GEED 20133 – LIVING IN THE IT ERA

CHAPTER 5

INTRODUCTION TO PHOTO IMAGING AND EDITING

Photo imaging and editing is the processes of altering images, whether they are digital
photographs, traditional photo-chemical photographs, or illustrations. Traditional analog image
editing is known as photo retouching, using tools such as an airbrush to modify photographs or
editing illustrations with any traditional art medium. Graphic software programs are the primary
tools with which a user may manipulate, enhance, and transform images.

Adobe Photoshop is a popular image editing software developed and published by Adobe
Systems. It was developed in 1987 by American brothers Thomas and John Knoll, who sold the
distribution license to Adobe Systems Incorporated in 1988.

STARTING ADOBE PHOTOSHOP

1. Click Start > Programs > Adobe > Photoshop CS5, or click on the shortcut on the desktop.

The Photoshop Workspace

2. To create a new document, click File > New. This will open the Document Setup dialog
box.

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Document Setup dialog box

Here you will be able to name your file, set up the correct page size, and orientation for your
document. Options include, but are not limited to:

➢ Page Size and Orientation

Change the page size by typing in new values for width and height. Page size represents
the final size you want after bleeds or trimming other marks outside the page. In the Preset
dropdown menu you can find such common sizes as letter, legal, tabloid, etc. Typing in
exact values for Height and Width gives you more control over the size and orientation of
your page.

➢ Resolution
Resolution is the number of pixels on a printed area of an image. The higher the resolution,
the more pixels there are on the page, the better the quality of the image. However, high
resolution increases the size of the file. The standard recommended resolution for printed
images is I50-300, for Web images it is 72.

➢ Color Mode
Choose a color mode that will best fit your project. For example, when making a graphic
for a web site choose RGB. When making an image for print choose CMYK.

➢ Background Contents
Choose the background: white, color or transparent. When you have entered all of your
document settings click Ok.

➢ Opening an image from a disk

If the image you have is saved on a disk, select File > Open, and then navigate to the disk
drive where your image is saved. Choose the image file and click Open. At this point, you
may want to save your image under a different name so that you can always have the
original to fall back on in case of a mistake. To save your file, select File > Save As and
type in the new name of the file in the dialogue box.

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INTERFACE LAYOUT

This is the layout of Adobe Photoshop interface

➢ Menu Bar
If you look at the top of the screen you will see the Menu bar which contains all the main
functions of Photoshop, such as File, Edit, Image, Layer, Select, Filter, Analysis, 3D, View,
Window, and Help.

➢ Toolbar
Most of the major tools are located in the Toolbar for easy access.

➢ The Image
The image will appear in its own window once you open a file.

➢ Image Name
The name of any image that you open will be at the top of the image window as shown
above.

PALETTES

Palettes contain functions that help you monitor and modify images. By default, palettes are
stacked together in groups. These are the palettes that are usually visible: Color, Adjustments
and Layers. If none of the palettes are visible, go to Window in the Menu bar and choose the
palettes you need. Below is the description of the most commonly used palettes:

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Color palette

The Color palette displays the current foreground and background colors and RGB values for
these colors. You can use the sliders to change the foreground and background colors in different
color modes. You can also choose a color from the spectrum of colors displayed in the color ramp
at the bottom of the palette.

Swatches palette

In the Swatches palette you can choose a foreground or background color and add a customized
color to the library.

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Styles palette

The Styles palette allows you to view, select, and apply preset layer styles. By default, a preset
style replaces the current layer style. You can use the styles in the palette or add your own using
the Create New Style icon.

➢ History
The History palette stores and displays each action performed allowing you jump to any
recent stage of the image alteration. The alterations should be created during the current
working session; after saving or closing the document the History palette clears all the
contents. Each time you apply a change to an image, the new state of that image is added
to the palette. It is important to know that once you click on any of the previous stages, all
the changes that were made after it will be lost.

History palette

➢ Adjustments
The Adjustment layers palette give you the ability to apply an effect to a group of layers in
Photoshop, and then you can edit that effect later, while preserving the original layers.

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Adjustments palette

RESIZING

Resizing in Photoshop can help you print your images in standard photo sizes, resize and preserve
the high quality of digital photos, and enlarge small images to a poster size.

➢ Resizing to a specific size

To resize your image to a preset size, follow the steps below:
1. In the main menu, go to File > New.
2. In the New dialog box, click on the Preset dropdown menu. You will see several
preset sizes, such as 2x3, 4x6 and 5x7 with the preset resolution of 300 ppi.
3. Choose the size that you wish and click OK.

Preset size in the New dialog box

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Note: All the preset sizes are in portrait orientation. If you wish to resize an image with the
landscape orientation, you need to create your own preset. To create your own size, do the
following:
1. Type in the values for Width and Height, for example 7x5.
2. Type in your desired resolution (150 ppi for high quality prints, and 72 ppi is good for web
images).
3. Click the Save Preset button

➢ Resizing digital photos

Digital photos usually have large dimensions but low resolution, 72 ppi, which effects their
quality when their size is decreased or increased. When printed, the photos with the
changed size will look pixilated. To resize the digital photos without losing the quality,
follow these steps:
1. Open the digital photo you wish to resize.
2. In the main menu, go to View > Rulers. You will see the dimension of your photo.
3. In the main menu, go to Image > Image Size.
4. In the Image Size dialog box, check the Resample Image box off. Type in your
desired resolution (anything between 150 and 300 ppi). The photo is now 3.208 x
3.083 inches.

Dimensions of a digital photo

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Changing resolution

➢ Enlarging
If you want to make your digital photo into a poster size image, you can do it in the Image
Size dialog box. However, just increasing the dimensions will make the image appear
blurry and pixilated. To enlarge the image without losing the quality, follow these steps:
1. Open the digital image you wish to enlarge.
2. In the main menu, go to Image > Image Size.
3. In the Image Size dialog box, make sure the Resample Image box is checked off
and choose Bicubic Smoother from the dropdown box.
4. Change the Document Size measurements to Percent. Type in 110; this will
increase the size of the image by 10 percent.
5. Continue enlarging by I0 percent until you are satisfied with the size.

Increasing the size by 10 percent

CORRECTING

Digital cameras tend to cause various problems, such as “red eye” or “hot spots”, if you use flash,
or underexposure, if you don’t. In Photoshop, you can correct these problems, as well as adjust the
overall color of your digital photo.

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➢ Red Eye Removal

The digital camera flash is located right above the lens, which causes the “red-eye”;
however, you can fix your photos easily in Photoshop. To remove the “red eye”, follow the
steps below:
1. Open a photo you wish to correct.
2. Select the Zoom Tool from the Toolbox. Click and drag a rectangle around the eye.

Red eye zoomed in

3. Make sure your default Foreground and Background colors are black and white.

4. Click and hold on the little black triangle of the Healing Brush Tool button and select
the Red Eye Tool.

Red Eye Tool

5. Click on the red part of the eye and paint, holding down the mouse button. You will
see how the red will disappear.

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Red eye corrected

➢ Hot Spot Removal

Using a flash can also cause another problem -shiny areas on people’s faces or the flash
reflection in the shiny surfaces. To correct this problem, follow the steps below:
1. Open the photo you wish to correct.
2. Select the Clone Stamp Tool from the Toolbox.
3. In the Options bar, change the Blend Mode from Normal to Darken.

Setting the options for the Clone Stamp Tool

4. Set the Opacity to 50 percent.

5. Choose a soft-edged brush, set the diameter to 40 or 50.
6. Hold down the Shift key and click in the clean area (without “hot spots”) to get a
sample of color.

Clone Stamp selection

7. Paint over the “hot spot”, the light area will gradually darken.

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Corrected image
➢ Adding Flash
Taking pictures indoors without a flash will turn out underexposed and dark in Photoshop.
To fix underexposed photos, follow these steps:
1. Open a digital photo you wish to correct.

Underexposed photo

2. In the main menu, go to Layers > Duplicate. In the next window, name the layer
‘Layer 1’.
3. Make sure Layer 1 is selected in the Layers palette. In the Blending Mode drop
down box, change the Blending Mode to Screen. The whole image will lighten.

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Changing the Blending Mode

4. Keep duplicating Layer 1 until you are satisfied with your image.

Corrected photo

➢ Color Adjustment
Color adjustment options in Photoshop can help you to make your digital photos look
more natural. To color correct your images, follow these steps:
1. Open the image you wish to correct.
2. In the main menu, go to Image > Adjustments > Levels. You will see a dialog box
displaying a diagram of the colors in your image. The black triangle is for
shadows, the gray is for midtones, the white is for highlights. In the Channels
dropdown menu, you can choose between RGB, Red, Green, or Blue. These
indicate whether your effect changes all the colors, or just one (red, green, or blue).

Levels dialog box

3. Make sure the Preview box is checked off. Choose the channel you wish to
change and drag the triangles. Dragging the black triangle to the right will make
the shadows in your photo darker; dragging the white triangle to the left will make
the highlights in your photo lighter; dragging the gray triangle to the left will make
the midtones in your photo lighter, dragging it to the right will make the midtones

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darker. You will be able to see the changes in your image.

Underexposed photo

Corrected photo

SAVING

Remember to save your work often. Saving frequently lessens the risk of losing the work you
have been doing. To save your Photoshop document, do the following:
1. Click File > Save.
2. Navigate to the place you would like your document to be saved by using the drop-down
menu and the navigation window.
3. Enter the name of your document in the Save As text field.
4. Choose a format to save your project in from the Format dropdown menu.
5. Click the Save button in the bottom right corner of the dialogue box.
6. Check to make sure that your document is saved in the place you intended.

Note: If you save your file as PSD (default Photoshop saving format) your layers will be
preserved, but the file size will be large. If you save your file as JPEG (a common image format)
your layers will be flattened and become one layer. The file size though will be significantly
smaller.

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Saving a document

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ASSESSMENT 5

I. Match the icon to the right. Write the letter only.

A. Blur
______1.
B. Color Sampler
______2. C. Crop
______3. D. Custom Shape
E. Dodge
______4.
F. Eyedropper
______5. G. Gradient
______6. H. Healing Brush
I. Lasso
______7.
J. Magic Wand
______8. K. Marquee
______9. L. Move
______10. M. Pen
N. Quick Selection
______11.
O. Smudge
______12.
______13.
______14.
______15.

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