Unit 1: AI Reflection, Project Cycle and

Ethlc

1 Al Reflection

Learning Objectives
After studying this chapter, students will be able to:
ldentify and appreciate Artificial Intelligence
" Know more about the various types of Artificial Intelligence
Recognize, engage and relate with Data, Computer Vision and Natural Language Processing

Before we look into what Artificial Intelligence is, perhaps a better starting point would be to
*What is intelligence?" This is a complex question with no well-defined answer that has pupzke
biologists, psychologists, and philosophers for centuries. One could certainly define intelligence by t
properties it exhibits: an ability to deal with new situations; the ability to solve problems, to ansye
questions, to devise plans, and so on.
Intelligence is the act or quality of being clever. Using intelligence, you can see patterns, solve
problens, understand a text, understand a concept, learn languages, and much more. It is our brain along
with our education from schools and books that allow you to dive deep into the design of objects ad
better understand what makes it up. Following are some definitions of intelligence:
Intelligence lets us solve problems, understand concepts and act purposefully.
" Intelligence allows us to imagine and use our experiences in life to solve problems.
" Intelligence allows us to be creative and create objects and concepts of beauty and
orig1nality
" Someone's intelligence is their ability to understand and learn things.
" Intelligence is the ability to think and understand instead of doing things by instine
automatically.
So we can define intelligence as the ability to learn and understand, to
decisions' solve problems and to
So, now we may ask the following question.
CAN MACHINES BE MADE INTELLIGENT?
These are questions that humans have tried to answer in the showa

positive,
up, with the effort of many brilliant and hard working scientists ever sinceThe
and engineers.
computers
the desire for intelliget
machines was just an elusive dream until the first computer
The earliest computers were just computing devices.
was
They developed.
mimicked the human ability to manipula
t
symbols in order to perform basic math tasks, such as addition. later
added

Logical reasoning
62
 mathematical
another value).reasoning
perform

eability
lo than through comparisons (such
ahueis
greater
However, humans still needed to as deterrnining whether one
the provide
computation,
the required data in the right format. define the algorithm used to
could
manipulate information
ould not reason about the data andlarge
computerS
data bases and then interpret the
resut.
hut
The carly effectively by following
provided. This gave rise to the question of whether
prescribed algorithms.
could Uer think. Alan Turing
defined
performance in a cognitivethetask.intelligent behaviour of a computer as the ability
unpters

human-level

The goal of artificial intelligence (Al) as a science is to make machines do thíngs that would
intelligence if done by humans,
regulre

to your mind when you hear the

What
comnes
word $Artificial Intelligence"

What do you want to learn about AI?

Artifcial Intelligence has always been a term which intrigues people all over the world. Artificial
intelligence (abbreviated: Al or A.I.) is how Google ranks pages, Amazon knows what we like, chatbots
ike Siri chat, and computers play Chess and Go. There have been at least 120 movies and web series
about artificial intelligence released nationally and internationally as of today. Terminator, Her, Black
Miror, and Enthiran are just a few names that are super popular. The media industry is going gaga
over Al.You can hardly avoid encountering mentions of Al today. You see AI in the movies, in books.
nthe news, and online. Al is part of robots, self-driving cars, drones, medical systems, online shopping
stes, and all sorts of other technologies that affect your daily life in so many ways. Much of the hype
abou Al originates from the excessive and unrealistic expectations of scientists, entrepreneurs, and
businesspersons.
Atihcial Intelligence (AI) has had several false starts and stops over the years, partly because peopie
Uont really understand what AlI is all about, or even what it should accomplish. A major part of the
poblem is that movies, television shows, and books have all conspired to give false hopes as to what
AWillacomplish. In addition, the human tendency to give human characteristics to technology makes
Sem as if AI must do more than it can hope to accomplish. So, the best way to start this book is
to define what AI actually is, what it isn't, and how it connects to computers today.
NOW THE QUESTION IS "WHAT IS ARTIFICIAL INTELLIGENCE"
h S can store data but they do not have their own intell1gence to use it. To use that data, they
need instructions Irom humans, Computers cannot decide and handle a situation on their own. Brain is
far Superior to a Computer. So now, computers are trained to learn and exhibit intelligence, which is
called Artifcial intelligence.
63
 Artiticial intelligence is the study of systems that act in a way that to any observer would
intelligent. Artificial Intelligence involves using mcthods based on the intelligent behaviorappcar
of to
and other animals to solve complex problems. humany
More than nearly any other science, AL is interdisciplinary, for it draws upon interesting
from such diverse fields as logic, operations research, statistics, control engineering,
image discoveri
Iinguistics, philosophy, psychology, and neurobiology and computer science. processity
When a machine possesses the ability to mimic human traits, i.c., make decisions, predict
learn and improve on its own, it is said to have artificial intelligence. In other words, you the futuxe
a machine is artificially intelligent when it can accomplish tasks by itself - collect data, can Say th:
analyse it, learn from it, and improve it. understand
AI is the ability of digital computers or computer
How to make machine intelgent?
controlled robots to solve problems that are normally
associated with the higher intellectual processing Data Algorithm
capabilities of humans. Artificial Intelligence is the Machinet
Study of how to make computers do things at which,
at the moment, people are better.
Narrow AI: Narrow AI is designed to perform tasks that are more
AI. This implies that Narrow AI are intelligent systems specific. It is also called Weit
that are programmed to perform specifc tae.
without the need for intrinsic coding. Such machines are
deployed to perform some repeated tasks.
Examples
" Email spam filters
" Netflix's recommendations
Self-driven vehicles
Voice interface-based assistants such as
Alexa and Siri
Performing content search (Google Search)
Key features of narrow AI
1. Perform adedicated assigned task
2. Limited to a particular field of
3. Has a predefined set of functions
application
General AI : Artificial general
a vast scope of activities. It is intelligence, unlike Narrow AI, includes the capability of understars
also called Strong AI. This AI is
intelligence as is shown in many popular looked upon as a fornm of nu
Space Odyssey. It is an Al system with movies like Ex Machina, The Terminator, and Z00i
unfamiliar task, a strong AI generalized human cognitive abilities. When presented wu
of intelligence which makes system is able to find a solution, without human intervention. It 1S
for the scope of actual AI to hs
Examples be developed in future.
Chatbot that understands customer's
" A training system that needs and suggests solutions by its
functions without the help of a trainer learned intelnge
Key features of general (Car, Airplane)
AI
1. Capable of applying
2. Think and retained information to solve new
respond(Smart) like humans do problems
3. Performing variety
of tasks in changing
contexts
64
 DID YOU KNOW ?
game company has appointed the world's first
A C h i n e s e

CEO
humanoid
robot
as its
the China-based
mobile game company
Recently,

an artificial NetDragon
Websoft
appointed
intelligence-supported
the general manager named "Tang
virtual human
Yu" The
virtual CEO, Ms, Tangappointment
being
as
26 and the
Was
made on August Yu started
in the company's
position principal subsidiary, Fujian NetDragon
her
Websoft.

ADVANTAGES OF AI OVER HUMAN INTELLIGENCE

. Human intelligence is not failure proof. In fact, human
intelligence has a high error rate compared
to an AI system. In the case of Al systems, there can be only
hardware failure, which is rare.
AL can be easily fed large amountsS of information and assess the
input parameters based on the
input. Humans cannot be fed such large amounts of information.
. Al can work in hostile environments. So, Al can be relied upon to
do its work correctly even in
otherwise difficult circumstances.
.The AI systems can think logically without emotions, thus making rational decisions with less or
no mistakes.

DISADVANTAGES OF ARTIFICIAL INTELLIGENCE

"Humans can become too dependent on AI and lose their mental abilities as can already be seen
with smartphones and video games.
" Machines can be programmed to kill people, if put in the wrong hands. Al as robots can
supersede humans, enslaving us.
"Robots can cause severe unemployment, by HOW ARE HUMAN
replacing humans at their jobs. SUPERIOR?
" Can cost a lot of money and time to build,
RLATIVITY
rebuild and repair. Robotic repair can be
Used to reduce time and humans needing
to fix it. but that will cost mnore money LOGICAL RASONING
and resources.
No emotions are present in an Al system.
WHY WE STILL NEED HUMANS
While scientists and researchers are developing
new MTUTVENAN
techniques for automating daily tasks,
artificial intelligence (AI) still requires human
0versight to function well. Driverless operations COON SNSE
ate required cutting-edge technologies like
fying robots,by drones, and self-driving autos.
Enterprise AI, however, depends on people for
further operational guidance and requires outside
assistance to accomplish tasks effectively.
65
 The best use of Al involves human monitoring and enhancement. When that occurs, people
along the skill spectrum and take on more difficult tasks as AI continues to develop, learn, and advanee,
its potentially negative consequences. Humans are able to master complicated cognitive
to their thinking capacity as well as emotions like self-awareness, enthusiasm, and aspiration. activities rtehstankran
are required to create and test AI systems in order for the field to advance. AI cannot exist Engneer
people, hence humans and AI cannot be substituted. withou
Oddly enough, the limits of AI leaves a lot of places for humans to go, many of which aren't
possible today because humans are overly engaged in repetitive, boring tasks that an AI can eve
do.An AI can't create a new thought pattern. An AI can free people from mundane work, so th¡t easily
can do what people do best - INVENT. An AI application will stick with what it knows, but they
experiment. An AI application is based on logic, math and facts, but it lacks intuition. humans
THE FATHER OF ARTIFICIAL INTELLIGENCE -
John McCarthy MCCARTHY JOHN
(1927-2011)
John McCarthy (1927-2011), an American Computer Scientist
American computer and cognitive scientist, coined the term 'Artificial Intelligenee
scientist and cognitive He was one of the founders of the discipline of AI k
scientist. One of the McCarthy is one of the "founding fathers" of artifcial
founders of Al.
He coined the term
intelligence, together with Alan Turing, Marvin Minsky, Ale.
Newell, and Herbert A. Simon. McCarthy coined the tem
ARTIFICIAL INTELLIGENCE "artificial intelligence" in 195, and organized the famous
in 1955.
The creator of one of the
Dartmouth conference in Summer 1956. This conference started
AI as a field.
longest-ived computer
languages in use- LISP Is it a person ora machine? Machine

TURING TEST Person A

Alan Turing, a young British polymath who explored

the mathematical possibility of artificial intelligence
and he was a part of the team which proposed the Person B
"Imitation game". He suggested that like humans
take decisions on the basis of available
information,
similarly machines could also take decisions and solve
problems.
This introduces the Turing Test to determine if a
computer
human. This test includes three players in which one player can
is a
demonstrate the samne intelligenvo
and the third player is a human judge. The judge is human, another player is a com
isolated
responsibility is to find which player is a machine among the twofrom the other two players au
of them.
The evaluator would be aware that one of the two partners in conversation is a machine, and all
participants would be separated from one another. The conversation would be limited to a text-only
channel such as a computer keyboard and screen so the result would not depend on the machine's abiliy
to render words as speech. If the evaluator cannot reliably tell the machine from the human, the machine
is said to have passed the test. The test results do not depend on the machine's ability to give correct
answers to questions, only how closely its answers
resemble those a human would give.
66
 'Quick QUiz
Read the examples glven below
Using Chat GPT to write an email
A. Face unlock technology of mobile phones using camera
ii. Turning off lights with loT device
iv. Hand sanitizer dispenser having sensor
Choose the options that are not AI
(a) i andi (b) il and i (c) ll and iv (d) i, iil and iv

WHAT IS NOT AI?

Everthing automatic is not always AI. There is a finc line betwcen technology that uses Al or does not.
make decisions/
Simply put, the machine that is trained with the help of data/experience and also can
bictions should be called Artificially intelligent. If the machine is performing apredefined task, then
is said to be automated and not artificially intelligent.
Eanmples below are just acting upon specific set instructions and are not in any way thinking on their
OwN and making decisions
L. Automatic toy car: An automatic toy car is not Al because it is controlled by hurnans using
remote control, whereas the Al objects sense on their own and find the path like the Self-driving
cars
. Automatic washing machine: A fully automatic washing machine can work on its own, but
it requires human intervention to select the parameters of washing and to do the necessary
preparation for it to function correctly before each wash, which makes it an example of
automation, not AI.
3. Smart TV: It is a TV which allows browsing and using OTT platforms with the help of the
Internet. it requires human intervention to select the channel, show or other parameters
DOMAINS OF ARTIFICIAL INTELLIGENCE
1. Data
While Artificial Intelligence (AI) has captured the imagination with its potential to revolutionize various
aspects of our lives, it's crucial to recognise the hidden hero behind this potential: data. Data isn't
Simply a domain of AI in the traditional sense, but rather the very foundation upon which AI is built.
Frstly, data acts as the fuel that propels AI to perform its tasks. Just as a car needs petrol to run.
AI algorithms require vast amounts of data to learn and improve. These datasetsS can encompass text,
AI
mages, audio, or any other digital format relevant to the specific Al application. For instance, an
designed for image recognition would be trained on massive datasets of labeled images, allowing it to
entity objects and scenes with increasing accuracy. The more data an Al model is exposed to, the more
can refine its understanding of the world and perform its designated tasks with greater proficiency.
data used
econdly, data acts as the sculptor that shapes the capabilities of Al. The type and quality of
- the final form
Taining significantly influence the resulting Al model. Imagine sculpting a clay figure
depends entirely on the quality and nature of the clay being molded. Similarly, the type of data used to
*n an AI model determines its strengths and weaknesses. If an Al is trained on
a dataset skewed towards
aparticular outcome, it may exhibit bias in its decision-making. Therefore, ensuring the diversity, accuracy,
and relevance of training data is paramount to building robust and unbiased AI models.

67
 and
appication of Al. By analysing
thst guides
the
development
offer the
most significant
Al can
. i rs as the
comnass
an identifv areas where
that could be used to
develop
Al-powered Let's E
20 rts
rsearchers

may reveal pattems data can

help identify potential game

pEams beaithrare data social media

the ne
znahsng studying
ELIple. Similarly,
detation.
iseae O v e r

fos cariy e sed to address.

SUN hzt Al can 1.

code 2.
information
scan thìs QR
For more its cc

instructions about some

entity (students, schoo, your

of facts or
representation c o m m u n i c a t e d by
humans or machines.
Dala 3.
defned as a or
Data car be etc.) that can be
processed
clips, videos, maps, measurements
business. animals pictures, audio help of
sports, such as numbers, words, represented with the characters
of facts,
things. Data may be
is 2 collection &lt,,>, = etc.)
observations or even
just descriptions of special characters (t, -, , 4
a-z), digits (0-9) or
such as aiphabets (A-Z. qualitative and
quantitative.
categorised into two main types:
Data can be broadBy non-numerical
1. Qualitative Data: characteristics and is
type of data describes qualities or Are
Description: This
afin
" Examples: oCustomer reviews (positive, negative)
Colors (red, blue, green)
(opinions, emotions) o Survey responses (open ended) Wri
oSocial media comments
2. Quantitative Data:
Description: This type of data is numerical
and represents measurable quantities.
Examples:
Temperature (in degrees) o Height (in centimeters)
. Number of website visitors (count) o Sales figures (amount)
data can be measured:
Within quantitative data, there are further classifications based on how the
Discrete Data: Represents distinct values and cannot exist between whole numbers.
o Examples: Number of books in a library, number of cars on a road.
" Continuous Data: Represents arange of values and can exist between whole numbers.
"Examples: Height of students in a class, temperature readings over a day.
Here are some other terms you might encounter related to data types:
Structured Data: Data that is organized in a predefined format, often stored in databa
(e.g., customer information in a table).
" Unstructured Data: Data that lacks a specific structure and may require additional processing to
analyse (e.g., text documents, social media posts).
" Semi-structured Data: Data that has some internal organisation but doesn't strictly adhere to &
predefined format (e.g., emails, XML files).
The type of data you're working with will influence how you collect, analyse, and interpret it.
Understanding these different data types is crucial for
not merely a domain of AI, but rather effectively using data in various fields..
the very essence that breathes
From fueling its learming processes to shaping its capabilities and guiding its applications,
technolog"
life into this powertuldata playsat
indispensable role in the development and
deployment of AI.
68
 questions:
Now answer a few dataset?
Who owns and maintains this
1.
data does it hotd?
2. What kind of stores these data?
Government of India
3. Why the this data public?
government made Machine Learning
4. Why has the archives in Artificial Intelligence
use of such such sources of
data?
5. Do you see the and find three other
Can you do asimple web search
6. AI for your projects. Visit
available on Google Research
following data sets
You can use the
f o l l o w i n g w e b s i t e h t t p s : / r e s e a r c h . p o o p l e / t o o l s / d a t a s e t s /

Quíck Quiz
stating - "servers in the hostile nation are recai:.
a few apps
The Indian Government banned Which terminology suits best
for this action?
acquired data improperly'.
and using the (d) Al Access
(b) Data Privacy (c) Al Bias
(a) Al Ethics

MAD LIBS
Know More

This digital version of the classic game allows Vacuum

kids to fl in the blanks with different parts
of speech, creating funny stories. The app
recognizes the different parts of speech chosen Flip-fops

bythe child (nouns, verbs, adjectives etc.) and

incorporates them into apre-written story template. The app showcases how NLP can categorize words based
on their grammatical function (parts of speech) and use them to fill in the blanks within a structured text format
Visit https://www.madlibs.corm/

2. Natural Language Processing

boti
Human language is astoundingly complex and diverse. We express ourselves in infinite ways,
verbally and in writing. Not only are there hundreds of languages and dialects. but within each langu
1Sabbreviate
a unique words,
set of grammar and syntax rules,
or omit punctuation. When
terms and slang.
we speak,
When we write, we often misspe
we have regional accents, and we mumbl:

stutter and borrow terms from other languages.

Basically, NLP is the ability of a computer program to understand human language as it is spoker.
Natural language processing (NLP) is a branch of artificial intelligence that helps computers understand
interpret and manipulate human language. NLP draws from many disciplines, including computer SCienc
in its pursuit to fill the gap between human communication and computer understanding. In genera
terms, NLP tasks break down language into shorter, elemental pieces, try to understand the relationships
between the pieces and explore how the pieces work
together to create meaning.
70
 examples
paily Life NP
are
many common and practical applications of NLP in our everyday lives. Tasks include speech
There
Beyond conversing with
r c o g n i t i o n ,
language translation, sentiment analysis, and chatbot development.
virtual assistants like Alexa or Siri, here are a few more examples:
Smarter Search Results: Search cngines like Google use NLP to understand the intent benind
your search queries. Not just the keywords themselves, but also the context of
your scarch. This
helps them surface more relevant results even if you don't use perfect keywords.
Enhanced Chatbots & Virtual Assistants: NLP powers chatbots you encounter on websites Of
through messaging apps. They can understand your qucstions and requests better, allowing Tor
more natural and helpful conversations.
Personalized Recommendations: Many online platforms use NLP to analyze your past benavo
preferences. This allows them to recommend products, articles, or content you might be
and
interested in, like movie suggestions on streaming services.
and
" Spam Filtering: NLP is essential for spam filters in your email. By analyzing the content
they reach
patterns of incoming emails, NLP can identify and filter out spam messages before
your inbox.
social media
Social Listening & Brand Management: Companies use NLP tools to analyze
conversations to understand customer sentiment and brand perception.
This allows them to tailor
their marketing strategies and address any concerns.

Quick quiZ
that clarifies the doubts of Economics students.
Aditi, a student of class XIl developed a chatbot
catering to all difficulty levels. If any student
She trained the software with lots of data sets instant reply.
ask questions related to Economics, the software would give an
would type or
ldentify the domain of Al in the given scenario. of these
Vision (b) Data Science (c) Natural Language Processing (d) None
(a) Computer

Write three things you learnt from the game.

Creativity

ACTIVITY
Visit https://experiments. withgoogle.com/semantris
created by Google AI as a fun way to
game
Semantris is a word association
understand and process
language.
word
demonstrate how AI can thinking of by providing clues through
oal: Guess the word
the AI is
associations. and Bllocks (turn-based).
modes: Arcade (fast-paced)
" There are two
Gameplay: 71
 " AI behind the scenes: The AI IS trored a SSE se t
conversations, ailowina it to make coretiors betneer ws ro

Day
Eye
Farm
Sleep
OCk band

SEMANTRIS

Write three things vou learnt from the game.

COMPUTER VISION
As humans we can see things, analyse it and
then do the reguired acion on he bass 0
But can machines do the sane? Can
machines have the eves tha: hmns have? i vO a#*
then you are absoueiy rnghnt. .
Imagine you have &super cool superpower
Thar's kind of wha: computer vision is. Ii'sthata lets you see the word ùnuen e so
to interpret and understand the feld of art:iciai nellgene íA h 2
viSual worid around them uSI ke we do
5n c
LACTIVITY
Emoji Scavenger Hunt: Agame
game by showing an emoj. Tne based on Computer Vision where the machine in tictes
the camera while the machine porticipant is expected to shos c similar object
Link for the game: rttps keeps on quessing wnat is baing
shoWn to it.
/iemoscavengernunt wtngoagie com
Computer vision is a feld of artificial
visua! world. It is ike imparting intelhgence that trains computers io
human intelligence and insuncts to a The CompuT
cOmputer.
T2
 domain of Artificial Intelligence, enables machines to sce through images of visual data, process and
analyse them on the basis of algorithms and methods in order to analyse actual phenomena with images.

Seeing the World: Computers use cameras

to capturc images and videos, similar to how our eyes
take in visual information.
" Understanding the Picture: Special software analyses these images, breaking them down into
Smaller parts like shapes, colors, and patterns. It's like figuring out the building blocks of what
you see.

Making Sense of t All: lhe software uses these building

ond even actions happening in the image or video. It's like blocks to recognise objects, peopie,
to understand the whole picture. putting those building blocks togener

Think of it like this:

Your eyes see a dog in the park.
eComputer vision sees an image with specific shapes, colors., and fur
textures.
. Ry conmparing these details to its stored information (like what a dog
typically looks like), the
computer VISi0n system recognises it as a dog!
Computer vision is a field of computer science that works on enabling computers to see, identify and
aess images in the same way that human vision does, and then provide appropriate output.
Computer
ieion is closely linked with artificial intelligence, as the computer must interpret what it sees, and
then
perfomn appropriate analysis or act accordingly. Machines can accurately identify and locate objects then
EaCt to what they "see" using digital images from cameras, videos, and deep learning models.
APPLICATIONS

Helping Robots See: Self-driving cars use computer vision to navigate roads, recognize traffhc signs,
nd avoid obstacles. It's like giving them super sight to drive safely!
Unlocking Phones with Your Face: Facial
recognition technology uses computer 7APPLICATIONS
vision to identify you based on your OF COMPUTER VISION
unique facial features. It's like your
phone recognising your face as a "key to
mlock it. Airports and other secure areas
Dse facial recognition systems to compare
laces against databases for identification Safety/Security
and security purposes.
Image recovery Face recognition
Making Life Easier: Apps that help and processing
yOu identify plants or translate text from
pictures use computer vision to understand
the visual world and give you helpful
Information. Self-driving cars
Image Description for Visually Impaired Movement and
gesture recognltion
Users: Computer vision can be used
t0 analyze images and generate audio
descriptions for visualy impaired users,
helping them understand the content of Augmented Reaiity Robotics

pIctures on websites or social media.

73
Know More <Ock DRAW
Quick, Draw! is an online guessing game developed and published by
Google that challenges players to draw a picture of an object or idea
and then uses a neural network artificial intelligence to guess what the Can o neral network leorn t0
vecoge
Helo tasoh it by adding your
drawings represent. The Al learns from each drawing, improving its ability drawings to the
sharad publioly to
to guesS correctly in the future. mnohing leerning rosearah. holo st
Visit https://quickdraw.withgoogle.com/

Write three things you learnt from the game.

Augmented Reality Filters: Social media filters that add virtual elements to your face or surroundin.
often rely on computer vision to track your movements and position these elements
realistically, Mom
camera apps use computer vision to recognize objects in your frame and suggest filters or effects
th
complement the scene.
Virtual Try-On Apps: Some clothing retailers offer apps that use computer
clothes on your avatar, allowing you to try on different styles without vision to virtually plac:
physically putting them on.
Smart Home Security Cameras: These cameras can detect
motion and even identify objects or people
using computer vision, sending alerts when unusual activity is observed.
The more data a computer vision model is
trained on, the more nuanced and accurate it becomes
Imagine a child learning shapes with more examples
become beter at identifying them compared to seeing just(data) of circles, squares, and triangles, they
good for you, a variety of data is crucial for a few examples. Just like a diverse diet is
from different angles, lighting conditions, and computer vision. Exposing the model to images and videos
with diverse visual inputs. environments helps it perform well in real-world scenants
The vast amount of data generated today,
a rich training ground for computer visionfrom phone camera pictures to security footage, provid
improvement and innovation in this field. models. This abundance of data fuels the continuou
It's time for you to create a
gamel
Games are an integral part of our
games as aform of social interaction,culture. People across the world participate in different kinas
is rule-setting and following the competition, and enjoyment. The basic principle of
rules. every gali
Create a simple game which can be
Write down three rules in the played without a computer.
given spaces you would set
before playing any game.
Rule 1
Rule 1
Rule 1

74
 Unit 1: AI Reflection, Project Cycle and
Ethics

2 Applications of Al

Learning Objectives
After studying this chapter, students will be able to:
" Know about the various applications of Artificial Intelligence
" Understand how Al can help in daily life

SOME AI APPLICATIONS
There are many examples of the use of AI around us, especially
in the online world.
1. Personalisation of Movie Recommendations
Users who watch A are likely to
is perhaps the most well known feature of watch B. Ths
with similar tastes t0 recommend what you Netflix. Netfilix uses the watching history of other user
may be most interested in watching next
engaged and continue your monthly subscription for more. so that you sta:
at the same time, both would be offered Despite having two individuals log-in Netir
data gets collected. Therefore, the more different program recommendations. The algorithm learns s
time you spend on Netflix, the more
recommended. relevant programs will b
Auto-Generation and Personalisation of Thumbnails / Artwork
from an existing movie or show as a starting Using thousands of video frames
point for thumbnail generation.
you have clicked on. One finding could These calculations at
based on what others who are similar to
certain actors movie be that users who ik.
genres are more likely to click thumbnails with
Most of the users tend to choose movies certain actors/image attribute
or series based on the thumbnail
worth watching the movje or not. to determine whether 1 b

NETFLIX
Because You Watched...
You'll Love...

bugs
life
80
 Facebook Photo Recognisation: The photo albums on smartphones are able to recognise photos by
2. photos will be
saved in a folder and your
neople. So, your father or mother's photos will be saved in a
different folder. When you recognise photos on Facebook. the FB software is able to recognise the face
in other photos and automatically
ofthe
perSon(s)
tags the person. This is possible due to improvements
face recognition tecmology in recent times
Face Locks in Smartphones: Face Lock on smartphones is a security feature that uses facial recognition
technology to unlock the device. The phone's front-facing camera captures your face. Facial recognition
software analyzes the unique features of your face (like distance between eyes, shape of jaw) and
Compares it to a stored image. If there's a match, the phone unlocks. It's faster than traditional methods
like PINs or patterns for some users. While convenient, Face Lock may be less secure than fingerprint
ors or strong passwords. Hackers might potentially bypass it with photos or masks.

DID YOU KNOW?

https://tagthatphoto.com/
photo face recOgnition wizard can help you organize your photos so you can reconnect with
Tag That
cherished memories quickly. TagThat Photo starts by scanning each photo and uses visual landmarks - (eyes,
nnse and mouth) to find every face. The secure algorithm analyzes all the pixels and landmark measurements
and calculates a unique code for every face. Once you tag a name to that face code, the software quickly and
accurately matches it to other photos of the same person. It uses the face recognition technique.
3. Chathots: A chatbot is a software application used to conduct an on-line chat conversation via text
or text-to-speech, in lieu of providing direct contact with a live human agent. Chatbots also known
as "conversational agents" are

software applications that mimic

written or spoken human speech
for the purposes of simulating a
Conversation or interaction with a
real person. There are two primary
ways chatbots are offered to
visitors: via web-based applications
or standalone apps. Companies like
customer queries about products or services
Amazon, various banks and other websites often deal with
the queries and the bot provides a solution to the
0y letting the users chat with bots. The user types in human
for a while until the problem is solved or a
queries, or asks about the specifics. This goes on
S aranged to replace the bot.
Experiential Learning
ACTIVITY
Try the fotlowing to understand this concept.
Chatting with a Machine
created (1964). It is somewhat limited; however, it is stil
ever
ciza is one of the first chatbots https://tinyurl.com/AIEx-Eliza

fun to chat with it. It can be accessed here various prizes and
advanced chatbots currently in existence. It won
iLSUKu is one of the most https://tinyurl.com/AIEx-Mitsuku

an tafk about most topics.

It can be located here

81
 .Smart peakers Spoken language is the most
fundamental forn1 of intelligence and has been an
cssential tool for communication and collaboration
betwecn humans since the dawn of history. t is
estimated that by 2025, there could be more smart
speakers than humans on the planet. Smart speakers
rely on a set of complex Artificial Intellignce (Al)
technologies. They listen to sound waves and convert
them into words using Automatic Speech Recognition
(ASR). Then, they convert those words into meanings
using Natural Language Understanding (NLU). Once the meanings are understood, the Smart speak-
responds using Natural Language Generation (NLG) technology.

ACTIVITY Experiential Learning

Visit this website and play a quiz on Artificial Intelligence
isttps//wordwali.net/resource/18022003/artificial-intelligence

5. Web search: The process to find results after searching BEST SEARCH ENGINES IN THE WORUD
for something in a search engine is incredibly complex and
usCs machine learning. How does Google know that all the
thousands of results listed are related to a search inguiry? No
one is manually categorising everything on the internetit's all
Google Yutoo
a very advanced form of AI and machine learning that decides
11
Yandex Aol. ASK

6. Smart Cars/Driverless Cars: Artificial

Intelligence can
BaiaSEE Bing
evaluate the driving environment and driver condition based on
information obtained from diferent external and intern
sensors.

For example, asmart car is able to make an observaN

and detect an object, and can then identify that obja
using machine learning. Since there are so m
different objects in the world. it would be nea
impossible to explicitly code in what every object
or could be into the car's framework. However"
you teach the car to identify objects through Imachi
learning, it can make those decisions itselt.
7. Sust Waik Out Shopping experience
All you need is an Amazon account,
the free
Amazon Go app, and a recent-generation iPhone
Android phone. When you arrive, scan the QR or
from the app at the gate to enter the store, code
then feel
amazon go
free to put your phone away---you don't need it
to
82
 Know More

IBM Watson Assistant Playground (Web)

platform by IBM allows you to
experiment with building chatbots powered by Al. You can create a simple
This
chatbot and interact with it to understand how natural language processing Works.
Visit: https://cloud.ibm.com/docs/assistant?topic-assistant-index
Grab it
shop. Then just browse and shop like you would at any other store. Sce something you want?
shelf. Change your mind? Put it back, no problem. Once you're done shopping. you''re on your
off the
way.
The checkout-free shopping experience is made possible by the same types of technologics used in sel
driving cars: computer vision, sensor fusion, and deep learning. Just Walk Out Technology automatically
detects when products are taken from or returned to the shelves and keeps track of them in a virtual
ot When you're done shopping, you can just leave the store. The receipt is sent as soon as you leave
the store and your Amazon account is charged. Watch the following videos to understand
htos:wwW.youtubc.com/watch?y-NrmMkIMyrxc

hitps: www.youtube.com/watch?v=ITzPpAbjasA

with
8. Entertainment: The media and entertainment industry is at the cusp of rapid transformation &
TV, print, films, advertising, animation
digital media taking center stage across all sub-sectors
reducing manual interventions and
VFX, gaming, radio and music. AI can help in automated editorials,
optimising cost of the content creation.
Visuals included in the live broadcast should help build
an engaging narrative in a match. AI systems can be
trained to identify objects and actions in sports events.
Al can also use footage captured by drones to deliver
broadcasts that offer engaging content as well as deeper
live
sports insights. For example, in a football match,
tootage developed by Al can capture adrenaline-fueled
every
action as well as players' and fans' reactions after
media and
g0al. Therefore, the utilisation of AI in
entertainment can help to deliver action-packed sports
broadcasting predict their future moves. AI models
can also
analyse a player's actions to
u modern games, AI can specific scenarios. The main objective of utilising Al in
in a gamer's behavior in
identify changes experience
gaming is to deliver a realistic gaming
SELECT METHOD for players to battle against each other on a virtual
Choose how you want to add subtitles or closed
captions to this platform. In addition, AI in gaming also helps to
video: increase the player's interest and satisfaction over
made video
a long period of time. Hence, AI has
challenging.
Upload a file games more interesting and
volumes of
Transcribe and auto-sync AI systems can be trained using large identify
data such as images, Videos, and text to
help of
Create new subtitles or CC and analyse objects and language. With the
83
dCquired data, Al can help design posters and videos to promote a movic. For instance,
had created a six-minute long trailer for a horor movie callcd 'Morgan. To generate this IBM's
System was trained using visuals and audio from traler,
100 different horror movies. Using this data, he A
created a trailer in just twenty-ffour hours. Hencc, Al can help production companies in their Wau
campaigns or create content independently. markclig,
AI is also helping media companies to make strategic decisions. For instance. leading
broadcasting companies are using machinc lcarning and natural language generation to createmedia ant
channe
Channel Performance Report
" Rishtey Cineplex climbs to 5th
Phrase
testaht: from dath, in
woeth

because its GRP increased from 72 Rank of Top 10 channcls of this week by GRP
to 87 Channel LW CW
Start Utsav Movies drops to 6th rank Max
even when its GRP increased from Star Gold 2
84 to 85 Z Cinema 3 3
&Pictures climbs to 8th because its Sony Wah 4 4
GRP increased from 62 to 62 Rishtey Cineplex 5 5
Zee Anmol Cinema drops to 9th rank Star Utsav Movies 6 6
as its GRP dropped from 64 to 62 Movies OK 7

Max, Star Gold and Z Cinema Pictures& 8 8

maintanined the top 3positions ZEE Anmol Cinema 9
from last week. Max 2 10 10

performance reports from raw analytics data shared by BARC. The weekly data that is usually
from the Broadcast Audience Research Council of India (BARC) is received
voluminous Excel sheets. generally in the form o
9. Education: With this generation having
grown up
with the privilege of having access to technology at
their fingertips, the arena of education has massively
revolutionised and overturned in this digitally driven
world. While the Academic sector is still assumed
to
be a largely human sector, there are still a multitude of
ways that teachers and educational staff can gain
from
employing this technology.
The technology has overturned the world of learning
educational materials become more accessible to all withthe
Use of smart devices and computers while also automau;
all complicated administrative tasks, allowing faculties
invest more time in focusing on their students.
These AI systems can also arrange personal interactions wat
guardians and parents, facilitate feedback relating to time te
ISsues as well as resource access thus offering more

teachers to invest in students.

84
 Exploration: NASA is already
life on other planets.
Space

10. look for

using
Al to
Intelligence is being considercd
planets. AL
A r t i t i c i a l

Aay to find Iife on new

n e t w o r k s
can find patterns that humans
not be able to spot themselves. AI
may
better
explore the planets on which the
can
chance
of life to exist is there. Furthermore.
that in the future space
possible

is
imissions, AI will more decide the behaviour
that go to space than humans from
of things
Earth. As space
missions go deeper into
ahe time taken by the miss10n control to contact the space
mission may be significant. so that
the Al enabled mission has to make decisions in real time. This means the spacecraft will need to be
anough to learn and eventually decide when and how to return the data
Smart
they have collected.
11. Agriculture: AI holds the key to driving an
agricultural revolution at a time when we want to produce
more food crops using less resources. Companies are
creating autonomous robots for the laborious tasks related
to agriculture, like harvesting the crop at a large volume.
Companies are also leveraging computer and deep learning
technologies to process data captured by drones and/
or software -based technologies to assess crop and soil
health. Machine learning models are able to assess the
effects of various aspects like weather change to crop
and soil health. AI can be useful in understanding timely
planting, getting predictions, using fertilisers, harvesting and the climate. Artificial Intelligence has
dereloped in image processing technologies so much that it can almost see as well as us. Rather than
make a blanket pesticide spreading being done, farmers can use drone- based AI systems to check what
crops are infested with what kinds of weeds and parasites. This keeps the food we ingest also healthy
to Consume.

Crop Yield prediction & Agriculture Robots

Price forecasts Using Autonomous
ldentify the output yield of robots for harvesting
crops and forecast prices huge volumes of crop
for the next few weeks will at a higher volume
help the farmer to obtain and faster pace
maximum profit
Crop and soil monitoring
Intelligent spraying Using MLIAI, we can
A Sensors can detect weed Artificial
affected areas and can monitor the crop health
precisely spray Intelligence in for diagnosing pests/
the right region herbicides in
reducing the Agriculture soil defects, nutrients
.deficiencies in soil. etc
Usage of herbicides
Predictive Insights Disease Diagnosis
Insights on Prior information and
SOw the seeds""Right time to
for maximum classification of plant
productivity. Insights on diseases help farmers
the impacts control the diseasse through
created by the
weather conditions .proper strategy

85
 DID YOU KNOW?

"Robo-journalism" is increasingly being used in newsrooms worldwide. The generated story

replace the journalist, but instead allows available data to be quickly gathered and
The Los Angeles Times was the first newspaper to publish astory about an earthquake in 2014
disserninated
help of arobot writer. Journalist and programmer Ken Schwencke created an algorithm that
generates a short article when an earthquake occurs. It takes aroundthree minutes to doautsoOrmatcaly
It also uses another algorithm to generate stories about crime in the city - with humarn editors
which ones need greater attention. Other news organisations have experimented with
reporting methods in other areas, particularly sports.
algorithr-bzse
Smart Assistants: Smart assistants are software programs that utilise artificial
intelligence íAi
understand your voice commands and complete tasks or provide information. ResDonds
commands to perform actions like setting alarms, making calls, playing music, or controlling
home devices. Answer your questions by accessing and processing information online. Can personak
their responses based on your preferences and habits over time (with your permission). Popular
assistants include Siri (Apple), Google Assistant (Android). Alexa (Amazon). and Bixby (Samsunpi
Medical Imaging: AI is revolutionising medical imaging by assisting doctors in various wavs
algorithms can analyze medical images (X-rays, MRIs, etc.) with high precision, helping to de
abnormalities like tumors or fractures that might be missed by the human eye. Al can automate tzs
like image segmentation (identifying specific structures within an image) and
freeing up radiologists' time for more complex cases. AI can potentially identify earlypreliminary analss
in scans, leading to earlier diagnosis and treatment. Al can help ensure signs of disezx
consistent
across different healthcare providers, reducing the chance of misdiagnosis. AI image intepretzatu.
can analyse medical imags
alongside a patient's medical history, potentially leading to more personalized
treatment plans.
ACTIVITY Art Integration

Convert your selfie to waifu, a.k.a. anime! (Japanese-style Your Selfie Here
anime characters
(Waifu))
Using Al-tech, you will immediately get the anime pic
selfie!
that is most like your
Visit https://waifu.lofiu.com/index.html

12. Transportation
The transportation domain is now using Al technolog
to an extent in order to deliver people and in missies
critical jobs related to safety and C o n v e n i e n c e

passengers.
Smart cities and smart highways are developing
use for AI in transportation and infrastructure.
allowing collating of traffic to reduce Congestio

a p p l k c a t a e

improving scheduling of public transport, AF

86
 place in some cities so that people are able to share vchicles with ride-sharing lanes
have
been put in
on roads

Aptononnous Rail Rapid Transit System (ART) was launched in Zhuzhao in China in the year
The
does not necd rails as it runs on a painted track and it also is fitted with sensors so that it can
2017. It
the dimensions of the road and make its way accordingly. It is known to be non-polluting, agile
km per hour. The standard ART system has three carriages and
read
cheap; reaching up to speeds of 70
and

up to 300 passengers but could also carry five carriages with 500 peoplc
iff needed.
could carry
transportation by unmanned air vehicles or drones has the potential to reduce human error and
Alin
be precise
in its delivery. The flying drones are alrcady shipping products to the home of customers
these paths
albeit in a test mode. Drones software system can check the trajectory and deliver based on and
video-making
on that there is a safe journey for the things being carried. It can also be used for
news reporting.
Tosia Car Technology (Solf Driving Car) Tesla was one of the first companies to have self
driving cars and that has been followed by other
companics like Audi, Cadillac and Volvo trying their
hands out.

13. Music

Several music software programs have been

developed that use AI to produce music. Artificial
intelligence als0 drives the so-called interactive
performance of a live
composition technology, wherein acomputer composes music in response to the
musician. There are 20,000 new tracks uploaded to Spotify
every day and AI is critical for helping sort through the
options and delivering recommendations to listeners based on
what they've listened to in the past. AI and big data made the
"music genre" obsolete because Al-generated playlists are made
not based on genre, but what is determined to be good music.
Al-powered features such as Spotify's Discovery Weekly,
a curated list of music for each listener, help fans sort
that's
through the streams of music to find new music
appealing to them. Spotify utilises AI through their predictive Weekly"
recommendation engine which enables them to curate personalised playlists such as "Discovery
natural anguace
and "Release Radar." The engine is built upon a combination of collaborative filtering.
type
processing and audio models to create a personalised list of thirty songs for each user. This
of recommendation engËne creates value for artists who get more exposure to new users and makes
Customers stickier through increased satisfaction
with the service.

ACTIVITY Experiential Learning

LipSync by YouTube

An A-D0wered challenge that rates how closely your lip syncing matches
the song!
Visit https://lipsync.withyoutube.com/

87
 14. Literature it s calicd "ihe age of the cuf!ing
edge wter Wean rofit rom Artiticial Intell1gence
tor ineased comprehension of reading preferences,
intertac1ng muit-ind books with readers. foreseeing
top-rated books. creating data-driven works, and
editing manuscripts with devices like ProlWritingAid.
A recent survey directed by the Future of Lifc
Institute s Al Impacts project predicts that artificial
Imtelligence will be fit for writing a smash hit by
2050.
In Japan. computers are as of now taking part in literary competitions. The Nikkei Hoshi
Literary Award permits non-human authors to introduce their work without judges knowin Shinics
of the contenders. 0f the 1.450 applications they got in the last edition, 11 were in part composed
b.
amachine One of them. "The Day a Computer Writes aNovel" made it past the frst round
challenge
15. Fosd Industr: To reduce costs and improve efficiency, restaurants and bars around the world
inereasinglv turming to artificial intelligence and robotics technology. Whether they are being used
greet customers. take thei orders. pour drinks, make coffee, or help bartenders determine who's next
in
isne. Al and robots are becoming a regular feature in the food and beverage industry. AI
is also able to
hcip restaurant oWIers make sense of data to improve the diners' experience.
The companies claim that these technologies are not meant to replace
their tobs easier by taking on some of the more repetitive, boring tasks
humans altogether but to make
and allowing them to focus on
more inportant things.
Applications of Al in the food industry are generally categorised by the
following:
Apps and chatbots- Restaurants use virtual
assistants to answer customner queries and to de
with customer orders.
. Robots- Robots are used to speed up the
process of making and delivering food.
. Kiosks- Customers benefit from shorter
waiting times when using Al-driven kiosks.
" Recommendation engines- Al is used to
help customers choose their meals based on dite
preferences.
Founded in 2013, TellSpee is an Al company that
hand-heid scanner to classify the contents of has developed a
level. They use bioinformatics techniques food at a molecular
to provide information about the and learning algorithms
ingredients and other details about
food. A light is beamed directly onto
the food item to read chemical
compounds before the information
analytics systems. Restaurateurs can is uploaded through TellSpec's
via their smartphones. receive the data about the food
Robots and food preparation
When a restaurant gets busy,
or
drop. Brands may use robots tothe kitchen is short-staffed, those factors could cause
levels
quality

server in the food industry can begetgrueling,

food and drinks ready
involving long hours of standing,
for customer walking and
consumption. trying
Working

88
 balance heavy trays of cuisine and beverages while winding througn
crowded areas of a bustling restaurant.
In afirst of its kind initiativc, a newly opencd restaurant in Kerala S
Kannur district named Be@Kiwizo has become Kerala's first restaurant
where rObots will take up the iob of waiters. Alccna, Hclen and Jane, the
unconventional waitresses will be serving the customers in the restaura
These robots will attend to the table as per direction. Thcy are equipped
to ofter the menu to
customners and record
their choice of food.
After taking the order
and taking it to the
restaurant kitchen, the
same robot will serve
the food to the designated table. The robots will be
moving through a designated path in the restaurant.
Not only that, the robots can even politely ask a
nerson to move aside if anyone blocks its path while
it moves around.

Know More

Google Al Experiments (Web)

This website by Google features various interactive experiments that demonstrate the capabilities of Al in
different areas. You can explore experiments related to image generation, music composition, creative text
formats, and more.
Visit : https://labs.google/

16. Artificial Inteligence in Sports

Just as more scientific analysis of sport is changing how coaches, trainers, and clubs play their respective
games, greater analysis of sporting events is helping odds making database operators evaluate the
potential permutations of each
Sporting event, increasing the ARATCH SUMMARY

Shot Typo O Dtye

accuracy of that respective odd 22.2
and thereby making the subsequent JaTOS o Havey
FOUR tyen throgh (e corer
odds determination easier." to the toudary (24)

Companies are using Al 1n 6) 18,4

Conjunction with IoT devices to FRIRped anay to the de

gather data (wearable tech) to (W)

attempt to optimise training and
performance.Sports teams are using
virtual assistants (chatbots) to
Tespond to fan inguiries across a
wide range of topics
including live
game information and team stats.
89
Users automatically get notified about key events of a match (like 4, 6, wicket for Cricket,
Soccer) as soon as the event occurs. They can play these videos with a single click. Goal
clips can be added to scorecards or the commentary text feed. This makes boring, textual
Al-generated vider
and commentary come alive.Users can explore different facets of the game in greater detail sCorecard,
having to compromise the live viewing experience. Users can enjoy auto-curated highlights whou
packages
for y
playlists as the game progresses. They can use free text search capabilities to look match events
and can also generate their own personalised playlists.
17. Artificial Intelligence in Health Sector DIAGNOSIS OF DISEASES
Healthcare Industries are applying Al to make a OUTBREAK
MEDICAL IMAGE
better and faster diagnosis than humans. AI can PREDICTION
DIAGNOSIS
help doctors with diagnoses and can inform when
patients are worsening so that medical help can
reach the patient before hospitalisation.
18. Smart Homes
APPLICATIONS
A smart home is a dwelling equipped with OF AL IN
HEALTHCARE
technology that allows you to automate, monitor,
and control various aspects of your home remotely CLINICAL TRIALS DRUG DISCOVERY
using your smartphone, voice assistants, or even
pre-programmed schedules. It's like having a house
that can adapt to your needs and preferences!
ELECTRONIC PERSONALISED
Smart devices: These are electronic devices with HEALTH RECORDS MEDICINE
built-in Wi-Fi or Bluetooth connectivity that allow MEDICAL ROBOTS
for remote control and automation. Examples
include:
" Smart lights: Control brightness, color temperature, and turn them on/of remotely.
" Smart thermostats: Adjust heating and cooling based on your preferences and schedule.
. Smart locks: Lock and unlock doors remotely, receive notifications when
someone enters, nu
even grant temporary access to guests.
" Smart plugs: Control power to any appliance plugged in, creating schedules or
control. voice-activatu
. Smart security cameras: Monitor your home remotely, receive alerts for
even offer two-way communication.
suspicious activity,
How it Works?
Smart devices typically connect to a central hub or directly to your Wi-Fi
network. You can then Couu
these devices through:
Smartphone apps: Each device might have its own app, or a unified app for controll1ng va
devices within the same ecosystem.
. Voice assistants: Use voice commands through smart speakers like
Amazon Echo or Google
to control lights, thermostats, and other compatible devices.
" Automation: Set schedules and routines for your smart devices. Lights can turn on at sutnset.
the thermostat can adjust when you leave for work, or doors can unlock
automatically
approach your home.

90