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The document contains a set of 20 questions based on the Communications and Control Systems syllabus for GATE Electronics and Communication Engineering. It includes topics such as power spectral density, modulation techniques, stability criteria, and control system analysis methods. An answer key is provided, summarizing key concepts and formulas related to each question.

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Shashank Sati
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3 views

md-to-pdf-4

The document contains a set of 20 questions based on the Communications and Control Systems syllabus for GATE Electronics and Communication Engineering. It includes topics such as power spectral density, modulation techniques, stability criteria, and control system analysis methods. An answer key is provided, summarizing key concepts and formulas related to each question.

Uploaded by

Shashank Sati
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
Available Formats
Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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Here are 20 questions based on the Communications and Control Systems

syllabus from the GATE Electronics and Communication Engineering


curriculum:

Communications

1. What is the expression for the power spectral density of white


Gaussian noise?
2. Describe the working of a superheterodyne receiver and explain
the significance of intermediate frequency.
3. Explain the concept of entropy in information theory and its
relation to data compression.
4. Derive the bit error rate (BER) expression for BPSK modulation
over an AWGN channel.
5. Explain the differences between PCM and DPCM with respect to
bandwidth and quantization noise.
6. What is inter-symbol interference (ISI) and how does a matched
filter receiver mitigate it?
7. Compare and contrast Amplitude Modulation (AM) and
Frequency Modulation (FM) in terms of bandwidth and noise
immunity.
8. Describe the working of a Hamming code and its error detection
and correction capability.
9. Derive the expression for channel capacity using the Shannon-
Hartley theorem.
10. Explain Quadrature Amplitude Modulation (QAM) and how it
increases spectral efficiency.

Control Systems

1. Explain the Routh-Hurwitz stability criterion with an example.


2. Derive the transfer function of a simple RC low-pass filter and
plot its Bode plot.
3. What is the Nyquist stability criterion, and how is it applied to
determine system stability?
4. Describe the role of lead and lag compensators in control
systems design.
5. Formulate the state-space representation of a second-order
linear time-invariant (LTI) system and solve for the state
transition matrix.
6. Explain the concept of transient and steady-state response in
control systems with relevant examples.
7. Discuss the root-locus method for control system analysis and
design, providing an example of a system with varying gain.
8. What is the phase margin and gain margin in frequency
response analysis, and how do they relate to system stability?
9. Describe the function of a Proportional-Integral-Derivative (PID)
controller and its effect on system performance.
10. Explain how Bode plots are used to analyze the frequency
response of a system, including phase and gain crossover
frequencies.

Answer Key

1. ( S_X(f) = ), where ( N_0 ) is the noise power spectral density.

2. A superheterodyne receiver converts the received signal to an


intermediate frequency (IF) for easier filtering and
amplification, improving selectivity and sensitivity.

3. Entropy ( H(X) ) quantifies the average information content per


source symbol and is used to optimize data compression
schemes.

4. **( _{BPSK} = Q() ), where ( E_b ) is the energy per bit and ( N_0 ) is
the noise spectral density.**

5. PCM uses uniform quantization of analog signals, leading to


higher bandwidth but simpler encoding, whereas DPCM exploits
redundancy to reduce bandwidth but may introduce quantization
errors.

6. ISI causes overlapping of symbols, leading to detection errors. A


matched filter maximizes the signal-to-noise ratio (SNR) and
mitigates ISI by optimizing the pulse shape.

7. AM varies the amplitude of the carrier signal and is more


bandwidth-efficient but less noise-immune. FM varies the
frequency and offers better noise immunity at the cost of higher
bandwidth.

8. A Hamming code adds parity bits to detect and correct single-bit


errors. The minimum Hamming distance is 3, enabling one-bit
error correction.

9. **Channel capacity ( C = B _2(1 + ) ), where ( B ) is the bandwidth and


( ) is the signal-to-noise ratio.**

10. QAM combines amplitude and phase modulation, allowing


multiple bits per symbol, thus increasing spectral efficiency.

11. The Routh-Hurwitz criterion provides conditions for all roots of


the characteristic polynomial to have negative real parts,
indicating system stability.

12. The transfer function is ( H(s) = ), and its Bode plot shows a -20
dB/decade slope after the cutoff frequency ( ).

13. The Nyquist criterion states that the number of clockwise


encirclements of the critical point (-1,0) equals the number of
right-half-plane poles of the open-loop transfer function.

14. Lead compensators increase system stability and speed by


advancing the phase, while lag compensators improve steady-
state accuracy by adding phase lag.

15. State-space representation: ( = Ax + Bu, y = Cx + Du ). The state


transition matrix is ( e^{At} ).

16. Transient response refers to the initial system reaction, while


steady-state response is the long-term behavior as ( t ).

17. Root-locus plots show the movement of system poles as a


parameter (typically gain) varies, helping design controllers to
meet desired specifications.

18. Phase margin is the additional phase required to reach -180° at


the gain crossover frequency, and gain margin is the factor by
which the gain can increase before instability.

19. A PID controller combines proportional, integral, and derivative


actions to improve system stability, reduce steady-state error,
and enhance transient response.

20. Bode plots depict magnitude and phase versus frequency,


allowing determination of system stability margins and dynamic
behavior.

Let me know if you need any further elaboration or additional sets of


questions!

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