Chinese Medicine in Early Communist China, 1945 1963 A
Medicine of Revolution, 1st Edition
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Needham Research Institute Series
Series Editor: Christopher Cullen
Joseph Needham’s ‘Science and Civilisation’ series began
publication in the 1950s. At first, it was seen as a piece of brilliant but
isolated pioneering. However, at the beginning of the twenty-first
century, it is clear that Needham’s work has succeeded in creating a
vibrant new intellectual field in the West. The books in this series
cover topics relating broadly to the practice of science, technology
and medicine in East Asia, including China, Japan, Korea and
Vietnam. The emphasis is on traditional forms of knowledge and
practice, but without excluding modern studies which connect the
topics with their historical and cultural context.
Celestial Lancets
A history and rationale of acupuncture and moxa
Lu Gwei-Djen and Joseph Needham With a new introduction by
Vivienne Lo
A Chinese Physician
Wang Ji and the Stone Mountain Medical Case histories
Joanna Grant
Chinese Mathematical Astrology
Reaching out to the stars
Ho Peng Yoke
Medieval Chinese Medicine
The Dunhuang medical manuscripts
Vivienne Lo and Christopher Cullen
Chinese Medicine in Early Communist China, 1945–63
A medicine of revolution
Kim Taylor
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Chinese Medicine in Early Communist China,
1945–63
A medicine of revolution
Kim Taylor
LONDON AND NEW YORK
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First published 2005 by RoutledgeCurzon
2 Park Square, Milton Park, Abingdon, Oxon OX14 4RN
Simultaneously published in the USA and Canada
by RoutledgeCurzon
270 Madison Avenue, New York, NY 10016
RoutledgeCurzon is an imprint of the Taylor & Francis Group
This edition published in the Taylor & Francis e-Library, 2005.
To purchase your own copy of this or any of Taylor & Francis or
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© 2005 Kim Taylor
All rights reserved. No part of this book may be reprinted or
reproduced or utilised in any form or by any electronic,
mechanical, or other means, now known or hereafter
invented, including photocopying and recording, or in any
information storage or retrieval system, without permission in
writing from the publishers.
British Library Cataloguing in Publication Data
A catalogue record for this book is available
from the British Library
Library of Congress Cataloging in Publication Data
A catalog record for this book has been requested
ISBN 0-203-31127-2 Master e-book ISBN
ISBN 0-415-34512-X (Print Edition)
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Contents
List of figures and tables viii
Acknowledgements x
Introduction 1
1 A new, scientific and unified medicine: civil war in China and the 14
new acupuncture, 1945–9
Zhu Lian’s ‘new acupuncture’ 17
The military metaphor in Zhu Lian’s description of the body 19
A new, scientific and unified medicine 24
Science in the ‘new acupuncture’ 26
2 Pathway for the new medicine: the unification of Chinese and 30
Western medicines, 1949–53
Chinese medicine studies Western medicine 30
Towards a synthesis of medicines 36
The attack on the Ministry of Health 41
The ‘new acupuncture’ continued 44
Beijing School for the Further Education of Chinese Medical 46
Practitioners
Mathematics in medicine 49
Western science, Japanese science and Soviet science 53
Variation in innovation 56
3 Modernizing the old: the creation of a ‘Traditional’ Chinese 63
Medicine, 1953–6
Western medicine studies Chinese medicine 64
Rehabilitating China’s past 65
Initiatives in the south 68
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Mao takes charge 70
Doctors of Western medicine study Chinese medicine 72
Implications of the involvement of the Western medical 74
profession
Raising the profile of Chinese medicine 75
Chinese herbal medicine 77
The Formation of a ‘Traditional Chinese Medicine’ 79
Histories of medicine as a relection of the ideal 80
A Traditional Chinese Medicine 84
The setting up of a Research Academy of TCM 87
The First Class 90
The self-criticisms 95
A change of direction 99
Apprenticeships 101
The ‘birth’ of the Academies of TCM 103
4 Establishing a national treasure trove of TCM: the 109
standardization of Chinese medicine, 1957–63
Let a hundred lowers bloom! 111
Political turmoil: Anti-rightist Campaign and Great Leap 114
Forward
Public health initiatives 116
Graduation of the First Class 118
A national treasure-house 120
The secondary role of the Academies of TCM 123
The standardization of knowledge 127
Input from the Chinese medical practitioners 131
The second set of national TCM textbooks 132
List of 1964 publications 133
The integration of Chinese and Western medicines 135
The portrayal to the West of scientific merits 137
A basic theory of TCM 144
A sample of the medicine 147
Conclusion 151
Appendix Names of first Chinese medical practitioners brought to 154
I: Beijing from around China to staff the newly set up
Research Academy of TCM in 1955
Appendix National TCM course curricula for years 1981 and 1997 161
II:
Page vii
Notes 164
Bibliography A: Western-language sources 206
Bibliography B: Chinese-language sources 214
Bibliography C: Articles from CCP government organs on Chinese 220
medical policy
Bibliography D: List of interviewees 228
Index 230
Page viii
Figures and tables
Figures
1.1 Head and neck section as shown in The New Acupuncture 23
(1954)
2.1 The 1951 syllabus of the Beijing School for Further 48
Education of Chinese Medical Practitioners
2.2 Ma Jixing’s representation of the body in An Introduction to 51
Acupuncture, Moxibustion and Bone-setting (1952)
2.3 Head and neck section as shown in Jiao Guorui, Teaching 59
Materials for Acupuncture Therapeutics (1953)
2.4 Head and neck section as shown in Cha Shaonong, New 60
Acupuncture Therapeutics (1954)
3.1 Front page of a Chinese Medical Journal 73 (5 September– 85
October 1955) article, displaying the first official use of the
term ‘Traditional Chinese Medicine’
3.2 People’s Daily pictures (20 December 1955): 3, displaying 89
the modern facilities of the newly opened Research
Academy of TCM, Beijing
3.3 Syllabus of the 1955 class of ‘Doctors of Western Medicine 92
study Chinese Medicine’
4.1 Headlines in Health Bulletin (22 November 1958) 122
screaming, ‘China’s Medicine and Pharmacology is a Great
Treasure-house – Organizing “Doctors of Western medicine
study Chinese medicine” is an Important Task’
4.2 1962 syllabus for the Academies of TCM 134
4.3 Cover page of China Reconstructs 21(11 1972) showing a 139
fully conscious man undergoing open-chest surgery
4.4 Chart showing the distribution of TCM textbooks over the 143
various different national editions
Appendix 162
National TCM course curriculum for 1981
II.1
Appendix 163
National TCM course curriculum for 1997
II.2
Page ix
Tables
4.1 Academies of TCM set up between 1958–60 125
4.2 First edition of national TCM textbooks 130
4.3 Second edition of national TCM textbooks 135
Page x
Acknowledgements
This work, in its original form, was my Ph.D. dissertation for the
Department of History, University of Cambridge. It has subsequently
been reworked into book form under the aegis of a Wellcome Trust
Fellowship in the History of Medicine. In all, it has been a journey of
some ten years and I have incurred many debts along the way.
This book is dedicated first and foremost to my parents Brian and
Wan Yen Taylor, without whose whole-hearted and unwavering
backing the project of embarking on a Ph.D. could never have been
considered, never mind completed. I owe them far more than this
published volume can ever adequately acknowledge, and the fact
that the Ph.D. has borne fruit is a tribute to their staunch dedication
and love.
This is my chance, as well, to extend my sincerest gratitude to my
supervisor, Dr Andrew Cunningham. It was he who opened the door
of historical academia to me, and acted as supervisor for both my
M.Phil. and Ph.D. degrees. His insights into the ways and means of
the formation of ideas of the past are woven into the very fabric of
this history. This book is, in all too humble form, a testimony to his
unfailing support and faith in me.
I owe, in addition, a great debt to the Needham Research Institute,
Cambridge. It was on browsing through the shelves of its substantial
collection on Chinese medicine that I happened across the literature
which triggered the trajectory of my Ph.D. thesis. The writing of the
manuscript itself was completed within its hallowed walls in the
luxury of my generous workspace in the ‘attic’, and the subsequent
revising of the book was undertaken in my glorious garden-facing
office as Wellcome Trust Fellow of the NRI. I have benefited
immeasurably from the facilities available at the Institute. Special
thanks are due to Christopher Cullen who has so generously allowed
me to participate in NRI academic life and for his indefatigable
support throughout, and also to John Moffett for his expertise in
directing me to new, relevant materials and for his steady
encouragement and ready wit. It has been a great pleasure of mine
to mix with other members of the Institute, most notably the Director
Emeritus Ho Pengyoke, Scholar in Residence Geoffrey Lloyd, and
also the Li Foundation Fellows past and present, Mei Jianjun, Guo
Shirong, Jing Bing, Zhou Zhongfu, Bu Fengxian,
