Lecture 6a

EE-344 Wave Propagation and Antennas

Dr. Muhammad Anis Chaudhary

Transverse Electric (TE) Modes

Transverse Electric (TE) Modes

Transverse Electric (TE) Modes

• Electric field is transverse to the direction of wave propagation

• No component of electric field can lie in the direction of wave propagation
– i.e. Ez = 0

• Start by determining Hz
• Once Hz is determined, all other components can easily be determined

Boundary Conditions
• At the walls (perfect conductor) of the waveguide, tangential components of E field must
be continues (as the tangential E diminishes in a perfect conductor)
– Etan |y=0,y=b,x=0,x=a = 0

Transverse Electric (TE) Modes

• Etan |y=0,y=b,x=0,x=a = 0
• y=0 bottom wall, Exs |y=0 = 0
• y=b top wall, Exs |y=b = 0

• x=0 right wall, Eys x=0

=0

• x=a left wall, Eys x=a

=0

EE-344 Wave Propagation and Antennas, Dr. M Anis Ch, Lecture 6a Page 1 of 10
Transverse Electric (TE) Modes
Summary of General Formulation for Guided Waves

• All other components can be expressed in terms of Ēzs and H̄zs and can be given as
 
∂ Ezs ∂ Hzs
– Exs = γ 2−1
+k2
γ ∂x + jω µ ∂y
 
1 ∂ Ezs ∂ Hzs
– Eys = γ 2 +k 2 −γ ∂ y + jω µ ∂ x

 
– Hxs = 1
γ 2 +k2
jωε ∂∂Eyzs − γ ∂∂Hxzs
 
– Hys = −1
γ 2 +k2
jωε ∂∂Exzs + γ ∂∂Hyzs

• and
¯ 2 Ezs = −h2 Ezs
– ∇ t
¯
– ∇2 Hzs = −h2 Hzs
t
– where h2 = γ 2 + k2 and k2 = ω 2 µε

Transverse Electric (TE) Modes

∂ Hzs
• Exs = 0 =⇒ ∂y =0
∂ Hzs
• Eys = 0 =⇒ ∂x =0
∂ Hzs
• =⇒ ∂ y y=0,b =0

∂ Hzs
• and ∂ x x=0,a =0

• As Hzs (x, y, z) = [B1 coskx x + B2 sinkx x] [B3 cosky y + B4 sinky y] e−γz

∂ Hzs ∂
• ∂ y y=0,b = ∂ y (B3 cosky y + B4 sinky y) y=0,b =0

– −B3 ky sinky y + B4 ky cosky y y=0,b

= 0 =⇒ −B3 sinky y + B4 cosky y y=0,b

– −B3 sinky y + B4 cosky y y=0

= −B3 .0 + B4 .1 = B4 = 0
– −B3 sinky y + B4 cosky y y=b
= −B3 sinky b = 0 =⇒ sinky b = 0 =⇒ ky b = nπ

EE-344 Wave Propagation and Antennas, Dr. M Anis Ch, Lecture 6a Page 2 of 10
Transverse Electric (TE) Modes

∂ Hzs ∂
• ∂ x x=0,a = ∂ x (B1 coskx x + B2 sinkx x) x=0,a =0

– −B1 kx sinkx x + B2 kx coskx x|x=0,a = 0

– −B1 sinkx x + B2 coskx x|x=0 = −B1 .0 + B2 .1 = B2 = 0
– −B1 sinkx x + B2 coskx x|x=a = −B1 sinkx a = 0 =⇒ kx a = mπ
mπ nπ
• substitutingB4 = 0, B2 = 0, kx = a , ky = b in

• Hzs = [B1 coskx x + B2 sinkx x] [B3 cosky y + B4 sinky y] e−γz

• Hzs = B1 B3 coskx xcosky ye−γz

−γz
• Hzs = H0 cos mπ nπ


a x cos b y e where H0 = B1 B3

• Other field components can easily be obtained as below

– Exs = jωh2µ nπ

mπ

nπ

−γz
b H0 cos a x sin b y e

– Eys = − hjω2 µ mπ

mπ

nπ

−γz
a H0 sin a x cos b y e
– Hxs = hγ2 mπ mπ nπ −γz




a H0 sin a x cos b y e

−γz
– Hys = hγ2 nπ mπ nπ



b H0 cos a x sin b y e

Transverse Electric (TE) Modes

• Thus for TE, field components are given as

−γz
– Ezs = 0 , Hzs = H0 cos mπ nπ


a x cos b y e

• and
jω µ nπ
mπ

nπ

−γz
– Exs = h2 b H 0 cos a x sin b y e
− jω µ mπ
mπ

nπ

−γz
– Eys = h2 a H 0 sin a x cos b y e
γ mπ mπ nπ −γz




– Hxs = h2 a H0 sin a x cos b y e
γ nπ

−γz
H0 cos mπ nπ


– Hys = h2 b a x sin b y e

• where
mπ 2

2
– h2 = γ 2 + k2 = kx2 + ky2 = + nπ


a b

EE-344 Wave Propagation and Antennas, Dr. M Anis Ch, Lecture 6a Page 3 of 10
Transverse Electric (TE) Modes

• fc , λc , β , u p , λ for TE modes are the same as for TM modes

q
Ex Ey ωµ µr 1
• Intrinsic impedance = ηT E = H y
= − Hx = β = ε  2
fc
1− f

– ηT E ηT M = η ′2
q
– where η ′ = µε is the intrinsic impedance of a uniform plane wave in unbounded
medium

Transverse Electric (TE) Modes

• m and n denote the number of half cycle variations in the x-y cross-section

• for TE modes

– (m,n) may be (0,1) or (1,0) but not (0,0)

– if both (m,n)=(0,0), Exs , Eys , Hxs , Hys all are reduced to zero

• So the lowest order mode can be T E10 or T E01 depending on whether a>b or b<a
q
mπ 2
1

2
+ nπ


– fc = 2π √µε a b

• usually a>b

– =⇒ T E10 is the lowest order mode

• T E10 is called the dominant mode (a>b) of the waveguide

EE-344 Wave Propagation and Antennas, Dr. M Anis Ch, Lecture 6a Page 4 of 10
Transverse Electric (TE) Modes
Dominant Mode
• is the mode with the lowest cutoff frequency

Transverse Electric (TE) Modes

TE10 Mode
• Lowest cutoff frequency
• is the most commonly used mode in case of a rectangular waveguide
• here m=1, n=0
– Ezs = 0
mπ nπ −γz = H cos πx e−γz




– Hzs = H0 cos a x cos
b y e 0 a
jω µ nπ
mπ

nπ

−γz
– Exs = h2 b H0 cos a x sin b y e =0
− jω µ mπ
mπ

nπ

−γz = − jω µ π H sin πx e−γz


– Eys = h2 a H0 sin a x cos b y e h2 a 0 a
γ mπ
mπ nπ

−γz
−γz
= hγ2 πa H0 sin πx


– Hxs = h2 a H0 sin a x cos b y e a e
γ nπ

−γz
H0 cos mπ nπ


– Hys = h2 b a x sin b y e =0

EE-344 Wave Propagation and Antennas, Dr. M Anis Ch, Lecture 6a Page 5 of 10
Transverse Electric (TE) Modes
TE10 Mode; Continued
mπ 2 nπ 2 π 2
• using h2 = kx2 + ky2 =




a + b = a =⇒

e−γz
πx


– Hzs = H0 cos a
– Eys = − jωπµa H0 sin πx

−γz
e
γa
a
πx −γz
– Hxs = π H0 sin a e
– Ezs = 0, Exs = 0, Hys = 0

• In the time domain, for γ = jβ

– Hz = Re(Hzs e jωt )
– Ez = 0, Ex = 0, Hy = 0


– Hz = H0 cos πx a cos(ωt − β z)
– Ey = ωπµa H0 sin πx o


a sin(ωt − β z) ∵ cos(α − 90 ) = sinα

– Hx = − βπa H0 sin πx o


a sin(ωt − β z) ∵ cos(α + 90 ) = −sinα

Transverse Electric (TE) Modes

TE10 Mode; Continued

• Cutoff frequency for T E10 mode is

q
1 mπ 2 nπ 2



– fc = 2π µε
√
a + b
q

π 2 u′
– fc10 = 2π √1 µε a = 2π √1 µε πa = 1
√
2a µε = 2a

u′
• Cutoff wavelength is λc10 = fc10 = 2a

• EM wave will propagate in the guide when f > fc10

EE-344 Wave Propagation and Antennas, Dr. M Anis Ch, Lecture 6a Page 6 of 10
Transverse Electric (TE) Modes
TE10 Mode; Continued

TE and TM Modes in a Rectangular Waveguide

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TE and TM Modes in a Rectangular Waveguide

TE and TM Modes in a Rectangular Waveguide

EE-344 Wave Propagation and Antennas, Dr. M Anis Ch, Lecture 6a Page 8 of 10
Example 12.1

• A rectangular waveguide with dimensions a = 2.5cm, b = 1cm is to operate below 15.1GHz.

• How many TE and TM modes can the waveguide transmit if the guide is filled with a
medium characterized by σ = 0, ε = 4ε0 , µr = 1?

• Calculate the cutoff frequencies of the modes.

TE and TM Modes in a Rectangular Waveguide

Practice Exercise 12.2

• At 15GHz, an air-filled 5cm × 2cm waveguide has

Ezs = 20 sin (40πx) sin (50πy) e− jβ z V /m

• (a) What mode is being propagated?

• (b) Find β
Ey
• (c) Determine Ex

TE and TM Modes in a Rectangular Waveguide

Example 12.3

• In a rectangular waveguide for which a = 1.5cm, b = 0.8cm, σ = 0, µ = µ0 and ε = 4ε0 ,

 
 πx  3πy
sin π × 1011t − β z A/m


Hx = 2 sin cos
a b

and Hz = 0. Determine

• (a) The mode of operation

• (b) The cutoff frequency

• (c) The phase constant β

• (d) The propagation constant γ

• (e) The instrinsic wave impedance η

EE-344 Wave Propagation and Antennas, Dr. M Anis Ch, Lecture 6a Page 9 of 10
TE and TM Modes in a Rectangular Waveguide
Rectangular Waveguides

• To design a waveguide for a given frequency range

– Cutoff frequency should be less that the operating frequency (or minimum operating
frequency if frequency range is given)

• As a rule of thumb ( fc is 15% to 25% less than f ),

– fc = f − (25% o f f )
– fc = f − 0.25 f = 0.75 f
– where fc is the cutoff frequency of the desired mode and f is the operating frequency

• Normally it is preferred to design for the dominant mode i.e. T E10 mode in a rectangular
waveguide

• a = 2b

TE and TM Modes in a Rectangular Waveguide

Design Example

• Design a rectangular waveguide for use in the frequency band of 5 GHz to 8 GHz. Assume
that the waveguide is air-filled. Ensure single mode operation in the given frequency
range.

• Figures in this lecture are from

– Sadiku MN. Elements of electromagnetics

– Balanis CA. Advanced engineering electromagnetics
– Ramo S, Whinnery JR, Van Duzer T. Fields and waves in communication electronics

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