PJMLS

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Review Article Pak-Euro Journal of Medical and Life Sciences
DOI: 10.31580/pjmls.v4iSpecial.1802 Copyright © All rights are reserved by Corresponding Author
Vol. 4 No. Sp.1, 2021: pp. S126-S137
www.readersinsight.net/pjmls
Submission: December 27, 2020 Revised: March 06, 2022 Accepted: March 10, 2022

CONTAMINATED WASTEWATER IRRIGATION IMPACTS

ON HUMAN HEALTH
Nazmeen Musa Khan1, Arifa Bano2, Ghulam Ishaq Khan1, Fazal-ur- Rehman1*
Department of Microbiology, University of Balochistan, Quetta, Pakistan
1

2
Department of Chemistry, University of Balochistan, Quetta, Pakistan
*Corresponding Author: Dr. Fazal-ur- Rehman. E. mail: [email protected]
Abstract
Water is the basic need of life and important practices in agricultural practices. Microorganisms are present in the
irrigation water, from house hold and industries, factories are easy transferred to human through the consumption of
these vegetables that has been grown with the waste water becoming the source of illness in many cases of food borne
diseases. The leafy vegetables are more risky for the human and consumption of fresh leafy plants are suspectable to
cause illness in human beings. Wastewater used for the irrigation contains both microbes and toxic heavy metals which
cause toxicity. Industries waste contains microbes that are resistant to heavy metals which are used in common practice
for irrigation. Industrial progress cause the spreading of polluted environment with toxic heavy metals causes many
diseases such as lung cancer, allergic reaction , gastrointestinal, abnormalities of the skeletal system, kidney damage,
prostate, skin rash, genetic material alteration, liver and kidney damage, weakened immune system , biochemical
effects in humans, synthesis of haemoglobin etc. It has notice that some of the microbes showed resistivity towards the
zinc and copper.
Bioremediation uses microorganisms to modify toxic pollutants and obtain energy for the production of biomass in the
process. and biomass production. This kind of process is termed as bioremediation uses microorganisms for degradation
of pollutants
Keywords: Wastewater, Heavy Metals, Irrigation Water, Agricultural Practices, Microorganism, Food Pollutants,
Bioremediation.

INTRODUCTION
Crops irrigation is long term used practice which is very important for agriculture and horticulture
irrigation of crops is an important and long-used practice to increase agricultural and horticultural
production (1). 274 million hectares lands of agriculture were irrigated with the waste water which is about
16% of total earth area for cultivation (2). Irrigation is the main step in the crop production in areas with
sporadic rainfall, which is why for food production million hectares areas are irrigated world-wide. Due to
scarcity of irrigated water, wastewater is commonly used for irrigation which causes the risk of foodborne
illnesses (3). Listeria spp., Salmonella spp. and verotoxin producing Escherichia coli are foodborne pathogens
transferred through irrigation water to plant surfaces. Vero toxin-producing Escherichia coli, Salmonella spp.
And Listeria spp. are some of the principal foodborne microorganisms, transfer from the irrigation water to
plant surfaces (4, 5). Most of the foodborne pathogens are responsible for gastrointestinal diseases, although
they are consumed freshly. Decontamination of irrigation water is highly recommended for hygienically
safe agricultural production. Environment has great effect on pathogens and can survive for varying period
depends on temperature, nutrient availability, humidity and UV radiation. Gastrointestinal diseases are
allied with the fresh produce consumption, in which foodborne microorganisms are observed. For safe
agriculture irrigation it is recommended, to use decontaminated water for irrigation, microorganisms can
survive on plants surface for varying period of time, depends on the environmental conditions like
nutrients, temperature, UV radiation and humidity (6).
The main objective of irrigation is to supply water to the soil, mainly to the vegetables, in order to
prevent or remove deficiencies in soil moisture. However, irrigation water may also be applied to modify

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the growth factors other than soil moisture deficiency in order to maintain or promote growth of crops (7). If
water is expensive or if there is water shortage then frequent irrigation is a direct economic loss and even if
water is inexpensive then excess application may adversely affect the crop growth by leaching soluble
plant nutrients from the soil, which is harmful to the plant. Wastewater contaminated with heavy metals,
microorganisms, organic pollutants, industrial wastes, factories waste products, inorganic compounds, etc
(8). Marginal-quality water irrigation is a common practice adopted by millions of small-scale farmer
around the world because they have no alternative (9). Irrigation water quality can be determined by the
presence of salt in saline water used for the agriculture. Moreover crops are noticed by their ability to
tolerate the salinity (10). Wastewater salinity used for irrigation is increased gradually, certain soil, cropping
problems, water is increased and the only way to manage the salinity problem, salt through the rootzone is
the only practice (11). Organic compounds contaminate the water with heavy metals, petroleum products,
explosives, combustible and hazardous wastes (12, 13).
Biological function and different chemical properties of heavy metals elements make it harmful for
irrigation. Heavy metals are termed as heavy metals due to those metals which have specific weights that
are more than 5g cm-3. Among the heavy metals cadmium (Cd), arsenic (As), mercury (Hg) and Lead (Pb)
are poison for humans because they are not easily digest due to which there is high risk for humans and also
not easy to breakdown in environment. Cancer and gene transduction is also caused by these elements
consumption. Biochemical reactions are activated by copper and zinc which serve as important constant in
information of enzyme-substrate complex (14).

WASTEWATER AND IRRIGATION

Water available to farmer for irrigation has considerable impact on the type of plants. Water also
affects the productivity of plants, water is the main source for the growth of plants therefore, it is important
that water supply should be pure and natural for good health reason and to avoid the diseases. Healthy
vegetation is only possible with clean water, good soil condition, water infiltration and healthy
environmental condition, easily understood by analyzing in laboratory, it has been proved that the
irrigation with waste water is considered to contribute the presence of heavy metals content in soil (15, 16).
Heavy metals are abundant within the environment, due to the common and natural contamination by
humans (17). The major cause of defilement of soil with overwhelming metals which is due to the expansive
take-up of metals by nourishment crops that are developed on such damaged soil. Most commonly,
wastewater contains considerable amounts of useful nutrients and toxic heavy metals, which are valuable
but also causing major problems for agricultural. Heavy metals are accumulated in excess amount due to
wastewater irrigation, cause soil contamination, and high uptake of these heavy metals by food crops
which affect food quality (18). Heavy metals cause serious problems, aimed at human health, because these
pollutantseasily enter into the body through the food chain and produce toxicity in the body through the
food we eat. Aggregation of consuming metals in plants depends on the plants in retaining these
overpowering metals through the soil either by take-up or soil to plant exchange variables of the metals.
(19). Common heavy metals are (Cadmium (Cd), Chromium (Cr), Copper (Cu), Nickel (Ni), Lead (Pb) and
Zinc (Zn) in wastewater. Wastewater are the main cause of high concentration of poisonous heavy metals
sullies the soil , accumulates in excess amount in our body and excess of anything is poisonous for human
health. Leaves of vegetable are mostly enrich with heavy metals and in most cases the edible portion of
plants (20). Irrigation water is a water for the supplant precipitation within the generation of crops (21).
Deficiency of fresh water has forced the farmer to use any sort of water, counting wastewater, about
20 million hectares which is 7% of all inundated land are flooded with diverse sorts of squander water (22).
The developed countries utilized wastewater, since developed countries contains sufficient sum
supplements and is solid source of water supply (23).

IRRIGATION METHODS
Different water strategies are applied for agriculture. There are two primary sorts of water system
strategies for irrigation called localized and surface irrigation (24). Surface irrigation is a straightforward
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way of crop irrigation, in which water streams beneath gravity without pumping. Surface irrigation system
performed as channel, border peel off irrigation or flood, water is not connected directly to the plant
canopy, so the plant phylloshere cannot be sullied directly in case of contaminated water supply (25).
Localized system use water which is applied to each plant with the help of connected pipes (26).
Localized irrigation method water can be supplied through spray or micro sprinkler in which water is
supplied directly to the plant canopy, drip irrigation which applied water to the root zone of the each plant,
or bubbler irrigation in which water is applied in low quantities to the soil adjacent (27).
Sub water system strategies can be utilized in a zones with high ground water level, in this type of
irrigation water is upraised by pipes and pumps to underground channels and is made accessible through
channel drive to the plant root sector (28).
Between the irrigation events microorganisms have been found within water remaining in channels.
(29, 30). According to research in the USA on membrane bioreactor treatment Aeromonas, Legionella and
other pathogens regrowth has been detailed (31). The flushing of the water system framework is must in
arrange to diminish the chance of microorganisms defilement in channels. In Nigeria E. coli, Vibrio spp. and
Salmonella spp were found from the irrigated plants. In open irrigation system aquatic plants and sediments
helps the microorganisms to survive, whereas in piped based irrigation system microorganisms survive
through biofilms. Survival of these microorganisms depend on few conditions like temperature, organic
matter content, pH, radiation, competition with other microorganisms and supplements accessibility (32).

IRRIGATION WATER SOURCES

Earlier to use the irrigation water is put away in a source artificial, natural. About less than 1% of
the Earths total water assets are fresh water, which is accessible for human and also used for irrigation (33).
Some of the sources of water system are rainwater, groundwater, surface water and untreated wastewater.
For the crop irrigation ground water is hygienically safer than surface water. Ground water is reachable
through the wells and spring (34). For the crop irrigation various surface water can be utilized, surface water
is eventually hydraulicly connected to groundwater, however become toxic with wastewater, agriculture
run-off and stormwater, which in many cases contain loads of pathogens (35). For the crop irrigation
rainwater is considered to be the easiest method (36). In man-made reservoirs rainwater harvesting is a term
used for storing and collecting rainwater (37).
Ground water is basically used to irrigate the crops, and is used for managing the ground water for
the guideline of using wastewater in agriculture and many other practices of life and microbial quality
improvement the marginal water system at the farm level and a quantitative assessment of the risk of
disease from the pathogenic microbes, present in surface water is basically identified when area that benefit
for further investigation. Pathogens existing on food of animal origin, such as poultry, raw milk and meat
are the main source of transmission of diseases caused by foodborne microbes which is very common and
its awareness is growing that indicate that fresh processed fruits and vegetables are the main sources of
causing pathogenic bacteria, viruses, helminths and protozoa (38).
Wastewater collected from the household sources without input from toilet or commode streams is
known as greywater and 65 of total household is present in the grey water. Greywater from the household is
recycled and it is reuse for irrigation and also for drinking in many region of the world (39).

WATER BORNE DISEASES

During the food processing plants and production on farms or watercourses, the food we eat are
highly contaminated with polluted from the wastewater used for irrigation and the nature of pathogens and
opportunities to transfer at any food chain cycle are the only reason of food borne disease (40). Disease
transmission from food pathogens shows the potential of foodborne pathogens that are basically irrigated
with the wastewater, mostly in fruits and vegetables. The ability of these microorganisms of causing major
diseases in humans depends on the irrigated water and the amount of microorganisms excreted from this
wastewater to cause disease in its dormancy period before it becomes infectious. They not only affect the
humans but also the mammals (41).
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IRRIGATION WATER HYGIENE

Irrigation water has hygiene quality assurance, by providing microbes free water before the plant
absorption. Sanitization treatment incorporates warm treatment or pasteurization, UV radiation, filtration,
ozonation and chlorination. Irrigation water can be purify through the organic methods that include
physical or chemical process, each of the treatment possess some advantages and impediment whereas
water purification through chlorine is one of the oldest method uses high oxidizing potential and
inexpensive technique. Chlorine can be used in different forms, such as chlorine dioxide, chlorine gas and
hypochlorite (42). Sedimented ponds, waste management, storage of waste and filtration through sand and
soil, appear to diminish the levels of microbes in irrigation water (43, 44).

MICROORGANISMS AND AGRICULTURE

The main source of microorganisms in wastewater is human wastewater, ground- up scraps. In
rural areas mostly onsite sewage facilities are used, most commonly septic systems, which include
unicellular and multicellular organisms, brought by carriage waste to septic-system designs. Variety of
microorganisms present in the soil which depend on organic materials in wastewater for nutrition, whereas
bacteria, fungi, rotifers, nematodes, and protozoa, they all are found typically in septic system, more
importantly aerobic bacteria are more affective at breaking down materials in wastewater, these types of
bacteria only survive where oxygen is found. Soil is over-saturated with water therefore; it blocks the
oxygen (45). Wastewater irrigated vegetables are commonly used in Quetta; irrigation with wastewater is
one of main cause of diseases in our city. Microorganisms in the wastewater, are responsible of causing
human illness, due to their presence in fresh fruits and vegetables (46). Tap water only reduce microbial
load on raw fruits and vegetables and washing only removes soils and other debris from vegetables before
cooking, but washing has no effect on microbes nor it can kill or removed them from vegetables we eat (47).
During the irrigation a wide range of microorganisms have been found in water and are transferred to the
crops (48).
The hone of sullied soil for the water system is considered to be responsible for the few flare- uos of
maladies due to the utilization of such flooded crops (49). E. coli can survive for up to 300 days in
autoclaved, filtered river water at 4 °C (50). Distinctive sorts of organisms have been found in several water
system framework such as Salmonella, Listeria monocytogenes, Cryptosporidium oocysts. Favorable
conditions for the microorganisms survival in a water circuit are sediment accumulation, microbial
interactions, protection from UV light and good nutrient availability (51).

MICROORGANISM IN SALAD/RAW VEGETABLES AND FOOD BORNE DISEASES

Salads support the growth of foodborne pathogens and bacterial diseases under favorable
conditions like moisture food, nutrients that support the growth of bacteria under favorable conditions,
bacteria are easily multiply when provided a favorable temperature for the bacteria and contaminates the
food usually near the optimal temperature of the organisms for their growth and after certain time these
organism produces their toxins cause the sickness in those whose devour the sullied nourishment (52).
Microorganisms have been listed in the table that are presents in the vegetables different parts,
mention in the below (Table I).

MICROORGANISMS IN SEWAGE
Sewage water contains pathogens isolated from various investigations which are same pathogens
present in the animal’s wastes. The animals waste has the potentialities of transmission of human disease
and parasitic infection through the soil, when these wastes are provided for agricultural practices. The soil
fertilization with the human waste were very common in the past decades due to which it becomes a
common practice till now and unnamed diseases took birth in the society (63).

HEAVY METALS POLLUTION

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Industrialization causes natural contamination with overwhelming metals which is increasing day
by day (64). Heavy metals are heterogeneous elements of periodic table group,, arranged according to
element chemical properties and its natural functions. Heavy metals are those metals which have specific
weights more than 5g cm-3 (65), produces toxins in human and food, among them (As) arsenic, ( Hg)
mercury, (Pb) lead and (Cd) cadmium are growing poison, accumulating in food chain through the
primary producer levels uptake, in human body enters through injection or inhalation. These metals are
carcinogenic and mutagenic (66).
Table I. Microorganisms that contaminate vegetables

Microorganisms Vegetables Source of contamination References

Leaf tips Polluted soil

(53),
Salmonella typhi Radishes Polluted soil
(54)

Lettuce Polluted soil

(55)
Celery Water system for irrigation
Vegetables Water systems usage for irrigation (56),
Salmonella (other types)
(57)
Green onions Water systems for irrigation

Vegetables
Enteroviruses Irrigation water (58)

Irrigation water
Lettuce

Ascaris ova (59)

Irrigation water
Cabbage

Vegetables
Irrigation water
Cucumbers
Helminth ova Irrigation water (60)
Tomatoes
Irrigation water
Carrots.
Cucumber, cabbage,
L. monocytogenes Irrigation water (61)
radishes, potatoes.
Spinach, ridge guard,
Total coliform cucumber, lady Irrigation water (62)
finger.
Ridge guard,
Staphylococcus aureus
cucumber, ladyfinger, Irrigated water (62)
spinach.

Cadmium, lead, nickel, mercury, chromium, cadmium, arsenic, copper, manganese, iron, zinc are
known as the trace elements, known as environmental pollutants in places with high anthropogenic weight,
copper, manganese, zinc, and iron also known as important trace micronutrients. All organisms are
seriously affected by trace heavy metals presents in the atmosphere, water, soil and abundant bioavailability
of these heavy metals can result in bioaccumulation in the food chain proved to be very toxin for human.
Heavy metals contaminate the soil, ground water, wastewater, surface water, sediments particulate
vegetables causing serious health problems. Although human body needs trace elements in a low quantity
to fulfill the body requirements such as vitamins and minerals (67). Trace elements plays an important role
in biological, chemical, metabolic biochemical, enzymatic reactions and catabolic reaction in the living cells
of human, animals and plants. human body contains these trace elements in a broad concentration to fulfil
body requirements. Heavy metals are often called as xenobiotic as they are not that much beneficial for our
body functioning but they are harmful when present in a minor concentration in body (68).
First discovered in 1992, by environmental protection agency (EPA) about the effects of trace
elements on crops due to wastewater irrigation. The reuse of wastewater by industries and in agricultural
practices were studied in 2004 which also include new information on treatment, emerging chemicals,

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pathogens of concern, disinfection technologies, user rate, and funding alternatives, sources of information,
acceptance, research activities and public involvement (69). Intake of contaminated water causes
accumulation of large number of chemicals in the body. These chemicals may range from sodium fluoride
(an active ingredient in rat poison), aluminum and chlorine to some heavy metals like nickel, chromium,
lead and cadmium. All are harmful in our bloodstream beyond some tolerable limitations. Lead, cadmium
in water is toxic for our body (70).
Table II. Heavy metals that affect human health

# Heavy metals Health affects References

Gastrointestinal, lungs irritation. Abnormalities of the

1 Cadmium skeletal system, kidney damage, prostate and lung (71)
cancer
Allergic reaction, skin rash ,nose irritations, genetic
2 Chromium material alteration, liver and kidney damage, weakened (72, 73)
immune system and cancer
Biochemical effects in humans, synthesis of
haemoglobin. Reaction on kidneys, teeth, bone,
3 Lead (74, 75)
gastrointestinal tract and regenerative system.
Damage the anxious framework.
Skin irritation, hypersensitivity. Lung Fibrosis, kidney
4 Nickel and cardiovascular diseases, respiratory tract cancer, (76)
contact dermatitis allergy.
Produces toxic in the environment in substantial
5 Mercury (77)
quantities through natural events.
Acute toxic effects include hyperesthesia in extremities,
6 Arsenic abdominal cramping, abdominal electrocardiogram and (78)
abdominal patellar reflexes.
Loss of memory, fatigue and concentration, tremors
7 Mercury (79)
constriction of visual field cortical blindness.
Excess intake causes the production of Metallothionein
8 Zinc (81, 82)
production, controls the oxidative stress.
Excess intake causes, cancer, poisoning in children due
9 Iron (83)
to overdose, stomach, nausea, and vomiting.
Gastrointestinal disturbances, hepatotoxicity,
10 Selenium impairment of natural killer cells, disturb endocrine (84)
function.
Respiratory failure, gastrointestinal dysfunction, cardiac
11 Barium (85)
arrhythmias and elevated blood.
Lungs and throat irritation, stomach pain, breathing
12 Silver problems, skin and other body tissues turn blue-gray or (86)
gray

HEAVY METALS IN MICROBES

Pseudomonas species is resistant towards the cadmium (87) whereas Acinetobacter species is highly
resistant towards nickel (88). Identified bacteria are used to remediate heavy metal contaminated
wastewater and sewage water (89).
Table III. Microbe’s resistivity against metals

Bacteria Resistant MIC

1 Staphylococcus spp. Chromium 500 µg/ml
2 Escherichia coli Chromium 200 µg/ml
3 Klebsiella spp. Chromium 150 µg/ml
4 Flavobacterium spp. Cadmium 300 µg/ml
5 Bacillus spp. Nickel 200 µg/ml
6 Staphylococcus Nickel 150 µg/ml
7 Pseudomonas spp. Copper 300 µg/ml
8 Methyl bacterium Cobalt 250 µg/ml
9 Acinetobacter spp. Cadmium 150 µg/ml
10 Citrobacter spp. Cadmium 220 µg/ml
*Source of data: Rajbanshi A. 2008 (90)
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HEAVY METALS AND DISEASES

Copper know as trace elements and its excessive intake cause stomach torment, postpartum, liver
harm (91) certain overwhelming metals such as Zn, Cu, or Mn interferes with Fe metabolism and cause
physiological changes, that resembles to Fe deficiency syndrome (91). Lead causes cumulative effect on
human, put away in body parts, particularly in greasy tissue and teeth proved to be toxic for body (92).
Wide-ranging population exposure to arsenic is mainly via intake of drinking water and food. In few zones
arsenic in drinking water is the most presentation for inorganic arsenic and methylated in people, and the
metabolites are excreted in pee (93). Most abundant element in the earth detected from distinctive media in
all parts of the biosphere, classified as the borderline metal particle for having both delicate and difficult
metal properties, bind to sulfur, oxygen and nitrogen groups (94). Nickel within the drinking water is
leaching from metals in contact with drinking water, such as channels, moreover show in a few ground
water as results of disintegration from nickel bearing rocks (95). Cadmium reported, as a heavy metal
posing severe risk to human health (96) and has not been appeared to have any physiological work inside
the, human body (97). Diet intake of about 300 gm/day causes gastrointestinal disturbances, affects
endocrine function, hepatotoxicity and responsible for impairment of natural killer cells (98). Barium is
responsible to cause respiratory failure, gastrointestinal dysfunction, elevated blood pressure and cardiac
arrhythmias (99). Breathing issue, lungs and throat disturbance, stomach pain is very common case, when
silver is exposed. Also causes skin and other body tissues to turn gray or blue-gray (100). Present in the food
due the wastewater irrigation ,causes hair damaged, insomnia, temper outburst, brain damage, lung and
kidney failure, autoimmune diseases, depression, drowsiness and fatigue (101, 102).Fatigue, dizziness is
cause due to the excess intake of zinc (103). Cough, shortness of breath, runny nose, nose ulcers, wheezing,
breathing issue such as asthma and hair damaged. Damages lungs, fragile bones, affect calcium regulation
in natural systems, endocrine disruptor, mutagenic, and carcinogenic (104).

BIOREMEDIATION
Ability of certain microorganisms to convert, utilize and modify toxic pollutants in order to obtain
energy and biomass production in the process. This kind of process is termed as bioremediation in which
the microorganisms is used for the biodegradation of pollutants. Microorganisms are widely distributed on
the biosphere because of their metabolic ability and can easily grow in a wide range of environmental
conditions (105). Bacteria, fungi and archaea are typical prime bioremediators used for bioremediation in
order to clean up contaminated sites (106). Microorganisms act as important pollutants removal tools in
water, sediments and soil, that is due to their advantage over other remediation hone conventions.
Microorganism are preventing the further pollution and restoring the original surroundings (107). A
technique that involves use of organisms to neutralize pollutants from a contaminated site. Environmental
protection agency (EPA) defines that bioremediation is technically a wastewater management, use naturally
occurring organisms to break down hazardous substances to less toxic substances (108). Chemical
contaminants and microorganisms are used as an energy source using their metabolic process during the
microbiological process (109). Hazardous pollutants which when released into the natural water bodies,
they cause serious environmental degradation and also increases the human health risk, which is largely
due to heavy metals, chloride, high dissolved salt, toxic chemicals and other pollutants (110).
Bioremediation only effectively occur through the addition of oxygen, fertilizers, to encourage the
microorganisms growth for the degradation of pollutants within bio-stimulation (111). Bioremediation
depends on many conditions such as the physiochemical characteristics of the environment, their
accessibility to microorganisms, concentration of pollutants and the chemical nature of pollutants (112).
Recent discoveries have been proved to be successful by the expansion of coordinated strains of
microorganisms to the medium in order to enhance the microorganisms’ populace capacity ability to
degenerate (113, 114).

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CONCLUSION
Result based conclusion are as follows. The general overview of this research work is based on
water borne diseases related to wastewater irrigation. Due to the shortage of irrigation water in agriculture
practices wastewater are commonly used for irrigation of vegetables. The lack of awareness people buy
vegetables without knowing the origin of irrigation area, that from where these vegetables are process,
brought and which source of water are used for irrigation, due to which most of the people in our society
are affected with diseases such as diarrhea, abdominal cramping, fatigue, cancer and abdominal patellar
reflexes. In future these kind of problems will be increased because of the increased population and shortage
of healthy water causing unhealthy crop production. Squander treatment unit ought to be introducing at the
conclusion of the water supply system, using photocatalysis if there is a tall load of organisms within the
water system. Low water content for cultivation of vegetables did kill human pathogens from the
phyllosphere. In future more research work on wastewater management is required to reduce the risk of
microorganisms population on crops. Photocatalysis unit may be required within the water system water
dissemination framework. Agricultural practices must be used which improves the developments of
antioxidants such as phenolic compounds and should adopt the hone that reestablish the development of
competing bacteria to decrease the numbers of enteric pathogens within the plant phyllosphere. Special
measures are required to improve the quality and hygiene of food items.

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