CHAPTER 6

INTEGERS

Compendium
A. The Need for Integers
B. Representing Integers on Number Line
C. Ordering of Integer
D. Absolute Value of an Integer
E. Addition of Integers
F. Properties of Addition
G. Subtraction of Integers
H. Properties of Subtraction
I. Bird’s-eye view
J. Solved examples
K. Practice yourself
L. Solutions

Learning Objectives

You will learn to:

• Define integers and explain their position in the number system

• Order integers and represent them on a number line
• Recognise the properties of addition and subtraction of integers
and perform the operations
• How to connect integers to the real world and list real-life
situations involving opposites
• How to define the absolute value of an integer and express it
using the proper notation

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Warm-up

Take the sea level as 0 (zero). The

markings that go all the way up and
down the two arrows are each 100
metres apart. So, you can say that the
bird that is flying closest to the sea is
flying 500 m above the sea level. Now
answer the questions given below.

1. How far is the seahorse from the water surface?

2. What is the vertical distance between the water plant and the
fish?
3. How far is the fish from the water surface?
4. How far is the jellyfish from the water surface?
5. Calculate the distance between the surface of the sea and the bird
that is flying highest.
6. How far is the sea plant from the water surface?

“The set of whole numbers, including all negative numbers, are

called integers."

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A. The need for integers

If you purchase something for ₹200 and sell it for ₹150, the profit has to
be expressed as (150 – 200). If the temperature of an area drops from
10°C to 0°C first and is further reduced by 10°C due to heavy snowfall,
the final temperature has to be expressed as (0 – 10).

The answers to the above cannot be found in the set of natural

numbers or whole numbers. A new set of numbers is needed to find a
solution to the above problems.

Consider a whole number line. Start from 5 and move to the left one
step at a time. After reaching 0, can the number line go beyond 0 to the
left?

Extend the number line to the left of 0.

Let us call the numbers to the right of zero as positive numbers and
those to the left of zero as negative numbers. Mark –1, –2, –3, –4, –5..., at
equal intervals.

Fig. 1: Whole numbers on a number line

You can have as many numbers to the left of zero as you have to the
right of zero. The new set of numbers will be: ..., –5, –4, –3, –2, –1, 0, 1, 2, 3,
4, 5, ...,

Fig. 2: Integers on a number line

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Positive numbers are called positive integers. They can be written as
+1, +2, +3, ..., or as 1, 2, 3, ...

Negative numbers are called negative integers. They are written as –

1, –2 –3, ...

For every negative integer, there is a corresponding positive integer.

Zero is an integer which is neither positive nor negative.

One step forward and one step backwards are opposite of each other.
They cancel out each other, and you are back to where you started.

On the number line, if you take one step forward, it is written like +1 or
1. If you now take one step backwards, it is written as –1.

Since opposites cancel each other out, 1 + (–1) = 0; 2 + (–2) = 0; 3 + (–3) =

0 and so on.
In real life, integers are used wherever opposites coincide.

Profit is positive, while loss is negative.

Temperatures above 0°C are positive, while those below 0°C are
negative.

Height above sea level is positive, while the depth below sea level is
negative.

Deposits in a bank are positive, whereas withdrawals are negative.

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B. Representing integers on number line

We have earlier learnt how to represent the whole number on the
number line. We have to now extend the number line to represent
negative integers on it. To represent the integers on the number line,
proceed as follows:

• Draw a straight line.

• Mark a few points at equal distances.
• Label a point as 0.
• Mark the points to the right of 0 as +1, +2, +3,... or just 1,2,3, ... . These
are positive integers.
• Mark the points to the left of 0 as –1, –2, –3, ... . These are negative
integers. Now we have got the number line representing positive
and negative integers.

If you want to mark +3 on the number line, you have to move three
points to the right of 0. If you want to mark –5, you have to move five
points to the left of 0.

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Pro-tip!

The number zero (0) is neither positive nor negative.

Remember this!

Negative numbers symbolise oppositeness.

Negative numbers are also called directed numbers.

Checkpoint-1

State whether the following are True or False.

(1) All-natural numbers are integers.

(2) All integers are whole numbers.

(3) –5 is smaller than –11.

(4) All the integers to the right of 0 are smaller than 0.

Checkpoint-2

1. Is it possible to say which is the largest number in the set of

integers?
2. Does every positive integer have a corresponding negative
integer?
3. What is the corresponding negative integer for 1001? Also find the
sum of these two integers?

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4. (i) If going north is considered positive, what will negative mean?

(ii) If gaining weight is considered positive, what is the negative?

(iii) If a profit of ₹50 is written as + ₹50, how will you write a loss of
₹50?
(iv) How will you write 8°C below zero?
(v) How will you write 100 m below sea level?

C. Ordering of integers
When you move towards the right on the whole number, the numbers
become larger. When you move towards the left, they become smaller.
Thus, 4 > 1 since 4 is to the right of 1 and 3 < 5 since 3 is to the left of 5.
The same idea can be extended to integers on the number line.
Thus, 0 > –1 since 0 is to the right of –1 and –1 > –3 since –1 is to the right
of –3.

Fig. 3: Ordering of whole numbers

Fig. 4: Ordering of Integers

This leads to the following conclusions.

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• Any positive integer is greater than any negative integer. Thus,
4 > –6; 1 > –10,001
• Zero is less than every positive integer but greater than every
negative integer. Thus, 0 < 5 but 0 > –5
• The greater an integer, the smaller is its corresponding
negative integer.
• Thus, 10 > 5 but –10 < –5; 101 > 10 but –101 < –10

In general, if a and b are integers such that a > b, then –a < –b.

Thumb rule

There is no smallest or largest integer.

Try and learn

Example 1: Which of these is greater?

(i) 6, –6 (ii) 0, –3
(iii) 0, 3 (iv)–10, –1
(v) 2, –10

Solution

(i) 6 > –6 (a positive number is greater than a negative number)

(ii) 0 > –3 (0 is greater than a negative number)
(iii)3 > 0 (0 is smaller than a positive number)
(iv) –10 < –1 (the greater a number, the smaller is its
corresponding negative number)
(v) 2 > –10 (a positive number is greater than a negative number)

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Example 2: Use the number line and find:
(i) 3 more than –2
(ii) 2 less than –1

Solution (i) Start from –2. Move 3 steps to the right to reach 1.

∴ 3 more than –2 is 1.

(ii)Start from –1. Move 2 steps to the left to reach –3.

∴ 2 less than –1 is –3.

D. Absolute value of an integer

When you read a negative or a positive integer without its sign, that is
the absolute value of the integer. It is indicated by two vertical lines,
one on either side of the integer.

Absolute value of 8 = | 8 | = 8;

Absolute value of –8 = | –8 | = 8

Absolute value of 0 = | 0 | = 0, since 0 is neither positive nor negative.

Remember this!

The absolute value of an integer is the numerical value of the

integer, regardless of its sign.

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Checkpoint-3

Which of these statements are true?

(i) –3 > –2 (ii) 7 > –7

(iii) 0 > –1 (iv) –8 = 8

(v) 9 < –9 (vi) –5 < –3

Checkpoint-4

(1) Fill in the boxes with symbols > or <.

(i) 4  –2 (ii) –1  5

(iii) –1  0 (iv) –2  5

(v) 0  5 (vi) 0  –7

(vii) 3  –3 (viii) –6  –8

(2) Arrange the following in ascending order.

(i) 6, –8, –7, 8, –3, 0 (ii) –1, –8, –12, 7, 5, –3

(iii) 0, –2, 9, 3, –4, 8 (iv) 2, –2, 3, –3, 4, –4

(v) –1, –2, –3, –4, 0, 1 (vi) 9, 7, 5, –5, –3, 0

(3) Using the number line, find the integer.

(i) 5 more than 7 (ii) 6 more than –12

(iii) 4 less than –15 (iv) 8 less than 4

(v) 10 less than –10 (vi) 8 less than 0

(vii) 6 more than –6 (viii) 3 less than –5

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(4) Write all integers between:

(i) 0 and 5 (ii) –5 and 0

(iii) –3 and 3 (iv) –8 and –3

(v) –1 and 1 (vi) –2 and 4

(5) Write the absolute value of the following.

(i) 10 (ii) –10

(iii) –27 (iv) 143

(v) –200 (vi) 0

(vii) –1 (viii) 1

E. Addition of integers
To add whole numbers 2 and 3 on the number line, start from 0, move
two places to the right, and then move three places to the right. You
reach 5, which is the answer.

Addition of integers is done in the same way. The only difference is that
while adding a negative integer, you move to the left.

So, to add 2 and –3, you start at 0, move two places to the right, and
then move three places to the left. You reach –1, which is your answer.
2+3=5

+2 – 3 = –1

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Fig. 5: Addition of Integers

Try and learn

Example 3 Add:

(i) 6 and –4. (ii) –6 and 4

(iii) –4 and –6 (iv) 4 and 6

Solution (i) To add 6 and –4: Start from 0 and move six places to the
right to reach 6. Now move four places to the left. You reach 2.

∴ 6 + (–4) = 2

(ii) To add –6 and 4:

Start from 0 and move six places left and then four places right. You
reach –2.

∴ –6 + 4 = –2

(iii) To add –4 and –6:

Start from 0 and move left by four places.
Then move left again by six places. You reach –10.

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∴ –4 + (–6) = –10

(iv) To add 4 and 6:

Start from 0 and move right in four places.
Then move right again by six places. You reach 10.
∴ 4 + 6 = 10

From the above examples, we can see that:

When integers with the same sign are added, their sum will have
the same sign as the integers.

Example 4: 4 + 6 = [|4| + |6|] = 10 and –4 + (–6) = –[|–4| + |–6|] = –[4 + 6] = –

10, In short, 4 + 6 = 10 and –4 + (–6) = –10

When integers have different signs, find the difference between the
two numbers. The sum will have the sign of the integer with the
larger absolute value.

Examples 5: 6 + (–4) = [|6| – |4|] = 6 – 4 = 2 and –6 + 4 = –[|6| – |4|] = –[6

– 4] = –2. In short, 6 + (–4) = 2; –6 + 4 = –2

Thumb rule

• When adding integers with the same signs, add their absolute
values and give the common sign to the sum.
• When adding integers with different signs, subtract the smaller
absolute value from the larger absolute value. The answer will get
the sign of the integer with the larger absolute value.

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Try and learn

Example 6: Add –36 and –45.

Solution: Add the absolute value of the two integers. 36 + 45 = 81
Give the common sign to the sum. That is, –81. ∴ –36 + (–45) = –81
Example 7: Add 56 and –65.
Solution: Subtract the smaller number from the larger number. 65 –
56 = 9
The larger absolute value 65 has (–) sign. ∴ 56 +(–65) = –9
Example 8: A shopkeeper makes a profit of ₹1000 in one month,
and a loss of ₹1200 in another month. Find his total profit/loss.
Solution
Profit in the first month = ₹1000
Loss in the second month = –₹1200
Therefore, net loss or gain = ₹1000 + (–₹1200)
= –₹200

The sign is ‘–’, which means shopkeeper incurs a loss of ₹200.

F. Properties of addition
You have already studied the properties of addition of whole
numbers. All those properties are true for integers also.

Closure property

The sum of two integers is also an integer. That is, if a and b are
integers, a + b is also an integer.

Example 9: (i) –5 + 8 = 3; 3 is an integer.

(ii) 5 + (–8) = –3; –3 is an integer

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Commutative property
The sum of two integers does not depend on the order in which they
are added.
That is if a and b are two integers, a + b = b + a.
Example 10: –4 + 7 = 3 = 7 + (–4); –4 + (–7) = –11 = –7 + (–4)
Associative property
The sum of three or more integers does not depend on the way the
integers are grouped.
That is, if a, b, c are three integers, then a+ (b + c) = (a + b) + c
Example 11: –3 + (–5 + 6) = [–3 + (–5)] + 6 = –2
Identity property
Zero added to any integer leaves the integer unchanged.
That is, if a is an integer, a + 0 = a. Zero is called the identity element
for the addition of integers.
Example 12: –3 + 0 = –3; 101 + 0 = 101
Additive inverse
The sum of an integer and its opposite is 0.
That is, if a is an integer, then a + (–a) = 0. a and –a are each called
additive inverse of the other.
Example 13: In 2 + (–2) = 0, –2 is the additive inverse of 2.
In (–10) + 10 = 0, 10 is the additive inverse of –10.
Thumb rule
• The predecessor of an integer is one less than the given number. If
a is an integer, a – 1 is also an integer and is called the predecessor
of a.
Examples: 0 is the predecessor of 1; –5 is the predecessor of –4; –21 the
predecessor of –20

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• The successor of an integer is one more than the given number. If
a is an integer, a + 1 is also an integer and is called the successor
of a.
Examples: 2 is the successor of 1; –1 is the successor of –2; 0 is the
successor of –1

Try and learn

Example 14: Find the sum of

(i) 632, –232 and 750

(ii) –52, –36, 42, 8, –22 and 46

Solution (i) Use the associative property to add 632 + (–232) + 750 =
[632 + (–232)] + 750 = 400 + 750 = 1150

(ii) When many integers have to be added, it can also be solved by:

• Grouping all the positive terms together

• Grouping all the negative terms together and then simplifying
the terms in each group.

(–52) + (–36) + 42 + 8 + (–22) + 46 = (–52) + (–

36) + (–22) + 42 + 46 + 8

= (–110) + 96 = –14

Checkpoint-5

State, whether True or False.

(i) The sum of a positive and a negative integer is always negative.

(ii) The sum of two negative integers is always negative.

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(iii) The sum of two integers need not always be an integer.
(iv) One is the identity element for the addition of integers

Checkpoint-6

1. Add, using the number line.

(i) 8 + (–4) (ii) (–6) + (–2)

(iii) (–6) + 3 (iv) (–3) + (–2)

(v) 4 + (–2) (vi) 1 + (–1)

(vii) (–3) + 2 + (–5) (viii) (–4) + 6 + (–3)

2. Use the associative law to add these integers.

(i) 200 + (–33) + (–67)

(ii) 1022 + (–663) + (–922) + 333

(iii) 1 + (–325) + (–325) + 650 + 1000

(iv) 0 + (–1) + (1) + 932 + (–332)

(v) 230 + (–89) + 170 + (–11) + 0

(vi) 911 + 89 + (–56) + (–44)

(vii) (–632) + (–568) + (–90)

(viii) (–2) + (–35) + 90 + 985

(ix) 879 + (–897) + (–978)

(x) (–345) + (908) + (–76)

3. What is the sum of:

(i) the largest 4-digit positive integer and the smallest 3-digit negative
integer?

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(ii) the largest 5-digit even positive integer and the smallest 5-digit
odd negative integer?

G. Subtraction of Integers
You know that subtraction is the inverse process of addition.
Subtracting two from 6 is the same as finding a number which when
added to 2 gives 6. That is, 6 –2 is the same as solving 2 +  = 6
Also, subtracting an integer is the same as adding its additive inverse.
To subtract –3 from 5 add 3 (the additive inverse of –3) to 5.
Therefore, 5 – (–3) = 5 + 3 = 8 In general, if a and b are two integers,
then a – b = a + (–b).
Thumb rule
• A negative of a negative number is positive. Therefore, –(–2) = 2
• A positive of a negative number is negative. Therefore, +(–5)= –5

Try and learn

Example 15: Subtract: (i) 92 from 85

(ii) –56 from 63 (iii) –108 from –72

(iv) 38 from –99

Solution (i) 85 – 92 = 85 + (–92) = –7

(ii) 63 – (–56) = 63 + 56 = 119

(iii) –72 – (–108) = –72 + 108 = 36

(iv) –99 – 38 = –99 + (–38) = –137

Example 16: Simplify: –7 + 56 – (–18) + (–19)

Solution: –7 + 56 – (–18) + (–19) = –7 + 56 + 18 – 19 = 48

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H. Properties of Subtraction
Some properties of subtraction of integers are different from the
properties of subtraction of whole numbers, as negative numbers are
part of it.

Closure property
The difference of two integers is also an integer.
If a and b are integers, a – b is also an integer.
Example 17: 3 – 4 = –1, which is an integer; 4 – (–6) = 10, which is an
integer

Closure property does not hold good for the subtraction of whole
numbers, but it holds good for the subtraction of integers.

Commutative property

As in the case of whole numbers, the commutative property does not

hold good for the subtraction of integers also.

Therefore, if a and b are integers, a – b is not equal to b – a, except when

a=b

Example 17: 3 – 4 ≠ 4 – 3; 4 – (–6) ≠ –6 – 4

Associative property

The associative property also does not hold good for the subtraction of
integers.

Thus, if a, b and c are integers then (a – b) – c ≠ a – (b – c)

Identity property

Zero subtracted from any integer leaves it unchanged. If a is an integer,

a – 0 is a.

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In whole numbers, 0 – a is not defined. However, in integers

0 – a = –a.

That is, subtraction of an integer from 0 gives its additive inverse.

For example, 3 – 0 = 3 but 0 – 3 = –3; –10 – 0 = –10 but 0 – (–10) = 10

Thumb rule

In whole numbers, 0 does not have a predecessor. But in integers, 0

has a predecessor, which is –1.

Checkpoint-7

1. Insert the symbols =, > or < in the following answers given in

bracket.
(i) (–3) + (3) 7 + (–7) (ii) 32 – (–64)  32 + 64

(iii)–65 – 96  –30 + 60 (iv) (–24) + 42  –200 – (–100)

(v) (–98) – (–2)  (–98) + 2

Checkpoint-8

1. Subtract:

(i) 32 from –260 (ii)–30 from 56

(iii) –68 from –52 (iv) 38 from 72

(v) 72 from 38 (vi) –84 from 0

(vii) 0 from –84 (viii) 363 from –363

(ix) –363 from 363

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2. Simplify:
(i) –16 + (–13) – (–1) (ii) –62 + 32 – 60
(iii) 85 – (–15) + 65 (iv) 64 + [(–20) – (–30)] – (–6)
(v) 23 + (–76) – 43 (vi) 76 – (–54) + (–33) – 21
(vii) –230 + (–420) – 140 (viii) –120 + 89 – 90
(ix) 256 – 78 + 620 (x) 150 – (–90) – 650
(xi) 2 + (–4) + 6 + (–8) + 10 + (–12) + 14 + (–16)
(xii) 1 + (–3) – 5 – (–7) + 9 + (–11) – 13 – (–15) + 17 – (–19)
3. Answer the following questions.

(i) Write the additive inverse of 242.

(ii) Does 0 have an additive inverse? Why?

(iii) The sum of two integers is –7. If one of them is –10, what is the
other?

(iv) Subtract –3 from 6, and 6 from –3. Are the results the same? Why?

(v) What sign will the negative of a negative number have?

(vi) What sign will the negative of a positive number have?

4. If * is an operation between a and b such that a * b means a + (–b),

then simplify the following.

(i) 14 * (–7) (ii) –6 * (3)

(iii) 8 * (–4) (iv) 22 * 3

Bird’s-eye view

• "The set of whole numbers, including all negative numbers, are

called integers."
• Positive numbers are called positive integers. They can be written
as +1, +2, +3, ..., or as 1, 2, 3, ...

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• Negative numbers are called negative integers. They are written
as –1, –2 –3, ...
• For every negative integer, there is a corresponding positive
integer. Zero is an integer which is neither positive nor negative.
• When you read a negative or a positive integer without its sign, that
is the absolute value of the integer.
• When integers with the same sign are added, their sum will have
the same sign as the integers.
• When integers have different signs, find the difference between
the two numbers.
Closure property
• The sum of two integers is also an integer. That is, if a and b are
integers, a + b is also an integer.
Commutative property
• The sum of two integers does not depend on the order in which
they are added. That is if a and b are two integers, a + b = b + a.
Associative property
• The sum of three or more integers does not depend on the way
the integers are grouped. That is, if a, b, c are three integers, then
a+ (b + c) = (a + b) + c
• Zero added to any integer leaves the integer unchanged. That is,
if a is an integer, a + 0 = a. Zero is called the identity
element/additive identity for the addition of integers.
• The sum of an integer and its opposite is 0.
• The predecessor of an integer is one less than the given
number.
• The successor of an integer is one more than the given number.

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• A negative of a negative number is positive.
• A positive of a negative number is negative.
• In whole numbers, 0 does not have a predecessor. But in
integers, 0 has a predecessor, which is –1.

Solved examples

Example 1: Represent the following situations using integers:

(a) A deposit of ₹1707 into a bank account.

(b) A depth of 5100 feet.
(c) A raise of ₹9000.
(d) The stock market went down by 216 points today.
(e) A temperature of 62°C above zero.
(f) A loss of ₹1700.
Solution:

(a) +₹1707 (b) −5100 feet (c) +₹9000

(d) −216 (e) +62°C (f) −₹1700

Example 2: Write > or < sign in the blocks:

(a) 100 0 (b) −20 0

(c) 39 −8 (d) –1 −9
Solution:
(a) 100 > 0 (b) −20 < 0
(c) 39 > −8 (d) −1 > −9

Example 3: Write all integers between −4 and 3 in ascending order.

Solution: All integers between −4 and 3 in ascending order are −3, −2, −1,
0, 1, 2.

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Example 4: Write absolute value of the following:
(a) −678 (b) 0 (c) 790 (d) predecessor of −6
Solution:
(a) |−678 | = 678 (b) |0| = 0
(c) | 790 | = 790 (d) Predecessor of −6 = −7, |−7 | = 7
Example 5: Add the following numbers on the number line:
(a) (–4) + 6 (b) (–2) + (–1)
(c) 1 + 3 + (–6) (d) 1 + 3 + (–5)

Solution:

(a)

Point A represents (–4) + (6) = 2.

(b)

Point B represents (–2) + (–1) = –3

(c) (1) + 3 + (–6) = –2

Point C represents 1 + 3 + (–6) = (–2).

(d) (+1) + 3 + (–5)

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Point D represents 1 + 3 + (–5) = – 1.

Example 6: Add the following integers:

(a) 9 + (–6) (b) (–3) + (–2)

(c) (–4) + 9 + (–8) (d) (–7) + 17 + (–6)

(e) (–2) + (–6) + (–15) (f) (–43) + 0 + (–97)

Solution:

(a) 9 + (–6) = 3

(b) (–3) + (–2) = –5

(c) (–4) + 9 + (–8) = [(–4) + (–8)] + 9 = (–12) + 9 = –3

(d) (–7) + 17 + (–6) = [(–7) + (–6)] + 17 = (−13) + 17 = 4

(e) (–2) + (–6) + (–15) = (–8) + (–15) = –23

(f) (–43) + 0 + (–97) = (–43) + (–97) = –140

Example 7: Find the sum of the following using the associative

property:

(a) (–97) + 34 + (–23) (b) (–78) + 27 + (–14)

(c) 45 + (–8) + 75 (d) (–375) + 37 + (–846)

Solution:

(a) (–97) + 34 + (–23) = [(–97) + (–23)] + 34 = –120+ 34 = –86

(b) (–78) + 27 + (–14) = [(–78) + (–14)] + 27= –92+ 27 = –65

(c) 45 + (–8) + 75 = (45 +75) + (–8) = 120 +(–8) = 112

(d) (–375) + 37 + (–846) = [(–375) + (–846)] + 37 = (–1221)+ 37 = –1184

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Example 8: A shopkeeper earns a profit of ₹3 by selling one hairclip
and incurs a loss of ₹2 by selling one rubber band. Find his net profit
or loss if he sells 5 hairclips and 8 rubber bands.

Solution: Profit earned on 1 hair clip = ₹3

Profit earned on 5 hair clips = 5 × 3 = ₹15

Loss incurred on 1 rubber band = ₹2

Loss incurred on 8 rubber bands = 2 × 8 = ₹16

Net Profit = +₹15 + (–₹16) = -₹1

Thus, there is a loss of ₹1.

Example 9: Subtract:

(a) 360 from 1478

(b) –24 from –37
(c) 72 from –56
(d) –8415 from 2572
(e) –2862 from –9025
(f)250 from –8250

Solution:

(a) 1478 – 360 = 1118

(b) -37 – (–24) = –37 + 24 = –13
(c) -56 – 72 = –128
(d) 2572 – (–8415) = 2572 + 8415 = 10987
(e) -9025 – (–2862) = –9025 + 2862 = –6163
(f) -8250 – 250 = –8500

Example 10: Simplify the following:

(a)-879 + (–1235) – (–42) (b)-790 – (–98) – (–306)

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(c)-8142 – (–341) – (–231) |–760 | – |–345 |

Solution:

(a) –879 + (–1235) – (–42)

= –879 + (–1235) + 42

= –879 – 1235 + 42

= –2114 + 42

= –2072

(b) –790 – (–98) – (–306)

= –790 + 98 + 306

= –790 + 404

= –386

(c) –8142 – (–341) – (–231)

= –8142 + 341 +231

= –8142 + 572 = –7570

(d) | –760 | – |–345 |

= 760 – 345 = 415

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Multiple Choice Type (Each carries one mark)

1. If n is a negative integer, which of these is the largest number?

(a) 10 + n (b) 10 – n

(c) 5 + n (d) 5 – n

2. Which number cannot be part of this sequence: –32, –36, –40, –

44.?
(a) –400 (b) –442
(c) –480 (d) –492
3. When you add two negative integers, you always get:
(a) A negative integer (b) A positive integer
(c) 0 (d) 1
4. The smallest negative integer is:
(a)1 (b) –1 (c)0 (d) None of these
5. Which of these is in the ascending order?
(a) 111, –1, 11, –11, –111 (b) –111, –11, –1, 11, 111
(c) 111, –1, 11, –111, –11 (d) 111, 11, 1, –1, 11, –111
6. What is the value of (–3 + 2) + (–4 + 3 + 1)?
(a) 1 (b) 2
(c) 0 (d) –1
7. What is the value of (–203) subtracted from 1?
(a) 202 (b) 204

(c) –204 (d) –202

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8. What is the value of (+ 54) subtracted from (–27)?
(a) –81 (b) –27
(c) +27 (d) –54
9. What is the value of (–30 ) – (–30) – (30)?

(a) –60 (b) 60

(c) 30 (d) –30

Short Answer Type (Each carries two marks)

10. Say whether the following statements are true or false. Correct the
false statements.

(i) The sum of a number and its additive inverse is 0.

(ii) Every negative integer is larger than every whole number.

(iii) Zero is a positive integer.

(iv) The farther away a number is to the left of zero, the greater it
becomes.

(v) If x is an integer then (x – 1) is called the successor of x.

11. Write two consecutive integers greater than and three consecutive
integers less than –8.
12. Find:

(i) 8 more than –7 (ii) –6 more than 3

(iii) 5 less than –4 (iv) 9 more than –9
13. Arrange in descending order.

(i) –2, –6, 0, 8 (ii) 9, –14, –8, 3 (iii) –3, –12, –1, –14
14. Write all integers between:
(i)–9 and 5 (ii) 0 and –4
(iii) –12 and –13 (iv) –8 and –6

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15. Write the absolute value of:
(i)–10 (ii) 9 (iii) 0 (iv)–44
16. Insert the symbols =, > or < in the following.
(i) 36 – (42)  90 – (+96) (ii) 78 – 65  123 – 23
(iii) –65 + (–45)  (–120) + 35 (iv) 99 – (–77)  67 + 45
(v)392 – (–32)  (–32) – (392)
17. Simplify each of the following.

(i) –15 + (–12) – (–2) (ii) (–32) – (84) + 76

(iii) 56 – (–67) + (78) (iv)(–34) – (90) – (129)

18. What is the sum of the smallest 2-digit negative integer that is
divisible by 6 and the largest 2-digit positive integer that is
divisible by 4?
19. Subtract the integer which is 509 greater than 1001 from the
integer which is five less than –45.
20. Add two integers between 2 and –5, which are inverses of each
other.

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Math Lab Activity

To add and subtract positive and negative integers Make 20 black

cards to represent positive integers and 20 blue cards to represent
negative integers.

(i) Add 2 and 4

• Take two black cards and four black cards. Count them. There are 6
cards in all. ∴ 2 + 4 = 6

(ii) Subtract 4 from 6

6 – 4 is the same as 6 + (–4).

♦ Take 6 black cards and 4 blue cards.
♦ Each negative integer (blue card) cancels out one positive integer
(black card). 4 blue cards cancel 4 black cards.
♦ ∴ Remove 4 pairs of black and blue cards. Now 2 black cards are
left. ∴ 6 – 4 = 2

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(iii) Subtract 6 from 4. 4 – 6 is the same as 4 + (–6).

• Take 4 black cards and 6 blue cards.

• Each negative integer (blue card) cancels out one positive integer
(black card). 4 blue cards cancel 4 black cards.
∴ Remove 4 pairs of black and blue cards. Now 2 blue cards are left.

∴4–6=–2

Extension Exercises

1. Find the pattern from the set of numbers given below.

1 =1 =1×1
1+3 =4 =2×2
1+3+5 =9 =3×3
1+3+5+ =4×4
= 16
7
(i) What will be the sum of the first eight odd numbers?
(ii) What will be the sum of the first ten odd numbers?

2. Here is a subtraction activity sheet. Find three integers in a row,

column or a diagonal, such that the number is the difference
between the first and second. One example has been done for you
[(–9) – (–3) = –6]. Try and find at least 9 more.

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CHAPTER 6
INTEGERS

–9 0 60 –64 1 18 8 22
8 –3 20 –42 –10 9 1 99
5 0 –6 –22 –16 2 6 –100
6 –1 7 14 8 20 4 199
–3 2 21 7 13 –6 100 10
–2 180 6 –2 10 –44 –1 –43
0 90 10 8 –23 –11 2 –7
42 2 –4 9 26 –4 –3 4

3. Choose any three digits from 0 – 9. Arrange them to get the largest
possible number. Rearrange them to get the smallest possible
number. Subtract the smaller number from the larger number. Write
the answer.

Repeat the process with the digits of the answer you have just got.
What is your answer this time? Explain why is it so? [Hint: Try such an
exercise with a two-digit number.]

4. Draw a path starting from the START position. Keep adding the
integers until you reach the integer at the FINISH position. Choose
only those integers that lead you to give you the correct 'Finish'
answer. [More than one path can lead to the correct answer]

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Higher Order Thinking Type

Subtract the negative of the greatest 2-digit number from the greatest
1-digit positive number.
Real-life Applications

5. A plan for a shopping mall shows that the elevation of the

basement floor is –3 m. If the elevation of the roof for each floor is
4 m, what is the total distance from the roof of the 1st floor to the
basement?
6. If frozen meat kept at –18 °C is taken out to room temperature of
35 °C, what is the change in temperature it is subjected to?
Life skills and values

7. Pia wrote a cheque for ₹4500 to pay the hospital bill. Her account
showed a balance of –₹435.
The bank, in turn, charged a fee of ₹285 for being overdrawn. What
was the status of Pia's account now?

Project Work

Make a PowerPoint presentation on Indian mathematicians of

ancient times and their contributions. Include their pictures.

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CHAPTER 6
INTEGERS

Milestone

Brahmagupta was born in 598 CE in Gujarat, in a small village

which is now called Bhinmal. He was the court astronomer of
King Vyaghramukha of the Chapa dynasty. Apart from
performing his official duties, Brahamagupta also wrote essays
on topics in algebra and geometry.
Brahmagupta introduced the concept of negative numbers. He
also gave rules regarding operations involving negative
numbers and zero.
The discovery of zero or Shunya is India’s greatest contribution
to mathematics. Had there been no zero, the decimal system
would not have come into being.
Mathematician Bhaskara conferred on Brahmagupta the title of
Ganakachakrachudamani, meaning ‘the gem of the circle of
mathematicians.’

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Solutions

Checkpoint 1

State whether the following are true or false.

1) All-natural numbers are integers. True
2) All integers are whole numbers. False
3) –5 is smaller than –11. False
4) All the integers to the right of 0 are smaller than 0. False
Checkpoint 2
1) Is it possible to say which is the largest number in the set of
integers? Sol:- No
2) Does every positive integer have a corresponding negative
integer? Sol:- Yes
3) What is the corresponding negative integer for 1001? also find the
sum of these two integers?
Sol:- -1001, 0
4) (i) If going north is considered positive, what will negative mean?
Ans:- Going South
(ii) If gaining weight is considered positive, what is the negative?
Ans:- Losing weight
(iii) If a profit of ₹50 is written as + ₹50, how will you write a loss of
₹50? Ans:- - ₹50
(iv) How will you write 8°C below zero?
Ans:- -8°C
(v) How will you write 100 m below sea level? Ans:- -100 m

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Checkpoint 3
1) Which of these statements are true?
(i) –3 > –2 False (ii) 7 > –7 True (iii) 0 > –1 True
(iv) –8 = 8 False (v) 9 < –9 False (vi) –5 < –3 True
Check point 4
1) Fill in the boxes with symbols > or <.
(i) 4 > –2
(ii) –1 < 5 (iii) –1 < 0 (iv) –2 < 5 (v) 0 < 5
(vi) 0 > –7 (vii) 3 > –3 (viii) –6 > –8
2) Arrange the following in ascending order.
(i) 6, –8, –7, 8, –3, 0
Ans:- -8<-7<-3<0<6<8
(ii) –1, –8, –12, 7, 5, –3
Ans:- -12 < -8 < -3 < -1 < 5 < 7 (iii) 0, –2, 9, 3, –4, 8
Ans:- -4 < -2 < 0 < 3 < 8 < 9
(iv) 2, –2, 3, –3, 4, –4
Ans:- -4 < -3 < -2 < 2 < 3 < 4
(v) –1, –2, –3, –4, 0, 1
Ans:- -4 < -3 < -2 < -1 < 0 < 1 (vi) 9, 7, 5, –5, –3, 0
Ans:- -5 < -3 < 0 < 5 < 7 < 9
3) Using the number line, find the integer.
(i) 5 more than 7 Ans:- 7 + 5 = 12
(ii) 6 more than –12 Ans:- -12 + 6 = -6 (iii) 4 less than –15 Ans:- -15 - 4 = -19
(iv) 8 less than 4 Ans:- 4 - 8 = -4
(v) 10 less than –10
Ans:- -10 - 10 = -20 (vi) 8 less than 0 Ans:- 0 - 8 = -8
(vii) 6 more than –6 Ans:- -6 + 6 = 0

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 CHAPTER 6
INTEGERS
(viii) 3 less than –5 Ans:- -5 - 3 = -8
4) Write all integers between:
(i) 0 and 5
Ans:- 1,2,3,4
(ii) –5 and 0 Ans:- -4.-3.-2.-1 (iii) –3 and 3 Ans:- -2.-1.0.1.2
(iv) –8 and –3 Ans:- -7.-6.-5.-4 (v) –1 and 1 Ans:- 0
(vi) –2 and 4 Ans:- -1,0,1,2,3
5) Write the absolute value of the following.
(i) 10 = 10 (ii) –10 = 10 (iii) –27 = 27
(iv) 143 = 143 (v) –200 = 200 (vi) 0 = 0
(vii) –1 = 1 (viii) 1 =1
Checkpoint 5
1) State, whether true or false.
(i)The sum of a positive and a negative integer is always negative.
False (ii) The sum of two negative integers is always negative. True
(iii) The sum of two integers need not always be an integer. False
(iv) One is the identity element for the addition of integers. False
Check point 6
1) Add, using the number line.
(i) 8 + (–4) = 4
(ii) (–6) + (–2) = -8
(iii) (–6) + 3 = -3
(iv) (–3) + (–2) = -5
(v) 4 + (–2) = 2
(vi) 1 + (–1) =0
(vii) (–3) + 2 + (–5) = -6 (viii) (–4) + 6 + (–3) = -1

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CHAPTER 6
INTEGERS

2) Use the associative law to add these integers.

(i) 200 + (–33) + (–67)
Sol:- 200 + (-33-67) = 200 - 100 = 100
(ii) 1022 + (–663) + (–922) + 333
Sol:- -230
(iii) 1 + (–325) + (–325) + 650 + 1000 Sol:- 1001
(iv) 0 + (–1) + (1) + 932 + (–332)
Sol:- 600
(v) 230 + (–89) + 170 + (–11) + 0
Sol:- 300
(vi) 911 + 89 + (–56) + (–44)
Sol:- 900
(vii) (–632) + (–568) + (–90)
Sol:- -1290
(viii) (–2) + (–35) + 90 + 985
Sol:- 1038
(ix) 879 + (–897) + (–978)
Sol:- -996
(x) (–345) + (908) + (–76)
Sol:- 487
3) What is the sum of:
(i) the largest 4-digit positive integer and the smallest 3-digit negative
integer?
Sol:- 9999 + (-999) = 9000
(ii) the largest 5-digit even positive integer and the smallest 5-digit
odd negative integer? Sol:- 99998 + (-99999) = -1

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 CHAPTER 6
INTEGERS

Check point 7
1) (i) (=) (ii) (=) (iii) (>) (iv) (<) (v) (=)
2) Subtract:
(i) 32 from –260 = -260 - (32) = -292 (ii) –30 from 56 = 56 - (-30) = 86
(iii) –68 from –52 = -52 - (-68) = 16 (iv) 38 from 72 = 72 - (38) = 34
(v) 72 from 38 = 38 - (72) = -34
(vi) –84 from 0 = 0 - (-84) = 84
(vii) 0 from –84 = -84 - 0 = -84
(viii) 84 from 0 = 0 - (84) =-84
(ix) 363 from –363 = -363 - (363) = -726 (x) –363 from 363 = 363 - (-363) =
726
3) Simplify:
(i)–16+(–13)–(–1) =-28
(ii) –62 + 32 – 60 = -90
(iii) 85 – (–15) + 65 = 165
(iv) 64 + [(–20) – (–30)] – (–6) = 80 (v) 23 + (–76) – 43 = -96
(vi) 76 – (–54)+(–33) – 21 = 76 (vii) –230 + (–420) – 140 = -790 (viii) –120 +
89 – 90 = -121
(ix) 256 – 78 + 620 = 798
(x) 150 – (–90) – 650 = -410
(xi) 2 + (–4) + 6 + (–8) + 10 + (–12) + 14 + (–16) = -8
(xii) 1 + (–3) – 5 – (–7) + 9 + (–11) – 13 –(–15) + 17 – (–19) = 36
4) Answer the following questions.

(i) Write the additive inverse of 242.

Sol:- -242

(ii) Does 0 have an additive inverse? Why?

40
CHAPTER 6
INTEGERS
Sol:- No, because O has no sign.

(iii) The sum of two integers is –7. If one of them is –10, what is the other?

Sol:- -7 - (-10) = 3

(iv) Subtract –3 from 6, and 6 from –3. Are the results the same?

Why?
Sol:-No, 6-(-3)=9&-3-(-6)=3
(v) What sign will the negative of a negative number have?
Sol:- Positive
(vi) What sign will the negative of a positive number have?
Sol:- Negative
(5) If * is an operation between a and b such that a * b means a + (–b),
then simplify the following.
(i) 14 * (–7)
Sol:- 14 + (- (-7)) = 14+7= 21 (ii) –6 * (3)
Sol:- -6 + (-3) = -9
(iii) 8 * (–4)
Sol:- 8 + (-(-4)) = 12
(iv) 22 * 3
Sol:- 22 + (-3) = 19

Novice level
MCQs
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8
B A B B D B A D

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 CHAPTER 6
INTEGERS

Short answer type questions

11) Say whether the following statements are true or false. Correct the
false statements. (i) The sum of a number and its additive inverse is 0.
Sol:- True
(ii) Every negative integer is larger than every whole number.
Sol:- False, Every negative integer is smaller than every whole number
as every negative integer lies left to zero.
(iii) Zero is a positive integer.
Sol:- An integer is positive if it is greater than zero and negative if it is
less than zero. Zero is defined as neither negative nor positive.
(iv) The farther away a number is to the left of zero, the greater it
becomes.
Sol:- False, The farther away a number is to the left of zero, the smaller
it becomes.
(v) If x is an integer then (x – 1) is called the successor of x.
Sol:- False, If x is an integer then (x – 1) is called the predecessor of x.
12) Write two consecutive integers greater than and three
consecutive integers less than –8.
Sol:- The two consecutive integers greater than -8 are -8+1 = -7, -
8+1+1=-6 and three consecutive integers less than –8 are -8-1 = -9, -9-1
= -10 & -10-1 = -11
13) Find:
(i) 8 more than –7 = -7+8 = 1
(ii) –6 more than 3 = 3 + ( -6) = -3
(iii) 5 less than –4 = -4 - 5 = -9
(iv) 9 more than –9 = -9 + 9 = 0

42
CHAPTER 6
INTEGERS

14) Arrange in descending order.

(i) –2, –6, 0, 8 = 8,0,-2,-6
(ii) 9, –14, –8, 3 = 9,3,-8,-14
(iii) –3, –12, –1, –14 = -1,-3,-12,-14
15) Write all integers between:
(i) –9 and 5 = -8,-7,-6,-5,-4,-3,-2,-1,0,1,2,3,4 (ii) 0 and –4 = -3,-2,-1
(iii) –12 and –13 = No integer is present
(iv) –8 and –6 = -7
16) Write the absolute value of: (i) –10 = 10
(ii) 9 = 9 (iii) 0 = 0
(iv) –44 = 44
17) Insert the symbols =, > or < in the following.
(i)36–(42)= 90–(+96)
(ii) 78 – 65 < 123 – 23
(iii) –65 + (–45) < (–120) + 35 (iv) 99 – (–77) > 67 + 45
(v) 392 – (–32) > (–32) – (392)
18) Simplify each of the following.
(i) –15 + (–12) – (–2) Sol:- -15 + (-12) + 2 -15 - 12 + 2 -27 + 2 -25
(ii) (–32) – (84) + 76 Sol:- -32 -84 +76 -116 + 76 -40
(iii) 56 – (–67) + (78) Sol:- 56 + 67 +78 = 201
(iv) (–34) – (90) – (129) Sol:- -34 - 90 -129 = -253
19) Subtract the integer which is 509 greater than 1001 from the integer
which is five less than –45.
Sol:- { (-45) - 5 } - { 1001+509} = -1560
20) Add two integers between 2 and –5, which are inverses of each
other.

43
 CHAPTER 6
INTEGERS
Sol:- Addition of inverse of any number with itself is zero. Hence the
addition will be 0.

44