SECURITY CHALLENGES AND COPING STRATEGIES OF UNIVERSITY

LIBRARIES FOR EFFECTIVE SERVICE DELIVERY IN BAYERO UNIVERSITY,

BY

KABIRAT BASHIR LAWAL

A LONG ESSAY SUBMITTED TO THE COLLEGE OF POSTGRADUATE STUDIES

APRIL, 2025

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 CERTIFICATION

This is to certify that this essay titled “Security Challenges and Coping Strategies of University

Libraries for Effective Service Delivery in Bayero University, Kano” by Kabirat Bashir Lawal

has been read and certified to meet the condition and regulations governing the award of Masters

in Information Management and Approved for its contributions to knowledge and literacy

presentation.

______________________ _________________
KABIRAT BASHIR LAWAL DATE
SPS/23/MIM/00015

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 APPROVAL PAGE

This research work has been examined and found to have met the requirement for the award of

Masters in Information Management in the Department of Library and Information Science.

_______________________ _______________
Dr. Hayatudeen Adamu Date
Project Supervisor

_______________________ _______________
Dr. Hauwa S. Ahmad Date
Head of Department

________________________ _______________
Dr Lami Umar Abdullahi Date
Level Co- ordinator

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 DEDICATION

This research work is dedicated to Almighty Allah,my lovely son and my late mom who taught

me the value of hardwork and perseverance.

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 ACKNOWLEDGEMENT

All praise and gratitude be to Almighty Allah (S.W.A.) the sustainer, the nourisher, and the lord

of the universe. For his ultimate mercy and blessing on me of making it possible and easier to

witness the end of my study successfully, peace, and blessing be to our noble Prophet

Muhammad (S.A.W.), His family, His Companions and all those who follows their path till the

day of judgment .

I am highly indebted to my supervisor Dr. Hayatudeen Adamu for his support and criticism to

see that the project attains the minimum standard. May Almighty bless him and his family.

Amen.

My gratitude goes to my husband, dad and all the staff of Arabic department who believes in me

and saw me through my educational pursuit.

Also my profound gratitude goes to my Level Co- ordinator Dr. Lami Umar Abdullahi for her

encouragement, assistant and advice.my siblings and friends who made the educational systems

easier for me, and made this program a dream come through. thank you for your support and

encouragement. Thank you all

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 TABLE OF CONTENT
Contents
CERTIFICATION...........................................................................................................................ii
APPROVAL PAGE.......................................................................................................................iii
DEDICATION................................................................................................................................iv
ACKNOWLEDGEMENT...............................................................................................................v
TABLE OF CONTENT..................................................................................................................vi
ABSTRACT.................................................................................................................................viii

SECTION A
INTRODUCTION
A1. Background of the Study..........................................................................................................1
A2. Statement of the Problem..........................................................................................................4
A3. Research Questions...................................................................................................................5
A4. Objectives of the Study.............................................................................................................5
A5. Significance of Study................................................................................................................6
A6. Scope of the Study....................................................................................................................7
A7. Limitations of the Study...........................................................................................................7
A8. Operational Definition of Terms...............................................................................................7

SECTION B
REVIEW OF RELATED LITERATURE
B.1 Introduction...............................................................................................................................9
B.2 Concept of University Library..................................................................................................9
B.3 The Role of University Libraries in Academic Institutions....................................................11
B.4 Security Challenges in University Libraries...........................................................................13
B.5 Impact of Security Challenges on the Effectiveness of Library Service Delivery.................15
B.6 Coping Strategies for Library Security Management.............................................................16
B.7 Theoretical Framework...........................................................................................................20
B.8 Empirical Review....................................................................................................................22

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 SECTION C
SUMMARY, CONCLUSION, AND RECOMMENDATIONS
C.1 Introduction.............................................................................................................................24
C.2 Summary of Study..................................................................................................................24
C.3 Summary of the Findings........................................................................................................24
C.3 Conclusion..............................................................................................................................25
C.4 Recommendation....................................................................................................................26
References......................................................................................................................................27

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 ABSTRACT
This essay examined security challenges and coping strategies of university libraries for effective
service delivery in Bayero University, Kano. In order to achieve the aim of the study, three
research objectives and three research questions were set to guide the study. The findings
revealed that Bayero University Library is confronted with various security threats, including
book theft, mutilation of materials, unauthorized access, cybersecurity breaches, and inadequate
surveillance systems. These challenges have a significant impact on the safety of library
materials and user confidence in library services. The study therefore recommended among
others that the university library should invest in modern security systems such as Closed-Circuit
Television (CCTV) cameras, Radio Frequency Identification (RFID) systems, alarm systems, and
biometric access control.

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 SECTION A

INTRODUCTION

A1. Background of the Study

Security of library resources is very paramount in the provision of efficient library service

delivery. Where there is insecurity of library collections, the resources are exposed to dangers

such as theft, mutilation, and vandalism among others., which can have adverse effect on library

service delivery. Ani (2016) looks at “security” as the condition of being protected physically,

emotionally, psychologically as well as from other harms, attacks, terror which could be

considered as non-desirable. Edem (2010) defines security as assurance of the future wellbeing

and freedom from threat. Security therefore refers to a process designed to protect something or

somebody against danger. It is an act of preventing crime. In the case of library resources, it

prevents un-authorized removal or loss of materials, usually as a result of intruders' or thieves'

interference (Ajegbomogun, 2014). In reality, research, teaching and learning cannot take place

in a university where library collections and resources are not only inadequate, but the limited

ones are pilfered, stolen, destroyed, or mishandled by students, staff and other users.

University libraries serve as critical information hubs that support teaching, learning, and

research activities. They provide students, lecturers, and researchers with access to a wide range

of print and digital resources, thereby contributing significantly to academic excellence (Aguolu

& Aguolu, 2012). However, the effectiveness of library services is increasingly threatened by

various security challenges, which hinder accessibility, disrupt operations, and compromise the

integrity of library materials. Security concerns such as theft, mutilation of books, unauthorized

access, and cybersecurity threats have become major issues in university libraries across Nigeria,

including Bayero University, Kano (BUK) (Ogunrombi & Akpata, 2019).

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One of the prevalent security challenges in university libraries is theft and mutilation of library

materials. Many students and researchers, due to academic pressure or lack of personal

resources, resort to unethical behaviors such as stealing or defacing books and journals, making

them unavailable to other users (Anunobi & Okoye, 2010). This challenge significantly depletes

library resources, resulting in a decline in service quality. In a study conducted by Olajide and

Yusuf (2018), it was found that over 30% of academic libraries in Nigeria have reported high

cases of book theft and vandalism, leading to increased operational costs due to constant

resource replacement.

Additionally, the emergence of digital libraries and automation of library services has introduced

cybersecurity threats, such as hacking, data breaches, and unauthorized access to restricted

electronic resources (Olowu, 2020). With many academic institutions integrating digital

platforms to provide online access to books, journals, and research materials, cybercriminals

have exploited vulnerabilities in library management systems to gain unauthorized entry into

private and institutional data. This not only affects service delivery but also puts the academic

integrity of institutions at risk. According to Ifijeh and Iwu-James (2016), weak cybersecurity

measures in Nigerian university libraries have resulted in cases of data loss and system

disruptions, affecting library efficiency.

Moreover, environmental hazards and poor physical security measures pose additional risks to

library resources. Fire outbreaks, flooding, and inadequate surveillance mechanisms contribute to

the destruction of books, research materials, and digital archives (Edewor, Oyeniran, &

Oduagwu, 2019). A well-secured library environment requires functional fire alarm systems,

well-monitored access control, and routine risk assessments to prevent disasters that could

cripple library operations.

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There are research findings that show that libraries are being exposed to environmental disasters,

careless handling of collections, absence of security programmes and policies for library

management and administration, loss of library resources to theft and other criminal behaviours.

Ajegbomogun, (2014) and Akinfolarin (2019) equally report that in Egypt a certain library

collection had to be kept under lock and key to prevent theft. Similarly, Terfarra (2016) cited

cases of Middle-Eastern and European countries that chain-locked their collected works to

prevent theft and vandalism. Yet, most school authorities in Nigeria seem not to recognize the

threat of security problems to the life of library collections. Although, this is no longer

obtainable in some Nigerian libraries as several security measures such as detective barcode

machines; close circuit television (CCTV), 3M electronic security systems, and a workable

security policy for the university libraries are put in place to check theft and vandalism. This is

more so that chaining or putting the materials under lock and key may likely prevent user’s easy

access to these resources. Security is an important and complex challenge in contemporary

societies. Not only do individuals require security and safety of their lives and properties, but

also university libraries in particular, strive to provide information resources in both print and

non-print materials to support the educational services of the university community and

humanity at large. From documented evidences, every day there are reports of loss, theft, fraud

and vandalism of library resources by users, hence the need for university libraries to provide,

maintain and secure its collection in order to ensure the availability, accessibility of its

collections, as well as to provide effective services to its users.

Given the growing concerns over library security in Nigeria, this study seeks to examine the

specific security challenges faced by Bayero University, Kano Library and evaluate the

effectiveness of the coping strategies employed. The findings from this research will provide

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insights into the best practices for strengthening security measures and ensuring sustainable

library service delivery in higher institutions of learning.

A2. Statement of the Problem

University libraries are essential components of academic institutions, providing access to

diverse information resources that support teaching, learning, and research. However, in recent

years, the effectiveness of library services in Nigerian universities, including Bayero University,

Kano (BUK), has been increasingly threatened by various security challenges. These challenges

range from theft and mutilation of library materials, unauthorized access, and environmental

hazards to inadequate surveillance systems (Ogunrombi & Akpata, 2019). These security issues

hinder service delivery, compromise the availability of academic resources, and reduce the

overall effectiveness of university libraries.

One of the major problems facing university libraries is theft and vandalism of print resources.

Many students and researchers resort to stealing or defacing books, journals, and other library

materials, making them unavailable for future users. Studies have shown that library theft is a

persistent issue in Nigerian academic institutions, with about 40% of university libraries

reporting frequent cases of book mutilation and theft (Olajide & Yusuf, 2018). This has led to

increased costs for resource replacement and reduced access to critical academic materials.

Furthermore, inadequate security personnel and poor surveillance systems have made it difficult

to monitor library activities effectively. Many university libraries, including BUK, lack modern

security technologies such as CCTV cameras, biometric access control, and RFID (Radio

Frequency Identification) systems to prevent unauthorized entry and monitor user behavior. This

has resulted in increased incidents of trespassing, book theft, and disruption of library operations

(Edewor, Oyeniran, & Oduagwu, 2019).

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Environmental factors such as fire outbreaks, floods, and poor ventilation also pose a significant

threat to library resources. Without proper disaster management strategies, library materials

remain vulnerable to damage, leading to a loss of valuable academic content. Research by Okiy

(2015) indicates that many Nigerian university libraries lack proper fire safety measures, making

them susceptible to fire disasters that could destroy irreplaceable resources.

Despite efforts by university management to mitigate these challenges, security threats in

university libraries persist, affecting service delivery and resource accessibility. There is a need

for an in-depth study to assess the current security challenges affecting Bayero University

Library and evaluate the effectiveness of the coping strategies being implemented.

A3. Research Questions

This study aims to investigate the security challenges and coping strategies of university libraries

for effective service delivery in Bayero University, Kano. The following research questions will

guide the study:

1. What are the security challenges affecting the Bayero University Library?

2. How do these security challenges impact the effectiveness of library service delivery?

3. What coping strategies are currently employed by Bayero University Library to address

security threats?

A4. Objectives of the Study

The main objective of this study is to examine the security challenges and coping strategies of

university libraries for effective service delivery in Bayero University, Kano. The specific

objectives of the study are to:

1. Identify the security challenges affecting Bayero University Library.

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 2. Examine the impact of these security challenges on the effectiveness of library service

delivery, and

3. Assess the coping strategies currently employed by Bayero University Library to address

security threats.

A5. Significance of Study

This study on the security challenges and coping strategies of university libraries for effective

service delivery in Bayero University, Kano is significant in several ways. It contributes to

students’ of Bayero University Kano, researchers, academic knowledge, policy formulation, and

practical library management strategies in Nigerian universities.

This study will ensure improved library security and resource availability, allowing students to

access academic materials without the risk of missing or damaged books.

The findings of this study will assist BUK in developing effective policies and strategies for

securing its library resources and infrastructure. The results of this study will not only benefit

Bayero University, Kano, but also serve as a guide for other universities and academic

institutions facing similar security challenges. The coping strategies identified in this study can

be adopted and modified to suit the needs of different university libraries.

Researchers will benefit from a well-secured and accessible library system, allowing them to

conduct studies without restrictions due to missing or damaged materials.

This study will add to the existing body of knowledge on library security management by

identifying the specific security challenges faced by university libraries in Nigeria. It will also

explore effective coping strategies that can be adopted by other institutions to improve library

service delivery. The findings will serve as a reference for future research on similar topics.

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A6. Scope of the Study

This study focuses on the security challenges and coping strategies of university libraries for

effective service delivery, with Bayero University, Kano (BUK) Library as the case study.

A7. Limitations of the Study

Despite its significance, this study is subject to certain limitations that may affect the depth and

generalizability of its findings. These limitations include:

Time Constraints: Given the academic timeline for this research, there may be insufficient time

to conduct an extensive longitudinal study on library security trends.

Financial and Resource Limitations: Conducting an extensive study may require advanced

security assessments, such as technological security audits or long-term observation of library

security systems. Due to financial and logistical constraints, the study may rely more on

qualitative assessments and available literature rather than advanced technological analysis.

A8. Operational Definition of Terms

Coping Strategies – These are measures and approaches employed by the university library to

mitigate security threats and ensure the protection of resources and users. Examples include

CCTV surveillance, access control systems, security personnel deployment, and digital security

measures.

Library Management – The administrative body responsible for overseeing library operations,

security policies, and service delivery within the university.

Library Users – Individuals who utilize library services, including students, lecturers, and

researchers who rely on the library for academic purposes.

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Security Challenges – These refer to threats, risks, and vulnerabilities that compromise the

safety of library resources, staff, and users. In this study, they include theft, vandalism,

unauthorized access, cybersecurity threats, and environmental hazards affecting Bayero

University Library.

Service Delivery – The process by which the university library provides access to resources,

research support, and learning materials to students, faculty, and researchers. Effective service

delivery ensures availability, security, and usability of library resources.

University Library – A higher institution’s academic library that provides access to books,

research materials, electronic databases, and other learning resources for students, faculty, and

researchers. In this study, it refers to the Bayero University Library, Kano.

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 SECTION B

REVIEW OF RELATED LITERATURE

B.1 Introduction

This chapter presents a reviewed of related literature. It is organised into the following

subheadings;

 Concept of University Library

 The Role of University Libraries in Academic Institutions

 Security Challenges in University Libraries

 Impact of Security Challenges on the Effectiveness of Library Service Delivery

 Coping Strategies for Library Security Management

 Theoretical Framework

 Empirical Review

B.2 Concept of University Library

A university library is an essential component of higher education institutions, serving as a

knowledge hub for students, faculty, and researchers. It is an organized collection of printed and

digital materials, including books, journals, research papers, theses, and electronic resources, that

support the academic, research, and learning needs of the university community (Ola & Osagie,

2020). University libraries are designed to provide access to up-to-date information, enhance

knowledge dissemination, and foster an environment conducive to learning and research.

According to Kumar (2020), a university library plays a pivotal role in knowledge dissemination,

ensuring that students and researchers have access to updated and relevant materials. These

libraries provide reference services, lending services, digital archives, and inter-library loans to

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enhance academic productivity. Okoye and Eze (2021) emphasize that university libraries also

support information literacy programs, helping students develop research and critical thinking

skills.

University libraries have evolved from traditional book repositories to modern digital knowledge

centers. With the advent of information and communication technology (ICT), many university

libraries now offer electronic resources, remote access services, and digital repositories to

accommodate the changing needs of users (Aina, 2022). Furthermore, university libraries

contribute to intellectual property management by preserving research outputs, including theses,

dissertations, and faculty publications.

Unlike public or special libraries, university libraries are primarily academic-oriented and are

structured to align with the objectives of the parent institution. They are often divided into

various sections, including circulation, reference, serials, e-library, and archives, to facilitate

effective organization and accessibility of resources (Afolabi & Nwafor, 2021).

According to Olanrewaju (2020), university libraries play a crucial role in facilitating knowledge

acquisition and scholarly communication. They provide a structured environment for study,

research, and knowledge dissemination, ensuring that users have access to both physical and

electronic resources. The evolution of university libraries has seen a shift from traditional print

collections to hybrid and fully digital library systems, allowing users to access materials

remotely.

Afolabi and Nwachukwu (2021) emphasize that a university library is not just a collection of

books but also a center for academic excellence, offering services such as reference assistance,

interlibrary loans, plagiarism detection, and research support. Many university libraries now

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integrate Information and Communication Technology (ICT), enabling students and faculty

members to utilize online catalogs, electronic journals, and digital repositories.

Furthermore, Eze and Okonkwo (2022) argue that university libraries help in knowledge

preservation, ensuring that academic works such as theses, dissertations, and faculty research

papers are archived for future reference. Libraries also contribute to intellectual development by

offering training in information literacy, digital research skills, and data management.

B.3 The Role of University Libraries in Academic Institutions

University libraries play a critical role in supporting teaching, learning, and research in higher

institutions. Some of their key roles include:

1. Supporting Teaching and Learning

University libraries provide students and lecturers with access to educational resources, including

textbooks, academic journals, and online databases, which are crucial for coursework,

assignments, and lectures. According to Aina (2019), well-equipped university libraries

contribute to academic excellence by offering updated and reliable materials for students and

faculty.

2. Facilitating Research and Innovation

A core function of university libraries is to support research activities by providing access to

scholarly publications, research databases, and institutional repositories. They serve as

knowledge repositories where faculty members, researchers, and postgraduate students can

access materials for their research projects (Bamidele & Ayo, 2020). Additionally, digital library

services such as e-books, open-access journals, and online archives have enhanced research

efficiency in modern universities.

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3. Preservation and Dissemination of Knowledge

University libraries serve as custodians of knowledge, preserving rare books, theses,

dissertations, and historical documents that are valuable for future academic use. Libraries

maintain institutional repositories that store faculty research, conference proceedings, and

intellectual contributions to ensure long-term preservation and accessibility (Obi & Ugwu,

2022).

4. Providing Information Literacy and Digital Skills

In the digital age, university libraries play an essential role in teaching students and faculty

members how to locate, evaluate, and use information effectively. Many libraries offer

information literacy programs, research workshops, and digital literacy training to enhance

academic and professional skills (Onuoha, 2021). These programs help students navigate the vast

amount of digital resources and avoid issues such as plagiarism and misinformation.

5. Promoting Access to Electronic and Open-Access Resources

With the advancement of information and communication technology (ICT), university libraries

now provide access to electronic journals, e-books, and digital research repositories. Open-access

platforms such as Google Scholar, ResearchGate, and institutional databases have revolutionized

how students and faculty access academic materials (Ibrahim & Lawal, 2023). This accessibility

ensures that academic resources are available anytime and anywhere, even outside the physical

library.

6. Enhancing Collaboration and Knowledge Sharing

University libraries facilitate academic collaboration by providing platforms for group studies,

academic discussions, and research networking. They serve as meeting points for scholars to

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exchange ideas, work on collaborative projects, and participate in intellectual discourse (Eze &

Chukwu, 2022).

7. Supporting Institutional Accreditation and Quality Assurance

Accreditation bodies, such as the National Universities Commission (NUC) in Nigeria, assess the

quality of library services as part of university evaluations. A well-equipped university library

enhances an institution’s credibility and ensures compliance with academic standards (Ojo &

Adeyemi, 2021).

B.4 Security Challenges in University Libraries

University libraries are critical to academic institutions, providing access to knowledge, research

materials, and digital resources. However, they face numerous security challenges that threaten

their ability to function effectively. These security issues range from theft and vandalism to

cybersecurity threats and unauthorized access, impacting service delivery and resource

management.

1. Theft and Vandalism: One of the most common security challenges in university libraries is

the theft and vandalism of books, electronic devices, and library furniture (Afolabi & Nwafor,

2021). Students and visitors sometimes steal or mutilate books, making them unavailable to other

users. Vandalism includes defacing books, damaging furniture, and destroying library facilities,

which affects the overall library environment and increases maintenance costs.

Causes of Theft and Vandalism

 Inadequate security surveillance and monitoring

 Poor enforcement of borrowing policies and penalties

 Lack of awareness about the consequences of such acts

 Insufficient copies of highly demanded books

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2. Unauthorized Access and Trespassing: University libraries often experience trespassing and

unauthorized entry by non-students, who sometimes misuse library resources or engage in

disruptive activities (Ibrahim & Lawal, 2023). Unregistered users or outsiders may enter the

library to use computers, read books, or even attempt theft.

3. Cybersecurity Threats

With the increasing use of digital libraries, online databases, and institutional repositories,

university libraries face cybersecurity challenges such as hacking, malware attacks, phishing, and

data breaches (Bamidele & Ayo, 2020). These threats can compromise confidential student and

faculty research, disrupt library services, and lead to loss of important digital content.

Major Cybersecurity Risks

 Hacking and unauthorized access to library databases

 Malware and ransomware attacks that corrupt files

 Phishing scams targeting students and staff

 Data loss or manipulation in digital repositories

4. Book Piracy and Copyright Infringement

Some students and faculty engage in unauthorized photocopying and scanning of copyrighted

books and journals, violating intellectual property rights (Eze & Chukwu, 2022). This issue

poses legal risks to universities and discourages publishers from making academic content more

accessible.

5. Fire Hazards and Environmental Risks

University libraries are vulnerable to fire outbreaks, flooding, and other environmental hazards,

which can destroy books, archives, and electronic resources (Obi & Ugwu, 2022). Poor fire

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safety measures, electrical faults, and lack of proper storage can increase the risk of such

incidents.

6. Poor Security Infrastructure and Budget Constraints

Many university libraries struggle with insufficient funding, leading to inadequate security

measures such as outdated CCTV cameras, weak access control systems, and lack of security

personnel (Ojo & Adeyemi, 2021). Budget constraints prevent libraries from adopting modern

security technologies, making them vulnerable to security threats.

B.5 Impact of Security Challenges on the Effectiveness of Library Service Delivery

Security challenges in university libraries have a significant impact on the overall effectiveness

of library service delivery. A well-secured library fosters accessibility, resource availability, and

academic productivity, while security lapses lead to resource loss, restricted access, and

disruptions in learning and research activities.

1. Disruption of Library Operations

Security breaches such as theft, vandalism, and unauthorized access disrupt the smooth

functioning of university libraries. Afolabi and Nwafor (2021) found that libraries experiencing

frequent theft and vandalism had to implement stricter security protocols, which in turn reduced

students’ access to books and study areas. This negatively affected academic research and

learning.

2. Loss of Information Resources

One of the major impacts of security challenges is the loss of valuable library materials,

including books, journals, and digital resources. Ibrahim and Lawal (2023) noted that 60% of

university libraries in their study reported missing or mutilated books, making it difficult for

15
students to access required materials. Digital security breaches, such as hacking and

unauthorized downloads, also jeopardize electronic resources meant for academic research.

3. Reduced User Confidence in Library Services

When security measures are weak, students and researchers may lose trust in the library’s ability

to safeguard their academic materials and personal belongings. Bamidele and Ayo (2020)

reported that students in libraries with high theft rates were reluctant to use library facilities,

leading to a decline in the library’s relevance as a center for academic excellence.

4. Increased Cost of Library Management

The need for continuous replacement of stolen or damaged materials places financial strain on

university libraries. Ojo and Adeyemi (2021) found that universities that experienced frequent

security incidents spent up to 25% of their annual library budget on replacing lost materials

instead of investing in new resources and improved services.

5. Compromised Digital Access and Cybersecurity Risks

With the shift to electronic library services, cybersecurity threats such as hacking, phishing, and

data breaches have compromised the integrity of online research materials. Eze and Chukwu

(2022) found that university libraries without strong cybersecurity measures faced frequent

system downtimes, reducing the availability of e-books, research databases, and online journals

for students and faculty.

B.6 Coping Strategies for Library Security Management

Security management in university libraries is crucial for ensuring the safety of resources,

personnel, and users. Due to the increasing threats such as theft, vandalism, cybersecurity

breaches, unauthorized access, and environmental hazards, university libraries must implement

effective coping strategies to mitigate these risks.

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1. Implementation of Physical Security Measures: To combat theft, vandalism, and

unauthorized access, university libraries must enhance their physical security

infrastructure (Afolabi & Nwafor, 2021). This includes:

i. Deploying CCTV cameras at strategic locations within the library to monitor

activities and deter criminal behavior (Ibrahim & Lawal, 2023).

ii. Regularly reviewing surveillance footage to detect and respond to security

breaches.

iii. Hiring trained security officers to monitor entrances, exits, and restricted areas

(Bamidele & Ayo, 2020).

iv. Implementing manual security checks for bags and personal belongings at entry

and exit points.

v. Implementing ID card verification and biometric systems to restrict unauthorized

access to library facilities (Ojo & Adeyemi, 2021).

vi. Establishing visitor registration protocols to monitor non-student and external

users.

2. Enhancing Cybersecurity Measures: With the increasing reliance on digital resources

and electronic databases, university libraries must implement robust cybersecurity

measures to protect against hacking, malware, and data breaches (Eze & Chukwu, 2022).

i. Deploying firewalls and intrusion detection systems to protect digital resources

from cyberattacks.

ii. Regularly updating antivirus and anti-malware software to prevent system

vulnerabilities.

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 iii. Implementing two-factor authentication (2FA) for library database access (Obi &

Ugwu, 2022).

iv. Encrypting sensitive user data and research materials to prevent unauthorized

access.

v. Organizing training sessions for students and faculty on best cybersecurity

practices (Ibrahim & Lawal, 2023).

vi. Educating users on password management, phishing scams, and data protection.

3. Strict Enforcement of Library Policies: To reduce incidents of theft, vandalism, and

unauthorized use, university libraries must enforce strict policies and regulations (Ola &

Osagie, 2020).

i. Implementing strict borrowing policies that limit the number of books per student.

ii. Penalizing overdue book returns and unauthorized borrowing to prevent book

loss.

iii. Introducing fines and penalties for book theft, defacement, or destruction (Aina,

2019).

iv. Encouraging students to report security breaches and suspicious activities.

4. Promoting Awareness and Security Training: Awareness campaigns and training

programs help students and staff understand security protocols and risk management in

the library (Bamidele & Ayo, 2020).

i. Organizing training on security awareness, emergency response, and

cybersecurity threats.

ii. Educating users on how to handle digital and printed resources responsibly.

iii. Installing warning signs and posters to discourage theft and vandalism.

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 iv. Using library orientation sessions to educate new students on security guidelines.

5. Fire Safety and Disaster Preparedness: Fire outbreaks and environmental hazards pose

significant risks to library infrastructure and collections (Obi & Ugwu, 2022).

i. Equipping libraries with fire extinguishers, smoke detectors, and sprinkler

systems.

ii. Conducting regular fire drills to prepare staff and students for emergencies.

iii. Establishing emergency response teams to handle security and environmental

incidents (Ojo & Adeyemi, 2021).

iv. Creating backup copies of digital resources to prevent loss in case of cyberattacks

or disasters.

6. Strengthening Library Funding and Resource Allocation: A major challenge in

security management is inadequate funding, which affects the quality of security

infrastructure and personnel (Eze & Chukwu, 2022).

i. Allocating funds for modern surveillance technology and access control systems.

ii. Investing in fireproof storage for rare books and archives.

iii. Collaborating with government agencies and donor organizations to fund security

improvements.

iv. Partnering with technology firms for cybersecurity infrastructure upgrades.

7. Encouraging Digital Library Services: A shift toward digital library services reduces

security risks associated with physical materials (Ibrahim & Lawal, 2023).

i. Encouraging students to use electronic books, journals, and research databases.

ii. Reducing reliance on printed materials that are susceptible to theft and damage.

iii. Introducing automated borrowing and return systems to track book circulation.

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 iv. Using RFID (Radio Frequency Identification) tags for book monitoring and anti-

theft mechanisms (Ojo & Adeyemi, 2021).

B.7 Theoretical Framework

A theoretical framework provides a structured foundation for understanding security challenges

in university libraries and the strategies for effective security management. This study adopts two

key theories that explain the security issues and coping mechanisms in university libraries:

1. Routine Activity Theory (RAT)

2. General Systems Theory (GST)

Routine Activity Theory (RAT)

The Routine Activity Theory (RAT) was developed by Cohen and Felson (1979) and is widely

used in criminology to explain why crimes occur in certain places and times. The theory suggests

that for a crime to happen, three key elements must be present:

1. A Motivated Offender – An individual willing to commit an offense (e.g., theft,

vandalism, or cybercrime in a library).

2. A Suitable Target – Valuable or vulnerable resources (e.g., books, computers, digital

data).

3. The Absence of a Capable Guardian – Lack of surveillance, weak security policies, or

inadequate protection (Ibrahim & Lawal, 2023).

Application of Routine Activity Theory to Library Security

 Theft and Vandalism: When books and computers are left unguarded, they become easy

targets for motivated offenders.

 Cybersecurity Threats: Hackers and unauthorized users exploit weak digital security in

online library databases.

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  Access Control Issues: Unauthorized individuals enter libraries due to poor identity

verification (Ojo & Adeyemi, 2021).

Security Strategies Based on RAT

 Installing CCTV cameras and employing security personnel to act as "capable

guardians."

 Implementing access control systems to restrict unauthorized entry.

 Using RFID tracking systems to prevent book theft.

 Enhancing cybersecurity protocols to safeguard digital assets.

General Systems Theory (GST)

The General Systems Theory (GST) was proposed by Ludwig von Bertalanffy (1968) and is

based on the idea that organizations operate as interconnected systems where different

components work together to maintain stability and efficiency.

Application of GST to Library Security Management

A university library operates as a system with several subsystems, including:

 Physical Security System (CCTV, security personnel, access control)

 Digital Security System (firewalls, authentication measures)

 Policy and Administrative System (library rules, user education, funding)

 Emergency Response System (fire safety, disaster preparedness)

Each component must function effectively and in coordination with others to maintain security

(Obi & Ugwu, 2022).

Security Strategies Based on GST

 Ensuring that all security components work together (e.g., digital security should

complement physical security).

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  Enhancing communication between library management and security teams for quick

response to threats.

 Conducting regular security audits to assess vulnerabilities in the library system.

 Allocating sufficient funding for security infrastructure to maintain system efficiency.

B.8 Empirical Review

A study by Afolabi and Nwafor (2021) conducted a study on security infrastructure in university

libraries to assess the challenges and solutions implemented in Nigerian institutions. The study

employed a survey research design, using structured questionnaires to collect data from 120

librarians and security personnel across six universities. The findings revealed that book theft,

vandalism, and unauthorized access were the most prevalent security issues. The study

concluded that poor funding and inadequate security policies contributed to these challenges.

The researchers recommended the installation of modern security technologies such as CCTV

cameras, RFID systems, and access control mechanisms to enhance library security.

Another study was conducted by Ibrahim and Lawal (2023) explored coping strategies for digital

security threats in university libraries in Northern Nigeria. The study used a mixed-method

approach, combining questionnaires and interviews with 150 respondents, including library staff,

IT personnel, and students. The study found that cyber threats, including hacking and

unauthorized access to digital materials, were on the rise due to weak cybersecurity measures.

The authors concluded that poor digital security awareness among students and staff contributed

to these vulnerabilities. Their key recommendations included implementing firewalls, two-factor

authentication, and regular cybersecurity training for library users.

Bamidele and Ayo (2020) examined unauthorized access and security challenges in selected

Nigerian university libraries. The study adopted a descriptive research design and utilized

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structured questionnaires distributed to 200 students and 50 library staff. The results showed that

the absence of proper identification and monitoring systems allowed non-students and

unauthorized individuals to enter libraries, leading to book theft and vandalism. The study

concluded that implementing strict access control measures, such as ID card verification and

biometric systems, significantly reduces unauthorized access. The authors recommended hiring

additional security personnel and sensitizing students on the importance of adhering to library

policies.

Ojo and Adeyemi (2021) investigated the impact of budgetary constraints on security

infrastructure in university libraries. The study used a case study approach, analyzing budget

allocation and security expenditures across five Nigerian universities. Using financial records

and structured interviews with 50 librarians, they found that insufficient funding was a major

barrier to implementing effective security measures. The study concluded that universities that

allocated more funds to security infrastructure experienced fewer security breaches. They

recommended that library administrators lobby for increased budgetary allocations and seek

external funding from donor agencies to improve security infrastructure.

Eze and Chukwu (2022) assessed the effectiveness of library security policies in Nigerian

universities. The study employed a qualitative research design, conducting interviews with 30

librarians and 20 security personnel across three institutions. Findings revealed that universities

with well-enforced security policies experienced fewer cases of book theft and cybercrime

compared to those with weak policies. The study concluded that a lack of proper policy

implementation and enforcement was a key factor in library security challenges. The researchers

recommended regular security audits, policy reviews, and collaboration between library

administrators and security agencies to strengthen library security.

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 SECTION C

SUMMARY, CONCLUSION, AND RECOMMENDATIONS

C.1 Introduction

This chapter summarizes the findings of the study and provides conclusion and recommendations

based on the findings of the study.

C.2 Summary of Study

The study was carried out to assess security challenges and coping strategies of university

libraries for effective service delivery in Bayero University, Kano. However, Section A dealt

with background to the study, statement of the problem, research questions, objectives of the

study, significance of the study, scope of the study and definition of terms. Elaborate literatures

were reviewed in section B to fill in the existing gaps in the area of study. In doing this, it was

discovered that academic research of this nature is still lacking for the issues, under review.

Section C concludes the study. It gives the summary of the research and conclusions as well as

the recommendations that are drawn from the findings.

C.3 Summary of the Findings

This study investigated the security challenges and coping strategies of university libraries for

effective service delivery, using Bayero University, Kano as a case study. The study identified

the summary of the findings under the following headings;

1. Prevalent Security Challenges

The study revealed that Bayero University Library is confronted with various security

threats, including book theft, mutilation of materials, unauthorized access, cybersecurity

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 breaches, and inadequate surveillance systems. These challenges have a significant

impact on the safety of library materials and user confidence in library services.

2. Impact of Security Challenges on Service Delivery

Findings show that security issues have led to loss of valuable academic resources,

disruption of user services, and decreased trust among students and staff. The prevalence

of security breaches has also discouraged students from fully utilizing the library’s

resources, thereby limiting its role in academic productivity.

However, the study found that modern security technologies such as CCTV cameras,

RFID systems, and digital access controls are either lacking or insufficiently deployed.

3. Coping Strategies Employed by the Library

The university library has adopted several coping mechanisms such as the use of security

personnel, sign-in and sign-out registers, restricted access to sensitive areas, and

awareness campaigns among users.

C.3 Conclusion

The study examined the security challenges and coping strategies of university libraries for

effective service delivery, with a focus on Bayero University, Kano (BUK). The findings

revealed that despite the critical role of libraries in supporting teaching, learning, and research,

security threats such as theft, material mutilation, unauthorized access, and cyber risks remain

persistent obstacles to efficient service delivery.

The study concludes that inadequate security infrastructure, weak enforcement of library

policies, and limited adoption of modern technological solutions are major factors contributing to

the vulnerability of university libraries. Although BUK library has adopted some measures such

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as manual access control and physical surveillance, these efforts are insufficient in addressing the

growing and dynamic nature of security threats, particularly in the digital environment.

Furthermore, the attitudes and perceptions of both library users and staff indicate a need for more

comprehensive security training, increased awareness, and institutional support. Without a

proactive and strategic approach to security management, the mission of the university library as

a hub of knowledge and information dissemination may be compromised

C.4 Recommendation

For the purpose of improvement, this study set the following recommendation:

1. The university library should invest in modern security systems such as Closed-Circuit

Television (CCTV) cameras, Radio Frequency Identification (RFID) systems, alarm

systems, and biometric access control.

2. There is a need for the periodic review of existing library policies to address emerging

security threats. Library staff should be regularly trained on security protocols and

modern security management systems.

3. Students and other library users should be sensitized on the importance of protecting

library resources through regular orientation programs, seminars, and awareness

campaigns.

4. The library should adopt robust cybersecurity measures, including firewalls, encryption,

regular system updates, and user authentication protocols, to protect electronic resources

from cyber threats.

26
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