for different values of optimum moisture content 2 2
and maximum dry density is called as zero air voids line.

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MAHARASHTRA STATE BOARD OF TECHNICAL EDUCATION MAHARASHTRA STATE BOARD OF TECHNICAL EDUCATION MAHARASHTRA STATE BOARD OF TECHNICAL EDUCATION
(Autonomous) (Autonomous) (Autonomous)
(ISO/IEC - 27001 - 2013 Certified) (ISO/IEC - 27001 - 2013 Certified) (ISO/IEC - 27001 - 2013 Certified)
Model Answer: Summer-2022 Model Answer: Summer-2022 Model Answer: Summer-2022
Subject: Geotechnical Engineering Sub. Code: 22404 Subject: Geotechnical Engineering Sub. Code: 22404 Subject: Geotechnical Engineering Sub. Code: 22404
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Q.2 b) Explain the experimental procedure to determination of specific Q.2 c) A soil sample has a porosity of 42 % and specific gravity of the Q.3 Attempt any THREE of the following: (12)
gravity of soil by Pycnometer. soil is 2.70. Determine voids ratio and dry density. a) State the factors affecting permeability.
Ans. Procedure to determine of specific gravity of soil by Pycnometer: Ans. Given: η = 42 %; G = 2.70 Ans. Factors affecting permeability:
1. Clean the pycnometer bottle and dry it. Take the weight of empty Find: e = ? ; γd = ? 1. Void ratio
pycnometer with conical cap as ‘W1’ gm. Solution: 2. Particle size i.e. diameter of soil particle
2. Oven dry the given soil sample passing through 4.75 mm and e = η /1 - η 1 3. Stratification of soil layer
1
retained on 75 micron IS sieve, in oven at temperature 105- e = (42/100) / ((1 – (42/100)) 4. Entrapped air each 4
1100C for 24 hours to get dry soil. e = (0.42) / ((1 - 0.42) 5. Impurities in voids (any
four)
3. Place this soil sample about 150-200 gm. in the pycnometer and e = 0.42 / 0.58 6. Adsorbed water or degree of saturation
take its weight as ‘W2’ gm. e = 0.724 1 4 7. Viscosity of pore fluid
4. Now add the distilled water up to half of height of pycnometer 8. Temperature of pore fluid
and stirr it using glass rod, so that entrapped air will be removed γd = (γw. G ) / (1 + e) 1 9. Shape of particle
from soil. Fill the distilled water up to top of conical cap using 2 4 γd = (1 x 2.70 ) / (1 + 0.724) (γw = 1 gm/cc)
pipette. Take the weight of pycnometer filled with distilled water γd = 2.70 /1.724 b) State Rankine’s theory assumptions made for non-cohesive soil.
as ‘W3’ gm. γd = 1.566 gm/cc 1 Ans. Rankine’s theory assumptions made for non-cohesive soil:
5. Remove all content from the pycnometer bottle. Wash and clean 1. The soil mass is semi-infinite, homogeneous dry and cohesion
it with water. Fill the pycnometer bottle with distilled water only d) Explain importance of soil as construction material. less.
up to top of conical cap. Take the weight of pycnometer Ans. Importance of soil as construction material: 2. The ground surface is plane which may be horizontal or inclined. 1 4
completely filled with water as W4 gm. 3. The back of wall is vertical is smooth. each
1. Soil is of prime importance in brick manufacturing, which is
(any
6. Calculate the specific gravity G of given soil as, widely used for masonry works in building construction, 4. The wall yields about the base thus satisfy deformation condition four)
G = (W2-W1) / ((W4- W1) – (W3- W2)) 1 waterproofing, flooring etc. for plastic equilibrium.
7. Repeat all above steps two more times to calculate average 2. Soil is important as it can be used for plinth filling material in 1 4 5. The soil element is in state of plastic equilibrium i.e. on verge of
specific gravity of given soil sample. many flooring works. each failure.
(any
3. Soil is also important to be used in construction of shoulders and four)
side embankment of highways.
1 4. Soil is important to bind the aggregates in water bound macadam
i.e. WBM road construction.
5. Pervious and impervious soil is essential in construction earthen
dams to ensure required permeability of soil.

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 MAHARASHTRA STATE BOARD OF TECHNICAL EDUCATION MAHARASHTRA STATE BOARD OF TECHNICAL EDUCATION MAHARASHTRA STATE BOARD OF TECHNICAL EDUCATION
(Autonomous) (Autonomous) (Autonomous)
(ISO/IEC - 27001 - 2013 Certified) (ISO/IEC - 27001 - 2013 Certified) (ISO/IEC - 27001 - 2013 Certified)
Model Answer: Summer-2022 Model Answer: Summer-2022 Model Answer: Summer-2022
Subject: Geotechnical Engineering Sub. Code: 22404 Subject: Geotechnical Engineering Sub. Code: 22404 Subject: Geotechnical Engineering Sub. Code: 22404
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Q.3 c) Explain active earth pressure and passive earth pressure for no Q.3 d) Explain the plate load test for determination of bearing capacity Q.4 Attempt any THREE of the following: (12)
surcharge condition. of soil. a) State the effect of water table on bearing capacity of soil.
Ans. Active earth pressure: The minimum earth pressure on retaining wall Ans. Plate load test for determination of bearing capacity of soil: Ans. Effect of water table on bearing capacity of soil: As ground water
which is developed due to movement of wall away from backfill is 1 1. Excavate a pit of depth equal to 5 times to that of breath of table rises towards footing base, bearing capacity of soil decreases.
called as active earth pressure. proposed footing. 1. When the water table reaches the ground where the depth is
2. Keep the suitable bearing plate of specified size (30, 45, 60, 75
greater footing the bearing capacity is reduced by 50% or more.
cm square in plan) on soil. Arrange the loading column on it as
shown in figure below. 2. When water table is above base of footing-submerged weight of
3. Now apply the load on test plate above soil using sand bags or soil should be considered for bearing capacity.
reaction truss loading at a rate of (1/5)th to (1/10)th of total
3 3. When water table is somewhat below the base of footing-elastic 1 4
estimated load.
1 wedge is partially saturated soil should be considered. each
4. Note down the settlements after 1,5,10,20,40,60 minutes at
(any
corresponding applied loads. 4. When water table is at a depth D equal to width of footing below
four)
5. Loading should be continued till 25 mm total settlement or soil
the base of footing-a linear interpolation in reduction factor should
failure, whichever is achieved earlier.
6. Finally plot a graph of load vs. settlement to find out load before be made for bearing capacity calculations.
Active Earth Pressure for No Surcharge Condition failure as bearing capacity of soil. 5. The bearing capacity is not affected for purely cohesive soil. But
decreases for non-granular soil with presence of water table.
1 4 6. Presence of water table for shallow depth give poor bearing
Passive earth pressure: The maximum earth pressure on soil exerted capacity as compared for larger depth foundation.
by retaining wall developed due to movement of wall towards backfill
is called as passive earth pressure. b) Explain field situations where compaction is required.
Ans. Field situations where compaction is required:
1 1. Compaction of supporting soil of building foundation is required
to avoid vertical settlement in shallow isolated footings.
2. Compaction is necessary for natural subgrade soil to carry load of 1 4
Experimental setup of Plate Load Test
1 4 road pavement safely without defects. each
(any
3. Compaction is required for earthen dam soil to reduce
four)
permeability to control seepage loss of water.

Passive Earth Pressure for No Surcharge Condition 4. Compaction of slopes and soils along hill sides is necessary to
avoid probable landslides.
5. Compaction is necessary for the ballast at required density so as to
maintain the drain ability of railway tracks.
6. Compaction of abutment is essentially required to ensure load
Load Settlement Curve
carriage of deck slab of bridges.

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MAHARASHTRA STATE BOARD OF TECHNICAL EDUCATION MAHARASHTRA STATE BOARD OF TECHNICAL EDUCATION MAHARASHTRA STATE BOARD OF TECHNICAL EDUCATION
(Autonomous) (Autonomous) (Autonomous)
(ISO/IEC - 27001 - 2013 Certified) (ISO/IEC - 27001 - 2013 Certified) (ISO/IEC - 27001 - 2013 Certified)
Model Answer: Summer-2022 Model Answer: Summer-2022 Model Answer: Summer-2022
Subject: Geotechnical Engineering Sub. Code: 22404 Subject: Geotechnical Engineering Sub. Code: 22404 Subject: Geotechnical Engineering Sub. Code: 22404
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Que. Sub. Total Que. Sub. Total Que. Sub. Total

Model Answer Marks Model Answer Marks Model Answer Marks
No. Que. Marks No. Que. Marks No. Que. Marks
Q.4 c) Explain the procedure of CBR test. Q.4 d) Draw strength envelope for purely cohesive and cohesion less soil. Q.5 Attempt any TWO of the following: (12)
Ans. Procedure of CBR test: Ans. Shear strength envelope for purely cohesive soil: a) Explain the field applications of geotechnical engineering.
1. Take soil sample passing through 4.75 mm IS sieve and add water Ans. Field applications of geotechnical engineering:
required for its MDD i.e. equal to OMC determined by proctor 1. Design of foundation for various civil structures: As foundation
test. 2 resting on soil carries load of any particular structure, geotechnical
2. Fill this moist soil sample in inverted CBR mould (10 cm dia. 15 engineering is applicable to design such stable foundations for
cm height) by keeping spacer disc of 5 cm thick at bottom. various loads.
3. Compact the soil in standard manner and then remove the spacer 2. Design of pavement for various types of roads: Layers of
disc and keep the filled mould under CBR testing machine. 3 4 pavement made up of sand, gravel is laid on sub grade soil can be
4. Keep the slotted weights each of 2.5 kg as surcharge load and then Shear strength envelope for cohesion less soil: designed in terms of thickness, load carrying capacity using
apply compressive load at a rate of 1.25 mm per minute through 5 geotechnical engineering.
cm dia. plunger. 3. Design of earth retaining structures: Geotechnical engineering
5. The load required for each 0.5 mm penetration is noted. The 2 is also applicable to design and construct earth retaining structures 1 6
loading is continued till soil failure or maximum 12.5 mm like retaining wall and sheet pile useful for hill roads, landslides. each
penetration. 4. Design of abutments of bridge: The end support of bridges i.e.
6. Draw the load penetration curve as shown in figure below. The abutments of bridge can be designed on the basis of soil properties
e) In a constant head Permeameter, diameter of soil sample was 4
load at 2.5 mm penetration is noted as Test Load. like shear strength, compressibility etc.
cm and length was 14 cm under constant head of 25 cm. The
7. Calculate % CBR = (Test load/Standard Load) x 100 for given soil 4 5. Design of water retaining structures: Geotechnical is very much
discharge was found to be 80 cc in 10 minutes. Calculate
sample applicable for easy and safe design and execution and maintenance
coefficient of permeability.
of earthen dam, weir, barrage etc.
Ans. Given: Diameter of soil sample, D = 4 cm, Length of soil sample,
6. Design of underground structures: Underground pipelines i.e.
L = 14 cm, Constant head, h = 25 cm, Time, t = 10 min. = 600 sec,
water supply and sewage lines require geotechnical engineers for
Discharge, Q = 80 cc
effective work. It is also significant in safe excavation of proposed
Find: Coefficient of permeability, K = ?
alignment.
1
Solution: Area of soil sample
A = (π / 4) x D2 = (π /4) x 42
1
A = 12.566 cm2

4
Coefficient of permeability
1
K= (Q.L) / (A.h.t)
Load Penetration Curve
1
K = (80 x 14) / (12.566 x 25 x 600)
1
K = 5.941 x 10-3 cm/s

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 MAHARASHTRA STATE BOARD OF TECHNICAL EDUCATION MAHARASHTRA STATE BOARD OF TECHNICAL EDUCATION MAHARASHTRA STATE BOARD OF TECHNICAL EDUCATION
(Autonomous) (Autonomous) (Autonomous)
(ISO/IEC - 27001 - 2013 Certified) (ISO/IEC - 27001 - 2013 Certified) (ISO/IEC - 27001 - 2013 Certified)
Model Answer: Summer-2022 Model Answer: Summer-2022 Model Answer: Summer-2022
Subject: Geotechnical Engineering Sub. Code: 22404 Subject: Geotechnical Engineering Sub. Code: 22404 Subject: Geotechnical Engineering Sub. Code: 22404
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Q.5 b) Explain the procedure of determination of coefficient of Q.5 c) Explain the sieve analysis test for grading of soil with the help of Q.6 Attempt any TWO of the following: (12)
permeability by constant head method. particle size distribution of curve. a) Explain the vane shear test to determine shear strength of soil.
Ans. Procedure of determination of coefficient of permeability by Ans. Sieve analysis test for grading of soil: Ans. Vane shear test to determine shear strength of soil:
constant head method: 1. Arrange the set of I.S. sieves in descending order i.e. coarser sieve 1. Prepare the fine cohesive soil (passing through 425 micron IS
1. Take 2.5 Kg air dried soil sample passing through 9.5 mm IS at top and finer sieve at bottom.. The I.S sieve set must include Sieve) by adding sufficient water. Fill the soil in vane mould of
sieve. Add the water in soil equals to its optimum moisture sieves of size 4.75mm, 2.36mm, 1.18mm, 600µ, 300 µ, 150µ, 75µ. vane shear test apparatus completely.
content (OMC) to get required density. 2. Take 500-1000 gm oven dried soil sample and put it on topmost 2. Insert the vane blade in the soil sample and Lower the shear
2. Fill the prepared soil sample in permeameter in three different sieve. Keep lid and pan at top and bottom respectively. vanes in to the specimen gradually with minimum disturbance of
layers. Compact each layer using 25 blows using rammer. Cover 3. Now, shake this assembly of sieve on mechanical sieve shaker for the soil specimen so that the top of vanes is at least 10 mm below
the soil with filter paper and porous stones on both sides as 10-15 minutes, so that soil sample will be sieved completely. the top of the soil specimen.
shown in figure. 4. Take the weight of soil mass retained on each sieve separately in 4 3. Note down spring stiffness and the initial reading of the torque

3. Allow to flow the water from water tank into soil in permeameter 4 6 gms. (ϴ1).

under constant head h cm for some specific time t in seconds. 5. Calculate % finer for each sieve using following tabular format. 4. Rotate the vane at a uniform rate approximately 0.100 /sec by 4
Sieve Weight Cumulative % Cumulative % Finer or suitably operating the torque applicator handle till the specimen
5. Measure the discharge of water collected in measuring cylinder size retained weight weight passing (%)
fails. Note the final reading of the torque (ϴ2) when soil gets
as Q in cm3. (mm) (gm) retained (%) retained (%)
sheared off in the form of hole with specific diameter d.
6. Calculate the coefficient of permeability of soil as
6. 6. Finally, plot the particular size distribution curve as shown in 5. Calculate the torque applied T= [(ϴ2 - ϴ1) x π x K] / 1800.
K=(Q.L)/(A.h.t) in cm/s.
figure below on a semi log graph paper as sieve size versus % finer of 6. Calculate shear strength of the soil τf, using the formula
7. Repeat all above steps two more times to get average coefficient 6 τf= T / {π x [(d2H/2) + (d3 /6)]} in N/mm2; where, d = Diameter
soil to classify soil as well graded, gap graded, uniformly graded, fine
of permeability of given soil sample of vane (cm), H = Height of the vane (cm), T = Torque applied
grained and coarse grained soil.
(kg-cm). 6

2
2 2

Experimental Setup for Vane shear test

Particle Size Distribution Curve

Experimental Setup of Constant Head Permeability Test

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MAHARASHTRA STATE BOARD OF TECHNICAL EDUCATION MAHARASHTRA STATE BOARD OF TECHNICAL EDUCATION
(Autonomous) (Autonomous)
(ISO/IEC - 27001 - 2013 Certified) (ISO/IEC - 27001 - 2013 Certified)
Model Answer: Summer-2022 Model Answer: Summer-2022
Subject: Geotechnical Engineering Sub. Code: 22404 Subject: Geotechnical Engineering Sub. Code: 22404
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Que. Sub. Total Que. Sub. Total

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Q. 6 b) Explain different methods of soil stabilization. Q. 6 c) Differentiate between compaction and consolidation.
Ans. Methods of soil stabilization: Ans. Difference between compaction and consolidation:
1. Mechanical stabilization: It is the process of improving Sr.
Compaction Consolidation
properties of soil by changing its gradation. It depends on No.
The expulsion of air from The expulsion of water
mechanical strength of aggregate, mineral composition etc. e.g.
1 the voids of the soil is from voids of the soil is
Compaction at near OMC either static or dynamic. compaction. consolidation.
2. Cement Stabilization: It is done by mixing soil and cement 2 It is a quick process. It is a slow process.
together to form a stranger material, which becomes hard & 3 It is done by artificially. It takes place naturally.
It is done by using It takes place due to self
durable & develops strength. e.g. Clay and lime is used for soil 4 1 6
mechanical means weight of structure.
containing harmful organic matter. Short term loading is Long term loading is each,
5 (any
3. Bituminous stabilization: It is done using asphalt as binder due to required. required.
six)
its chemical properties such as viscosity. Any inorganic soil can be Loading is applied in a Loading is static and
6
mixed with asphalt e.g. For cohesion less soils, asphalt acts as dynamic way. constant.
2 6 Consolidation applies to
binding material each Any type of soil either it is
cohesive soils only
4. Chemical Stabilization: Different chemicals such as chlorides (any 7 cohesion or cohesion less
especially low permeable
three) can be compacted.
and silicates area added to soil, it is used where setting and curing clay.
time needs to be controlled. It is expensive compared to other Degree of saturation of soil Degree of saturation of soil
8 to be compacted should be to be consolidated should be
method e.g. Chlorides in soil increase electrical attraction and
less than 100%. 100%.
form flocculated structure to improve permeability of soil. Soil properties like shear Soil properties like shear
5. Thermal Stabilization: It is done by either heating or cooling 9 strength, bearing capacity strength, bearing capacity
soil. It is used to drive off pore water or freeze it to improve get improved. does not improve.
Compaction is done before Consolidation takes place
strength of clayey soils. 10
the construction after the construction
6. Electrical Stabilization: Electro-osmosis method is used to drain Pore water pressure is not Pore water pressure is very
11
out water from cohesive soils to increase its strength by exchange important in compaction. important in consolidation.
of anions and cations in soil & water. Pore water pressure is very Consolidation goes
12
important in compaction indefinitely.
7. Stabilization by Grouting: Grouting is injecting stabilizer into
Applicable to plinth filling, Applicable to heavy loaded
soil under certain pressure. It is costlier method and works for 13 sub grade soils, earthen structures like sky scrapers,
undisturbed soils. e.g. An area close to existing building can be dams etc. large dams, sculptures etc.
stabilized using this method.
8. Stabilization using Geo-textiles: Geo-textiles are used as
reinforcing material in soil they help to drain water, increase
strength, decrease mixing of soil, filters the water etc.

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