DOMESTIC

WATER HEATING
BALDO | DESCAYA | MABINI | PUERTAS
WHAT IS DOMESTIC
WATER HEATING?
Domestic water heating refers to the
process of heating water for household
use, like for showers, washing dishes, and
laundry, essentially providing hot water
for personal needs within a home or
building; it usually involves a dedicated
water heater system that stores and
delivers hot water on demand.
TYPES OF WATER HEATERS
1. STORAGE TANK WATER HEATER
a water heating
system that stores hot
water in an insulated
tank. It's also known
as a tank-type water
heater or hot water
system (HWS).
•Gas storage water heaters
- a stationary water tank that
uses natural gas or propane
to heat water and store it for
later use

•Electric storage water

heaters - a water heating
appliance that uses an
electric heating element to
heat water in a tank.
2. TANKLESS WATER HEATER
also known as
instantaneous water
heater or demand
water heater. It does
not store heated
water, but instead
heats water as it flows
through the device.
3. HEAT PUMP WATER HEATER
an appliance that uses
electricity to extract heat
from the surrounding air and
transfer it to water in a
storage tank, effectively
heating the water for
household use by moving
heat rather than generating
it directly.
4. ELECTRIC WATER HEATER
a device that uses electricity
to heat water, typically by
employing a heating element
submerged in a tank,
allowing for a continuous
supply of hot water
5. IMMERSION HEATER
a device which is installed in a tank
or container to heat a liquid. The
installation can be over-the-side,
flanged or threaded.

-DIRECT IMMERSION WATER HEATER

-INDIRECT IMMERSION WATER
HEATER
-Direct immersion water heater- a
system where a heating element,
called an immersion heater, is
directly placed inside a water tank

-Indirect Immersion water heater-

a water heater that uses a heat
exchanger to indirectly heat water
in a storage tank
DETERMINING
WATER HEATER
SIZE
DESIGN LOAD
Hot water use is not spread An accepted method of
out over the entire day. determining the maximum
Domestic use of hot water demand on a water heater is
tends to peak in the morning to determine peak usage
hours and again in the early during a particular time of
evening (supper time). day.
As a result, a water heating For single- and two-family
system must be designed to dwelling units, this peak
have sufficient capacity to occurs during the morning or
provide hot water during early evening.
periods of peak use.
SIZING STORAGE TANK WATER HEATERS
Residential water heaters are It is the maximum output of
typically sized based on their the water heater over an
first hour rating (FHR). hour, in gallons of hot water
This rating is contained on in a 100°F temperature rise.
the U.S. Depart ment of The FHR is the sum of the
Energy Guide label found on “standby” hot water found in
all water heaters. the tank plus the capacity of
The FHR relates to the gallons the heater to heat water
of hot water available for during that first hour.
one hour of peak demand. Typically, standby water is
taken as 70% of the tank
capacity.
SIZING STORAGE TANK WATER HEATERS

Tank capacities are usually This is referred to as a

available on the water heater name 100°temperature rise, which
plate. means that the water
Recovery rate is indicated less temperature is increased 100°F.
frequently, but can be ap For example, if a burner can take
proximated from the heater input 40 gallons of 40°F (4.4°C) water
rating.
and raise its temperature to
Recovery rate is the quantity of
140°F (60°C) in one hour, that
water that the burner or element
burner/heater has a 40 gal
can heat to a 100°F (38°C)
increase in one hour.
recovery rate.
SIZING STORAGE TANK WATER HEATERS
Average gas-fired residential and Water heaters powered by electricity
light commercial heater sizes fall in will have recovery rates of about one
the range of 30 000 to 75 000 gallon/hour per 250 watts.
Btu/hr, which equates to a A common residential electric water
recovery rate of about 27 to 68 heater is rated at 3000 to 4500
gallons per hour. watts, which would be a recovery
For a natural gas-fired water rate of about 12 to 18 gallon per
heaters, multiplying the burner hour.
input rating by 0.0009 can The recovery rate of a gas-fired
approximate recovery rate (e.g., A water heater is typically about
35 000 Btu/hr burner has a double the rate of electric-powered
recovery rate of 35 000 · 0.0009 units having the same stor age tank
31.5 gallons). size.
SIZING STORAGE TANK WATER HEATERS
To compensate and provide a suitable FHR, electric water heater storage
tanks are typically larger. In sizing a storage tank-type water heater, the
FHR of a water heater must meet or exceed the peak hot water demand.
SIZING STORAGE TANK WATER HEATERS
SIZING STORAGE TANK WATER HEATERS
SIZING STORAGE TANK WATER HEATERS
SIZING INSTANTANEOUS WATER HEATERS
Instantaneous water heaters are The following assumptions on water
selected based on the amount of flow for various residential fixtures
hot water needed to meet the may be used to determine the size of
design load (peak instantaneous unit:
demand), in gpm or L/min, at a Faucets: 0.75 gpm (2.84 L/min) to
2.5 gpm (9.46 L/min)
specific water tempera ture rise
Low-flow showerheads: 1.2 gpm
and other criteria.
(4.54 L/min) to 2 gpm (7.57 L/min)
The design load (the flow rate of
Older standard showerheads: 2.5
the instantaneous water heater)
gpm (9.46 L/min) to 3.5 gpm
is determined by adding flow (13.25 L/min)
rates of fixtures used Clothes washers and dishwashers:
simultaneously. 1 gpm (3.79 L/min) to 2 gpm (7.57
L/min)
SIZING INSTANTANEOUS WATER HEATERS
Most instantaneous water Water must typically be heated to
heaters are rated for flow rates 120°F (49°C) for most residential
at a variety of inlet water uses.
temperatures or temperature To determine the re quired
rises. temperature rise needed, subtract
A good assumption in design of the incoming water temperature
instantaneous water heaters is from the desired output
that that the incoming potable temperature.
water temperature is no warmer The needed temperature rise is
than 50°F (10°C). typically at least 70°F (39°C).
A temperature of 35° to 40°F (2°
to 4°C) should be used in cold
climates.
SIZING INSTANTANEOUS WATER HEATERS
SIZING INSTANTANEOUS WATER HEATERS
SIZING INSTANTANEOUS WATER HEATERS
Faster flow rates or cooler
inlet (water supply)
temperatures will reduce
the water temperature
available. Using low flow
showerheads and water-
conserving faucets are a
good idea with
instantaneous water
heaters.
SIZING A LARGE MULTIFAMILY WATER
HEATING SYSTEM
As with one- and two-family In large multifamily dwellings,
water heaters, a hot water such as apartments or
system must be designed to condominiums with 10 or more
provide a sufficient supply of hot units, hot water demand tends to
water for use by building peak between 6 and 9 AM and
occupants during peak periods again between 5 and 8 PM.
of use. An approximation method used
In larger buildings, it is less likely to determine hot water demand
that a large share of plumbing in large multifamily buildings (10
fixtures will be in use at a given or more dwelling units) is based
time. on the demand unit (DU).
SIZING A LARGE MULTIFAMILY WATER
HEATING SYSTEM
For apartments or For apartments or
condominiums, a DU is counted condominiums with 10 or more
for each bathroom and clothes units:
washing machine served by the Maximum probable demand
water heating system. (MPD) of hot water, in
gal/hr,MPD 350 11 (DU)
This expression assumes 11
gal/hr for each demand unit
plus a 350 gal/hr reserve
capacity.
SIZING A LARGE MULTIFAMILY WATER
HEATING SYSTEM
SIZING A LARGE MULTIFAMILY WATER
HEATING SYSTEM
SIZING A LARGE MULTIFAMILY WATER
HEATING SYSTEM
A hot water boiler is typically Size of the storage tank is
sized to heat water for again based on the number of
buildings containing 10 or more DUs served by the water
dwelling units. heating system.
It is customary to include a Minimum storage tank
storage task with the boiler to capacity, in gal, STC DU
act as a reserve for times when gal/DU
instantaneous demand exceeds
boiler capacity.
SIZING A LARGE MULTIFAMILY WATER
HEATING SYSTEM
SIZING A LARGE MULTIFAMILY WATER
HEATING SYSTEM
SIZING A LARGE MULTIFAMILY WATER
HEATING SYSTEM
SIZING A LARGE MULTIFAMILY WATER
HEATING SYSTEM
SIZING A LARGE MULTIFAMILY WATER
HEATING SYSTEM
SIZING A LARGE MULTIFAMILY WATER
HEATING SYSTEM
Table 13.24 provides An alternate solution would be
capacities of selected gas- to presume that some of the
fired water heating boilers. 840 gal storage tank capacity
To meet the 922 gal/hr hour could be shared over the 3-hr
demand (from Example 13.17), a peak demand period: 840
gas-fired boiler with a gal/3 hr = 280 gal/hr.
capacity of 900 000 Btu/hr Therefore, the boiler capacity
input (960 gal/hr) at a 90°F can be decreased, based on
temperature rise could be 922 gal/hr hour demand minus
selected 280 gal/hr or 642 gal/hr.
SIZING A LARGE MULTIFAMILY WATER
HEATING SYSTEM
At a 90°F temperature rise, a It is, however, a less
gas-fired boiler with a conservative approach to
capacity of 650 000 Btu/hr design.
input (693 gal/hr) would be
selected.
The alternate solution is a more
cost-effective solution
because of lower initial cost
and lower operating costs.
PUMPS
PUMPS
A pump is a mechanical device
used to move a fluid by con-
verting mechanical energy to
pressure energy called head.

2 Types of Pumps:
Positive Displacement Pumps
Centrifugal Pumps
POSITIVE DISPLACEMENT PUMPS

A positive displacement (PD)

pump moves a fluid by repeatedly
enclosing a fixed volume and
moving it mechanically through
the system. The pumping action is
cyclic and can be driven by
pistons, screws, gears, rollers,
diaphragms or vanes.
HOW DOES POSITIVE DISPLACEMENT
PUMPS WORKS?

Although there are a wide variety

of pump designs, the majority can
be placed into two categories:
reciprocating and rotary.
RECIPROCATING POSITIVE
DISPLACEMENT PUMPS

A Reciprocating Positive
Displacement pump works by the
repeated back-and-forth
movement (strokes) of either a
piston, plunger, or diaphragm .
These cycles are called
reciprocation.
RECIPROCATING POSITIVE
DISPLACEMENT PUMPS

PISTON

The first stroke of the piston creates a vacuum, opens

an inlet valve, closes the outlet valve and draws fluid
into the piston chamber (the suction phase). As the
motion of the piston reverses, the inlet valve, now
under pressure, is closed and the outlet valve opens
allowing the fluid contained in the piston chamber to
be discharged (the compression phase).
RECIPROCATING POSITIVE
DISPLACEMENT PUMPS

PLUNGER

Plunger pumps operate in a similar way. The volume of

fluid moved by a piston pump depends on the cylinder
volume; in a plunger pump it depends on the plunger
size.
RECIPROCATING POSITIVE
DISPLACEMENT PUMPS

DIAPHGRAM

Uses a flexible membrane instead of a piston to move

fluid. By expanding the diaphragm, the volume of the
pumping chamber is increased and fluid is drawn into
the pump. Compressing the diaphragm decreases the
volume and expels some fluid.
ROTARY POSITIVE DISPLACEMENT
PUMPS

Rotary positive displacement pumps use the actions of

rotating cogs or gears to transfer fluids, rather than the
backwards and forwards motion of reciprocating pumps.

The simplest example of a rotary positive displacement pump

is the gear pump. There are two basic designs of gear
pump: external and internal.
RECIPROCATING POSITIVE
DISPLACEMENT PUMPS

EXTERNAL GEAR PUMP

Consists of two interlocking gears supported by

separate shafts (one or both of these shafts may be
driven). Rotation of the gears traps the fluid between
the teeth moving it from the inlet, to the discharge,
around the casing. No fluid is transferred back through
the centre, between the gears, because they are
interlocked. Close tolerances between the gears and
the casing allow the pump to develop suction at the
inlet and prevent fluid from leaking back from the
discharge side.
RECIPROCATING POSITIVE
DISPLACEMENT PUMPS

INTERNAL GEAR PUMP

An internal gear pump operates on the same principle

but the two interlocking gears are of different sizes
with one rotating inside the other. The cavities
between the two gears are filled with fluid at the inlet
and transported around to the discharge port, where it
is expelled by the action of the smaller gear.
CENTRIFUGAL PUMPS

A centrifugal pump is a
mechanical device designed to
move a fluid by means of the
transfer of rotational energy from
one or more driven rotors, called
impellers.
HOW DOES CENTRIFUGAL PUMP
WORK?

The impeller is the key component of a centrifugal pump. It consists of a

series of curved vanes.

There are two basic designs of pump casing: volute and diffuser.
TYPES OF CENTRIFUGAL
PUMPS

VOLUTE CASE DESIGN

In a volute casing, the impeller is offset, effectively creating a curved funnel with an
increasing cross-sectional area towards the pump outlet. This design causes the
fluid pressure to increase towards the outlet.
TYPES OF CENTRIFUGAL
PUMPS

DIFFUSE CASE DESIGN

In this case, the fluid pressure increases as fluid is expelled between a set of
stationary vanes surrounding the impeller
PUMP DRIVE
Pumps are driven by a drive,
usually an electric motor in
building plumbing systems.

The speed of a pump is measured

in revolutions per minute (rpm).
Constant speed drives are drives
designed to operate at a specific
speed (e.g., 1750, 3500 rpm).
 PUMP DRIVE
2 types of speed control in pumps:

Multispeed drives have separate speed settings s (e.g., high, medium,

and low) so they can be adjusted to control speed and, thus, pump flow
rate.

Variable-speed drives provide speed control over a continuous range.

Variable speed drives control pump speed by changing the speed of the
driver and thus flow rate.
APPLICATIONS
PUMP APPLICATION
PISTON (RECIPROCATING POSITIVE DISPLACEMENT PUMPS) Found in well water systems, pressure boosters, and RO water purifiers.

Used in high-pressure washers (power washers) and deep well pumping

PLUNGER (RECIPROCATING POSITIVE DISPLACEMENT PUMPS) systems.

DIAPHGRAM (RECIPROCATING POSITIVE DISPLACEMENT PUMPS) Seen in small water filters, sump pumps, and some solar water heating
systems.

EXTERNAL GEAR PUMP (RECIPROCATING POSITIVE DISPLACEMENT

Used in home heating oil transfer systems and small lubrication systems.
PUMPS)

INTERNAL GEAR PUMP (RECIPROCATING POSITIVE DISPLACEMENT Found in viscous fluid applications like home heating systems (oil-fired
PUMPS) boilers) and some kitchen appliances.
APPLICATIONS
PUMP APPLICATION
Common in home water supply pumps, sump pumps, and garden irrigation
VOLUTE CASE DESIGN (CENTRIFUGAL PUMPS)
systems.

Used in swimming pool pumps, large home water supply systems, and
DIFFUSE CASE DESIGN (CENTRIFUGAL PUMPS)
HVAC circulation.
WATER
SOFTENER
 WATER SOFTENER
Water softeners work by either drawing heavy minerals out of the water using a
process called ion exchange or by neutralizing these minerals so that they are
unable to bind together and remain soluble in the water.

Although they accomplish this in different ways, there are

two primary kinds of water softeners:

Salt-based, including dual-tank systems

Salt-free, including magnetic systems
WATER SOFTENER
A water softener solves issues like calcium, iron, and magnesium, preventing scale
buildup, clogged pipes, leaky faucets, appliance damage, chalky dishware, dry
skin, and faded clothing by preventing heavy minerals from binding or flowing
through the water. Softened water can:
Save money in the long term
Provide cleaner hair and softer skin
Brighten and soften clothes
Clean dishes and glasses better
Reduce time spent cleaning
Make drinking water clearer and better tasting
 HOW DOES WATER SOFTENER WORKS?

Ion Exchange Process:

The water softener replaces the calcium and
magnesium ions (the stuff that makes water
"hard") with sodium ions (salt).
The system uses tiny beads that attract and
hold these minerals.
Regeneration:
After a while, the beads get “full” and need to
be cleaned. The system will use salt to rinse
them and reset the process.
 TYPES OF WATER SOFTENER

SALT-BASED, INCLUDING DUAL-TANK SYSTEMS

Salt-based water softeners are the most common and
effective, using ion exchange to replace calcium and
magnesium with sodium, restoring water to a neutral state.
They require regular salt recharges (about once a week)
and take up more space than salt-free models. Portable
salt-based softeners are ideal for RVs, boats, and small
homes, connecting to outdoor faucets for instant softened
water. These compact units use table salt for recharging
but require frequent maintenance. Though salt is added to
the water, it's in trace amounts within safe limits, but those
on low-sodium diets may prefer salt-free alternatives using
potassium.
 TYPES OF WATER SOFTENER

SALT-FREE, INCLUDING MAGNETIC SYSTEMS

Salt-free water softeners don’t remove minerals from
water; instead, they prevent them from building up on
faucets and showerheads. They’re smaller, don’t need salt
or electricity, and work well for most homes, but might
struggle with very hard water or large water use.
Electromagnetic softeners are even smaller and use a
magnetic field to stop minerals from causing scale.
They’re easy to maintain and don’t need plumbing, but
are best for smaller homes since they’re not as powerful.
Magnetic models don’t need power and require little
upkeep, but they’re less effective overall.
WHAT TO CONSIDER WHEN CHOOSING A WATER SOFTENER SYSTEM

Water Hardness Level: Know your water hardness to choose the right system.
Check local water quality reports or use a test kit to measure hardness.
System Size: Choose the right capacity based on household size and water
usage.
Salt Usage: Consider how often the system will need salt and the cost of salt
refills.
Energy Efficiency: Some systems are more energy-efficient than others. Look for
Energy Star-certified models.
Regeneration Cycle: Different models regenerate at different intervals.
Consider the regeneration frequency based on your household needs.
Ease of Use: Look for systems with clear user interfaces and easy-to-refill salt
options.
 HOW MAINTAIN YOUR WATER SOFTENER?

Add Salt Regularly: Depending on

usage, you’ll need to check and
refill the salt every 2-3 months.
Clean the System: Every year or
so, clean the resin beads and
check for any salt bridges (clumps
of salt that stop the regeneration
process).
Test Water Hardness: Check your
water periodically to make sure the
softener is working properly.
THANK
YOU