OMUZ OMUZA YAN YANA

HAKKI HOCA HEP YANINIZDA

05306990143
05335670143 1
KELİMELER

1. Bad breath, an unpleasant odour of the 4. Acupuncture's record of success has been
breath, is usually due to poor hygiene, but it ----- impressive to stimulate a number of
can be an ----- of underlying health problems. research projects investigating its mechanisms
as well as its efficacy.
A) assessment
A) sufficiently
B) occupation
B) vaguely
C) application
C) reluctantly
D) indication
D) devastatingly
E) obstruction
E) coincidentally

2. Depletion of antioxidant defences increases

the body's ----- to oxidation; therefore, the 5. Studies find that losing weight is one of the
consumption of adequate antioxidants is most effective ways to ----- several Health
important. conditions from diabetes to cardiovascular
disease.
A) vulnerability
A) avoid
B) accountability
B) display
C) substitution
C) conceal
D) resistance
D) transmit
E) delusion
E) contradict

3. Some fears and phobias, fears that have

become so excessive or irrational that they 6. Patients with specific pain symptoms of
negatively impact daily life, are more ----- to unknown origin should undergo a thorough
have genetic roots than others. medical examination before starting
biofeedback treatments to ----- any serious
A) likely
underlying disease.
B) proper
A) give up
C) demanding
B) take over
D) distinct
C) rule out
E) willful
D) put across

E) bring about

2
7.In between the world wars and after 1945, 10. German-born composer George Frideric
there were numerous wars both between Handel (1685-1789) ----- studied law before
nations and within nations in which ----- were devoting his full attention to a career in music.
often high.
A) abundantly
A) alliances
B) initially
B) casualties
C) defensively
C) advances
D) strictly
D) solutions
E) notably
E) rejections

11. By the end of 2020, F1 driver Lewis

8.Americans have become more aware of Hamilton ----- Michael Schumacher's record
other cuisines because of the growing ----- of for total race wins, equalled his number of
the American population, together with world championships, and so became
increased business and leisure travel to unarguably, the greatest F1 driver of all time.
countries such as Korea, Vietnam, and India.
A) dissolved
A) visibility
B) withdrew
B) diversity
C) postponed
C) suspicion
D) highlighted
D) interruption
E) overtook
E) correlation

12. Cybercrimes are growing as more people

9. Many people fear that climate change is possess computers and ----- them for daily
becoming -----, though there is much lobbying tasks such as shopping, banking, and
for social change to help slow the trend. communicating with each other.

A) inadequate A) reflect on

B) immobile B) get through

C) unconvincing C) depend on

D) disapproving D) bring about

E) irreversible E) fall for

3
13.It is thought that the formation of most life 16.A typical person spends about 90 per cent
on Earth depended on our ----- to the Sun, of their time indoors; thus, health comfort,
because being in the 'habitable zone' - an area and well-being are ----- influenced by the
that stretches from just outside Venus's orbit complex issue of the quality of indoor air.
to Mars's orbit - was ideal for stimulating life
A) amusingly
on Earth.
B) fortunately
A) resemblance
C) strongly
B) guidance
D) deliberately
C) proximity
E) arbitrarily
D) resolution

E) applicability
17.Scientists will continue to search for life on
other planets because humans have a burning
14.The Internet can be considered as a multi- desire to ----- whether they are alone in the
faceted mass medium that contains many universe.
different ----- of communication.
A) obtain
A) eliminations
B) determine
B) configurations
C) regulate
C) breakdowns
D) resist
D) hesitations
E) enhance
E) obligations

18.As a natural object that travels in orbit

15.Mysterious discoveries around the globe around the Earth, the Moon does not ----- any
have opened up an amazing possibility: the light of its own, but reflects light from the Sun.
cosmos could be full of ghostly stars that are
A) get into
----- to our most sensitive detectors.
B) settle down
A) invaluable
C) give off
B) unstable
D) carry on
C) invisible
E) make out
D) uneven

E) irresistible

4
19.The ----- of chocolate with romance is 22.Today we take the appearance of dinosaurs
probably responsible for the creation of boxes for granted, but it has taken centuries of
in the shape of hearts, filled with chocolates, careful study to learn how to ------ read the
being the gift of choice for lovers every clues in the fossil record.
Valentine's Day.
A) disputably
A) enrichment
B) incidentally
B) association
C) reluctantly
C) proposal
D) accurately
D) advent
E) implicitly
E) resolution

23.Among the problems stemming from space

20.A mere 7 percent of the world's oceans has activity, 'space junk' is a growing concern as
any protection- mostly weak rules, with disused satellites and other objects ----- in our
multiple exceptions and only 2.5 percent is planet's orbit.
highly protected from ----- .
A) perpetuate
A) exploitation
B) overtake
B) diversion
C) accumulate
C) fragmentation
D) facilitate
D) distinction
E) precede
E) supervision

24.Chlorophylls are complex molecules

21.Because some African proverbs are often -- exquisitely suited to the light absorption,
--to listeners unfamiliar with African cultures, energy transfer, and electron transfer
they are sometimes used as a secretive type of functions that they ----- in photosynthesis.
language to keep outsiders from
A) pull down
understanding.
B) carry out
A) undeniable
C) take up
B) irreversible
D) draw up
C) inconsistent
E) get off
D) unintelligible

E) insufficient

5
KELİME CEVAP ANAHTARI

1. D
2. A
3. A
4. A
5. A
6. C
7. B
8. B
9. E
10. B
11. E
12. C
13. C
14. B
15. C
16. C
17. B
18. C
19. B
20. A
21. D
22. D
23. C
24. B

6
CÜMLE TAMAMLAMA

1. ----as soon as the dieter resumes usual 3. While Alzheimer's disease (AD) may not be
eating patterns. the direct cause of death, ----.

A) Without changing eating patterns, the A) family members or others caring for a
weight lost in a dieting program returns person with AD have an extremely difficult and
stressful job
B) Many obese people underreport the
amount of food they consume B) the generally poorer health of a person with
AD increases the risk of life-threatening
C) The dieter's eating habits often do not
infection
change while undergoing the dieting program
C) several substances are being tested for their
D) Drastically reducing food intake promotes a
ability to slow the progress of AD
loss of five kilos a week
D) the aggravation of the disease can be
E) Dietary goals are unrealistic and set the
controlled thanks to an active lifestyle
person up for failure
E) drugs such as antidepressants, and
sedatives are used to treat the behavioural
symptoms of AD

2. ----; however, there is a body of evidence to

support the idea that what is eaten may affect
the skin.
4. Although the use of prescription
A) Dermatologists and nutritionists have
medications may assist in managing obesity
developed a list of foods to stay away
for some individuals, -----.
B) There is some debate in the medical
A) sedentary lifestyle is one of the underlying
community about the impact of diet on acne
reasons for obesity
C) Researchers have developed suggestions for
B) it is never the sole treatment for the
dietary changes to improve or eliminate acne
condition, nor is it ever considered a cure
D) One of the earliest studies about food and
C) the most successful way to manage it is
acne focused on chocolate
possible through medications
E) There have been isolated studies that
D) appetite-suppressant medications promote
explored the effect of specific supplements on
weight loss by decreasing appetite
acne
E) several of these medications are currently
approved for treatment of obesity

7
5. When lactose intolerance is suspected in 7. Patients have different abilities to
infants and young children, -----. comprehend medical procedures; some prefer
printed information -----.
A) the symptoms range from a feeling of mild
bloating to severe diarrhoea A) while others learn more from oral
presentations
B) many paediatricians recommend simply
changing from cow's milk to soy milk and B) although skin preparation is often ordered
watching for improvement for all

C) food intolerances involve an exaggerated or C) even if it is helpful for them to express their
abnormal physical reaction to a food or food worries
additive
D) because too much knowledge may increase
D) intolerance caused by temporary intestinal their anxiety
diseases disappears with a successful
E) as pain management after surgery is not the
treatment
primary concern
E) children with carbohydrate intolerance can
lead normal lives with good dietary
management

8. Hallucinations tend to be more distressing

for the person who is having them than for
6. -----; furthermore, research suggests that
others -----.
people may be trained to partially recover
their mental function apparently lost during A) while observing the patient can help to
aging. identify whether hallucinations are a side
effect of medications or a manifestation of
A) The mental faculties of most older people
their disease
remain functioning when challenged by a
commitment to lifelong learning and activity B) only when a medication that is the
suspected cause of hallucinations is changed
B) Senescent cells are no longer able to
to another drug or the times the drug is taken
protect organs and blood vessels, and possibly
are changed
contribute to aging
C) unless they cause the person to feel undue
C) It is known that our cognitive skills tend to
anxiety or to react to them in ways that are
be on the decline as we age
harmless to the person or others
D) Experiments reveal that the build-up of
D) provided that people having delusions have
oxidised protein, the result of free-radical
no awareness that those perceptions may be
attack, may cause brain cells to age
inaccurate or unreal in the first place
E) Forgetfulness can be caused by the use of
E) because the person having them does not
sleeping pills and by any factor decreasing the
know whether what appear to be physical
supply of oxygen to the brain
stimuli are real, whereas others do know that
they are not

8
9. ----, traditional Muslim medicine is still 11. It might be difficult to control the dosage of
being practised widely in many Muslim health supplements in liquid form ----.
societies.
A) although they contain sugar or sweetener,
A) Because major political and socioeconomic which might be unacceptable to some users
transformations have occurred in the Muslim
world B) unless a proper measuring spoon or cup is
used and recommended daily intake is
B) Despite the profound Westernisation of provided
medical theory and the medical establishment
C) because they are suitable for people who
in the Muslim world
cannot swallow tablets or capsules
C) Whereas Muslim medicine has always been
D) while they have a shorter shelf life than
in contact with other medical systems through
other forms like pills, gummies, and powders
translations
E) even if overdose results in potential side
D) By the time European texts were translated
effects, such as gastrointestinal upset and
into Muslim languages as part of the move
vomiting
from traditional to Western medicine
E) With the aim of translating Muslim medical
texts into European languages during the
Middle Ages
12.Because Amish people see work as central
to both good health and being a good
Christian, -----.

A) they have well-established rituals

associated with death
10. Tooth extraction can be performed with
local anaesthesia -----. B) the US Supreme Court exempted them from
A) so tooth extractions may sometimes need to compulsory education
be postponed temporarily C) they give their children age-appropriate
B) although it is one of the most common chores from an early age
dental procedures
D) a small proportion of Amish youth develop
C) if the tooth is exposed and appears to be problems with alcohol
easily removable in one piece
E) they generally wear plain traditional clothes
D) while extraction may be used to remove and avoid using modern stuff
teeth that are so badly decayed
E) as the dentist may recommend stopping
some certain medications prior to surgery

9
13.While the word chivalry is originally related 15. Though consumers are bombarded with
to cavalry and to the French word chevalier, information on foods, -----.
which means horseman, -----.
A) details about how foods are actually
A) it gained this meaning in the Middle Ages, produced are often hard to find
when chivalry was a code of honour for armed
B) writing a book about food chain is not a
knights on horseback
challenging task for adults
B) a number of poets in different periods
C) food prices differ in various restaurants
made use of chivalry in their epic poems
even in the same country
C) the concept of 'religious chivalry' was then
D) some practices in the agri-food sector are
used to define heroism, military devotion, and
very effective in yielding abundant crops
patriotism
E) their digestive system still has difficulties
D) today it means considerate manners
with most exotic foods
towards others, especially towards people
who are weak or defenceless

E) besides other qualities associated with it,

like manners, the most important part of
chivalry was military skill
16. Although some people perceive humour to
be a distraction from serious work, -----.

A) workers use humour to make fun of a

14. Even though there is not sufficient manager, policy, or practice in the workplace
information to state authoritatively that by ridiculing some situations
computers have any negative effects on
children, -----. B) in the last 30 years, organisational scholars
have systematically studied workplace humour
A) most children first use computers for within organisational settings
entertainment purposes such as games
C) the most documented form of employee-
B) young children should be able to use specific humour is used by employees to safely
developmentally appropriate programs to criticise an organisational process
improve their cognitive skills
D) abundant research has identified multiple
C) a variety of learning programs seek to teach ways in which humour actually contributes to
basic skills in math, language, reading, and enhancing people's workplace productivity
other subjects
E) in blue-collar workplaces, workers socially
D) the possible adverse effects are serious construct their identities in response to the
enough to warrant consideration power imbalance between themselves and
management
E) interactive learning has become a new
trend in recent years with the development of
new technologies

10
17. Even though sociologists do not agree on a 19. -----, they already have a large vocabulary
single definition of ethnicity, -----. of several thousand words which includes
most of the words they will meet in early
A) it has attracted the interest of sociologists
reading.
in the US more than anywhere else in the
world A) When native-speaking children start to
learn how to read
B) few societies are ethnically homogenous in
the globalised world today B) Although native-speaking children have a
good command of the grammar of the
C) conflicts between different ethnic groups
language
may lead to civil war in a country
C) Whereas native-speaking children have a lot
D) no approach to the study of ethnicity could
of knowledge about reading conventions
be described as excellent
D) Whether parents read their children many
E) there is general recognition that a number
stories in their mother tongue
of common characteristics appear as its
hallmarks E) Even though native-speaking children are
very keen to learn how to read

20. -----, their artistic, intellectual, and political

18. -----, it did not begin to establish itself in
contributions were crucial to the foundations
China as a recognised discipline till the late
of Western civilisation.
1970s.
A) While the Greeks originated scientific and
A) Once linguists began to classify Chinese
philosophical thought
dialects according to seven major groups by
the 1930s B) Whereas science and technology have been
important in the growth of civilisations
B) As the government language policy of China
has been the promotion of a common C) Although the Greeks did not conceive of
language since 1956 Western civilisation as a cultural entity

C) Since it can be claimed that applied D) Because the concept of the West did not
linguistics practices were part of the Chinese yet exist at the time of the Mesopotamians
experience
E) Just as people in different parts of the world
D) Although applied linguistics can be dated as began to live in organised communities
far back as the 1940s in the US

E) Just as western linguists contributed to the

debates that took place on reforming the
Chinese language

11
21. The most obvious function of emotional 23. Although penguins are most common in
displays like laughter and crying is to signal to cold climates, -----.
others what we are feeling, -----.
A) their breeding colonies on rocky shores, ice,
A) but our emotional displays can sometimes or snow are often vast
be a way to mask our true feelings
B) nesting so closely helps adults and chicks to
B) so emotional displays might be interpreted keep warm during snowstorms
differently based on the situation we are in
C) they breed in one of the world's harshest
C) because our feelings may not always be the environments, on offshore islands in the
best option to count on when making Antarctic
important decisions
D) their thick coats of short, stiff feathers
D) thus our feelings could be shaped by what provide insulation against the cold
others think about our plans and dreams
E) they are not restricted to the southern
E) as emotional displays may change in their oceans around Antarctica
intensity in people who experience dramatic
mood swings

24. If old-growth forests are to always be a

component of Earth's natural biodiversity, -----.
22. Mindfulness meditation and yoga have
A) the number of scattered and dead trees,
been found to offer numerous health benefits;
both standing and lying on the forest floor
-----.
should increase
A) however, it takes time and dedication to see
B) then human societies will have to preserve
results from both
them in large ecological reserves
B) nonetheless, they can switch off genes
C) those forests will be rarely managed by
implicated in inflammation
foresters as a renewable, natural resource
C) instead, they can help people recognise
D) a really long time must pass for a typical
their feelings in a less emotionally charged
old-growth forest to develop
way
E) then they occur in places or regions where
D) in contrast, yoga and meditation industry is
catastrophic disturbances are rare
booming in the global market

E) otherwise, we have e-yoga, the combination

of brain stimulation with meditation

12
25. -----, yet today, billions of people use them 27. Sometimes, floods occur as a result of a
across the world, without any proven illness. unique combination of factors that only
indirectly involve weather conditions; -----.
A) Environmental electromagnetic fields
created by cell phones are too small to A) thus, some places on Earth experience
produce damaging biological effects more than average rainfall while others
endure droughts
B) Radiation emitted by cell phones does not
pose a potential threat for biological damage B) however, humans have attempted to
manage floods using a variety of methods with
C) The energy level of radiation emitted by cell
varying degrees of success
phones is not great enough to break the bonds
in genetic material C) otherwise, constructing houses near water
bodies has contributed to disastrous
D) Reports of negative health effects have
consequences of floods
surrounded the use of cell phones since their
introduction D) to illustrate, a low-lying coastal area may be
prone to flooding whenever the ocean is at
E) Research indicates that long-term exposure
high tide
to cell phone radiation does not lead to such
diseases as leukaemia E) in other words, some obvious causes of
floods are heavy rains and frequent storms
within a short time duration

26. -----; therefore, in the 1990s, the Baltic

countries agreed to clean up the environment
in and around the sea. 28. Although a nuclear power plant cannot
explode like an atomic bomb, -----.
A) By the beginning of the 20th century
pollution from industries became a concern in A) atomic bombs create devastating
the Baltic area explosions by splitting the atom

B) Through the end of the 18th century, the B) there may be accidents that can result in
Baltic sea started to get too salty serious radioactive pollution

C) The economy of the Baltic countries C) there is to be a ban on the dumping of

benefitted from the high number of tourists radioactive waste at sea

D) Fish stock in the Baltic has increased in the D) personal lifestyle influences the amount of
last decade radioactivity to which people are exposed

E) The countries around the Baltic sea E) a radioactive chemical element

prospered with the help of advertising 'meitnerium' is produced when atoms collide

13
29. Mars may have once been warm, with 31. Birds are no more extraordinary than any
rivers flowing on its surface, -----. other living organisms, -----.

A) although the outer region of its iron core is A) so no other group of animals attract us as
thought to still be partially molten much as birds, however interesting they are

B) until some of the water that flowed was B) so that observations can tell us what
released by volcanic activity or asteroid impact astonishing diversity there is among them

C) yet the planet is now an arid wasteland, its C) providing that they are a great source of
remaining water locked in frost and ice inspiration to people

D) whereas the lack of tectonic plate D) yet it is their greater familiarity with people
movement allows volcanoes to become much that makes them seem so special
larger than on Earth
E) thus biologists encourage greater efforts to
E) even if ancient lava veins have been conserve them before it is too late
identified on the slopes of its biggest shield
volcanoes

32. -----, astronauts can lose up to 40 per cent

of their muscle mass after 180 days on the
30. Most people associate the word 'dog' with International Space Station.
friendly pets or working animals; -----.
A) Although they dedicate several hours of
A) however, there are many wild species of their day to exercise
dog, which are collectively known as canids
B) Even if spending long periods in space can
B) therefore, this group includes jackals, foxes, alter the human body
wolves, and the dingo
C) Given that it can take a crew ten months to
C) yet, dogs are long-legged, fast-moving reach the surface of Mars
carnivores with acute senses of smell and
D) As if they are briefly exposed to hyper
hearing
gravity
D) rather, they are highly social mammals,
E) Whereas living for periods at low gravity
often living and hunting together in packs
may alter the human DNA
E) instead, dogs use smell to communicate
with one another, for example by urinating to
mark their territories

14
33. The warming of our planet is usually 35.-----, scientists are turning to this area as a
blamed on carbon dioxide -----. potential screening target for early signs of
Alzheimer's, an incurable neurodegenerative
A) but there is another major greenhouse gas,
disease.
methane, contributing to the damage in our
skies A) Even if the still-growing brain branches off
to form the retina during an embryo's
B) even if there is far less methane being
development
emitted into the atmosphere than carbon
dioxide B) As evidence builds that changes in the brain
can manifest in the retina
C) so scientists claim methane's warming
effect has become 80 times greater in the last C) Although retina is closely related to brain
decade tissue and can be examined through the pupil

D) because methane also reacts with nitrous D) While the retina, composed of several
oxides to make the gas ozone close to the layers of neurons, is a part of the nervous
Earth's surface system

E) since ozone is linked to a million premature E) Unless retinal screenings are used to mark
deaths annually the onset of symptoms for neurological
disorders

34.While ancient astronomers noticed some

spots on the Sun's surface, -----. 36.While 'literacy' is basically thought of as the
ability to read and to write, -----.
A) Christoph Scheiner's suggestion that
sunspots were satellites of the Sun was later A) the central role of language in the
dismissed emergence of key literacy-related skills raises
important questions about the nature of
B) they tried to devise sophisticated tools to
literacy development
observe celestial bodies
B) children's literacy development is a product
C) it was not until the invention of the
of both early experiences, such as parent-child
telescope that scientists could look
book reading, and later experiences, such as
systematically at the Sun
reading instruction at school
D) they advanced an interest in sunspots,
C) those in poor countries must be supported
developing a number of theories
to acquire literacy so that they can take an
E) Galileo Galilei debated on the nature of active part in the development of their
sunspots through letters to Marc Welser countries

D) the definition of literacy has been

expanded, involving the use of various sources
such as audio-visual materials and computers

E) most students and their parents are still not

aware of the importance of developing digital
literacy to improve school success

15
37.-----, although it did not have as much 39.Although no single security technology can
impact in the scientific arena as the make a system completely safe, -----.
development of still photography, which had
A) using them together with recognised
wrought a revolution in astronomy.
security practices provides many impediments
A) Astronomy was regarded as a way of to intruders and malware
recording the outer world through our senses
B) the cyber security community has failed to
and observation capability
respond to the growing threat with new
B) Cinema takes advantage of optical illusions technologies and guidelines
of continuous movement from a series of still
C) companies whose computer systems get
images
attacked are more often held liable for the
C) The advent of cinema in the 1890s was a harm it causes their customers
highly significant advancement in recording
D) software developers now take security
technology
more seriously than they did at the turn of the
D) Cinematography was limited in the accurate century
representation of mundane life until the late
E) many see security not as the top priority
1920s
but as a trade-off with other objectives, such
E) The employment of cinema as documentary as functionality and performance
reportage was always secondary to its role as a
medium of entertainment

38.-----, but it took centuries to grow into the

ferocious force that would strike fear across 40. Although cholera, one of the most
the then known world. devastating of all human diseases, is endemic
in some areas of the world, -----.
A) The myth involving the Roman way of living
endured long after the last soldiers of the A) treatment strategies have been devised
empire died that have cut the fatality rate of cholera to 1%
in the last decades
B) The Roman army is remembered today as
the mightiest fighting machine that the B) severe diarrhoea and vomiting that
ancient world had ever seen characterise this disease can lead to death due
to dehydration
C) Soldiers in the Roman army continued to
erect forts and collect taxes even at times of C) it is usually associated with massive
war migrations of people, such as those occurring
during war or famine
D) Rome's army was raised on an as-need
basis from the citizenry based on property D) people recovering from it continue to shed
qualifications the organism in their faeces for weeks to
months after the initial infection
E) Roman soldiers were more literate than the
general population and were more likely to E) one of the ways to prevent cholera is to
leave records of their lives identify and treat cholera carriers in areas
where it is endemic

16
41. It is easy to get distracted halfway through 43. Small, blood-sucking bugs native to the
a newspaper article, -----. American continent seriously afflict thousands
of people every year with various diseases, ---.
A) but reading long novels is not a challenge
when the narrative structure is easier to follow A) but none of the infections carried by them
have garnered as much attention as the
B) since news agencies deliberately choose
widely-known Zika virus
thought-provoking articles that hook their
readers B) even if they are thought to be
predominantly impactful on those who have
C) even though the newspapers write about
been already struggling with serious health
dull and uninteresting topics such as trivial
issues
disputes between individuals
C) so the rates are overwhelmingly high
D) so that narratives can be a universal form of
among immigrants, many of whom live in
communication and much has been written
poverty with limited access to health care
about them
D) though health professionals need more
E) while a best-selling and critically-acclaimed
studies to be done to eradicate the threats
novel can only deal with the society's
posed by these bugs
dilemmas
E) yet the damage they bring to the health-
care systems in South America harms a great
number of people

42. -----, there are also great environmental

benefits such as advances in productivity that
has been brought about by chemical use.

A) Before the direct importance of climate's

effect on agriculture has been a key focus of
studies on the potential agriculture policies

B) Because considerable uncertainty remains

about the global influence of chemical use on
agricultural production

C) While it is easy to see some of the

environmental harm caused by modern
chemical-intensive agricultural production

D) As long as human activities negatively affect

the fertility of soil and agricultural production

E) Given that agriculture is thought to be a

principal source of water pollution, especially
in developed nations

17
CÜMLE TAMAMLAMA CEVAP ANAHTARI

1. A
2. B
3. B
4. B
5. B
6. A
7. A
8. E
9. B
10. C
11. B
12. C
13. D
14. D
15. A
16. D
17. E
18. D
19. A
20. C
21. A
22. A
23. E
24. B
25. D
26. A
27. D
28. B
29. C
30. A
31. D
32. A
33. A
34. C
35. B
36. D
37. C
38. B
39. A
40. C
41. A
42. C
43. A

18
 PARAGRAF TAMAMLAMA

1. No single specific gene for autism has 2. Over the past few years, several studies
been discovered. Although the exact cause have investigated the link between salt
of autism is unknown, it is thought that and obesity. One study found that people
autism is due to a combination of genetic on high-salt diets were at increased risk of
and environmental causes. ----This means being severely overweight. In fact, a 2015
there are probably a number of different study found that eating just one extra
genes as well as unknown environmental gram of salt each day increased the risk of
factors involved in the development of obesity in children by 28 per cent and in
autism. Multifactorial conditions tend to adults by 26 per cent. ---- It also indicated
run in families, but the pattern of that because salty food made you thirsty,
inheritance is not as predictable as with children may be reaching for high-
single gene disorders. The chance of kilocalorie soft drinks instead of water.
recurrence is also less than the risk for
A) Despite its negative effects on their
single gene disorders and is usually
cardiovascular health, seven out of ten
derived from empiric or long-term studies
children were found to consume too much
of a large number of families.
salt.
A) This combination of causative factors is
B) Studies showed that 77 per cent of our
often referred to as multifactorial
sodium intake comes from processed and
inheritance.
fast foods like canned soup or frozen
B) The different terms for autism are partly pizza.
due to the different individuals that first
C) Another study suggested that salt made
described this disorder.
food much tastier so children may eat
C) The multiple behavioural problems more of it because it tasted good.
associated with this condition necessitate
D) If individuals were able to reduce their
multidisciplinary care and advocacy for
salt intake, the rates of cardiovascular
their families.
disease and mortality would considerably
D) Behaviours change over time and drop.
educational treatments can be used to
E) The few other studies carried out with
focus on the appropriate ones.
teenagers showed that salt reductions had
E) Several examinations may be necessary a greater effect in these populations.
before a definitive diagnosis can be
reached.

19
3. Neurologists do not know what causes 4. People diagnosed with bipolar disorders
primary brain tumours to develop. ----- experience moods ranging from deepest
However, the correlations are not as yet depression to mania, often with periods of
conclusive. Primary brain tumours, less extreme moods, or even emotional
cancerous and noncancerous, occur in stability, in between. Because bipolar
people of all ages and about equally in disorder is thought to be biological in
men and women. Early diagnosis allows nature, psychological therapy is
the widest range of treatment options, and recommended as a companion to, but not
early treatment offers the best opportunity a substitute for, pharmaceutical treatment
for a positive outcome. There are no of the disease. Psychotherapy, such as
known measures to prevent brain tumours. cognitive behavioural therapy, can be a
However, lifestyle measures such as daily useful tool in helping patients and their
physical exercise and not smoking all help families adjust to the disorder, in
support the body's natural immune system encouraging compliance to a medication
efforts to resist the disease. regimen. ----- Social support during this
process for individuals with bipolar
A) Despite advances in cancer biology and
disorder could be helpful as well.
surgical techniques, malignant brain
tumours remain one of the most A) Therefore, bipolar disorder is a chronic
devastating diagnoses in medicine. recurrent illness in over 90 per cent of
those afflicted.
B) Chemotherapy is sometimes effective in
achieving remission of cancers that have B) Also, educative counselling is
metastasized to the brain. recommended for the natient and family

C) There is evidence that exposure to C) Hence, individuals diagnosed with

certain toxic chemicals, notably vinyl bipolar disorders experience fluctuations in
chloride, increases the risk for primary mood.
brain cancer.
D) Conversely, bipolar disorder requires
D) Whenever possible, surgery to remove a lifelong observation and treatment after
primary tumour is the preferred treatment. diagnosis.

E) They mainly cause seizures, nausea and E) As a consequence, all of the bipolar
vomiting, and weakness or paralysis on disorders cause great emotional distress.
one side of the body

20
5. The word cellulitis actually means 6. Frostbite is localised tissue injury that
'inflammation of the cells'. Specifically, occurs because of exposure to freezing or
cellulitis refers to an infection of the tissue near freezing temperatures. Skin exposed
just below the skin surface. In humans, the to temperatures a little below the freezing
skin and the tissues under the skin are the mark can take hours to freeze, but very
most common locations for microbial cold skin can freeze in minutes or seconds.
infection. ----- An infection can occur ----A strong wind can lower skin
when this normally strong barrier is temperature considerably by dispersing
damaged due to surgery, injury, or a burn. the thin protective layer of warm air that
Even something as small as a scratch or an surrounds our bodies. Wet clothing readily
insect bite allows bacteria to enter the skin, draws heat away from the skin. The
which may lead to an infection. Usually, evaporation of moisture on the skin also
the immune system kills any invading produces cooling. For these reasons, wet
bacteria, but sometimes the bacteria are skin or clothing on a windy day can lead to
able to grow and cause an infection. frostbite even if the air temperature is
above the freezing mark.
A) An untreated infection may spread to
the bloodstream (bacteremia), or into A) The extent of permanent injury is
deeper tissues. determined by the length of time the skin
is frozen.
B) The infected area appears as a red patch
that gets larger rapidly within the first 24 B) Apart from air temperature, wind speed
hours. and moisture affect how cold the skin
becomes.
C) Persons who are at a higher risk for
cellulitis are those who have a severe C) Thus, high number of frostbite victims
underlying disease. affects the popularity of outdoor winter
activities.
D) Once past the skin surface, the warmth
and moisture allow bacteria to grow D) Many patients experience severe pain in
rapidly. the affected part during rewarming
treatment.
E) Skin is the first defence against invading
bacteria and other microbes. E) Once frostbite sets in, the affected part
begins to feel cold, and usually, numb.

21
7. Although intelligence quotient (IQ) scores 8. Çatalhöyük was a highly successful
are good predictors of academic achievement settlement in Türkiye, which thrived from 7000
in elementary and secondary school, the BCE and was inhabited for more than 1,000
correspondence between IQ and academic years, whose population lived in rectangular
performance is less consistent at higher levels. houses, built very close together, which were
The tests do not measure many of the entered through the roof. Çatalhöyük probably
qualities necessary for achievement in the prospered because of its trade in obsidian, a
world of work, such as persistence, self- highly prized black volcanic glass found in
confidence, and motivation. -----. For example, Türkiye that was used for cutting tools. -----
creativity often involves the ability to envision They allowed village settlements to acquire
multiple solutions to a problem. In contrast, IQ resources from elsewhere, 'paying' for their
tests require the choice of a single solution to goods by exchanging their agricultural
a problem, a type of task that could penalise surpluses.
highly creative people.
A) Trading networks are another sign of
A) In addition, the creativity and intuition society's increasing sophistication.
responsible for great achievements in both
B) Scientists still wonder why the residents of
science and the arts in life are not reflected by
the village suddenly decided to evacuate it.
IQ tests.
C) The inhabitants were encouraging their
B) Many claim that IQ tests are unfair to
children to learn how to make tools and sell
members of minority groups because they are
them.
based on the vocabulary custome and values
of the dominant culture. D) Bartering, exchanging goods for other
things, was never their practice when trading.
C) Some great educators have voiced their
doubt about the feasibility of guiding younger E) Little information is available regarding the
children based on their IQ scores calculated languages, or dialects spoken in the area.
using standard tests.

D) IQ scores are now calculated based on

group performance within a single age group,
rather than across different ages.

E) Critics have also questioned the differences

that occur when these tests are repeated at
different time intervals.

22
9. According to an American scholar, the most 10. Whatever their basis in reality, certain
remarkable social phenomenon of the present beliefs and practices of primitive people
century is the concentration of population in helped ease their fear and the feeling of
cities. -----. If sprawling giants like New York helplessness that arose from the
and Chicago revealed these changes most precariousness of their existence. Others in
dramatically, the same forces were at work in the community who took careful note of their
Lowell, New Haven, and dozens of other behaviour ritualised the stories of those who
similar communities which developed in those had faced great dangers and survived. -----.
years. These small and medium-sized cities are Ancient superstitions survive today in such
easily overlooked, but from the point of view common practices as tossing a pinch of salt
of population growth and industrial expansion, over the shoulder or whispering a blessing
they were as important as the glamorous after a sneeze to assure good fortune.
metropolitan centres.
A) Some insist that the appearance of ghosts
A) The rise of the modern city was the product prove survival after death while others state
of a series of economic, political, and social that such phenomena represent other
transformations of far-reaching significance. dimensions of reality.

B) People living in smaller cities reported B) The earliest traces of magical practices are
much less serious problems concerning the found in the European caves of the
transportation system. Palaeolithic Age 50,000 BCE.

C) Until recently, such a burst in size was only C) Early humans sought supernatural means to
observed in megacities where millions of calm the spirits of the animals they killed for
people resided and economy was booming. food.

D) In the opening years of the 19th century a D) In such rituals lies the origin of superstition,
series of economic disasters stroke flourishing a belief that certain repeated actions or words
ports. will bring the practitioner luck or ward off evil.

E) Therefore, sociologists and urban designers E) As such beliefs developed, certain tribal
decided to outline a comprehensive plan for members were elevated in status to shaman
city development. and magician.

23
11. The creators of Mesopotamian civilisation 12. The political transformation of Athens
were the Sumerians, a people whose origins from a landed aristocracy to a democracy
remain unclear. By 3000 BCE, they had began in the early 6th century BCE with the
established a number of independent cities in reforms of Solon, the elected leader of Athens
southern Mesopotamia, including Eridu, Ur, in 594 BCE. Faced with social unrest, Solon
Uruk, Umma, and Lagash. -----. A number of tried to balance the conflicts between the rich
Sumerian agricultural and craft terms are not and poor by enacting laws controlling
Sumerian in origin, indicating that the consumption, and opening political offices to a
Sumerians adopted some aspects of pre- wider portion of the population. -----.
existing settlements. As the Sumerian cities Although Solon did not institutionalise
grew larger, they came to exercise political and democracy in Athens, and his reforms were
economic control over the surrounding almost immediately replaced by the tyranny of
countryside, forming city-states. These city- Peisistratus, he articulated the principles of
states were the basic units of Sumerian community action and responsibility central to
civilisation. the emergence of a democratic regime.

A) The Sumerians were the first civilisation to A) Archaeological work suggests that the site
develop writing, law codes, and economic where the Assembly met had space for only
specialisation. 6,000 individuals, suggesting limited
participation of the Athenians into their
B) The domination of other peoples was
democracy.
regarded as natural by the Sumerians.
B) In poems describing his reforms, there is
C) There is evidence that the Sumerians were
emphasis on all members of the city, not the
not the first people in the region.
gods, being responsible for saving the city and
D) The Sumerian city-states were primarily maintaining the principles of justice.
agricultural, but commerce and industry also
C) He is known to have opposed the ruling of
became important.
the people as they were deemed to not have
E) Sumerian city-states contained major social the means to grasp the inner workings of the
groups such as elite and dependent government.
commoners.
D) In fact, citizenship at first required only an
Athenian father but by mid-century, both
parents had to be from the city-state.

E) Similarly, Pericles, the renowned leader of

Athenian democracy, derived his political
power from his repeated yearly election as a
commander.

24
13. Long-duration space travel can take a 14. Female giraffes have long pregnancies
heavy toll on your mental well-being. ----- lasting more than 14 months. ----- So, long
Crews also have to be carefully selected to gestation is a common strategy among
make sure that every member is easy-going- vulnerable grazing animals, and giraffe calves
there is the constant threat of something in particular need to be big and strong. Their
going wrong, and you cannot risk astronauts mothers give birth standing up, so newborns
irritating each other too much. It is not like start life with a 2 m drop to the ground, and
you can diffuse an argument by avoiding each must be able to get to their feet to reach their
other or stepping outside for some air! You mother's teats and suckle. A youngster feeds
have to spend months on end with the same every hour for the first week, and is kept apart
people, isolated from all your loved ones at from other giraffes during this time.
home.
A) This ensures their babies are well
A) ISS astronauts often report problems with developed - at birth they are nearly 2 m tall
insomnia and loss of appetite, and it can be and weigh 100 kg.
hard to find any privacy in the confines of the
B) Female giraffes can fiercely defend their
craft.
young particularly in areas where lions are
B) A generation ship is the concept of a self- plentiful.
sustaining space colony where several
C) Though young giraffes can run fast in the
generations of space travellers would live over
wild, their best defence is to grow to become
the century.
an adult.
C) However, it is a big problem for long-term
D) Then they usually join a group of giraffes
space travellers as the human body cannot
that is overseen carefully by some of the
deal with microgravity for long periods.
mothers.
D) Any future venture into deep-space travel
E) They double their height within 12 months
relies heavily on our advancement of
after birth and predators think twice before
propulsion systems.
attacking.
E) Payloads are vital for any lunar exploration
mission; astronauts can use instruments to
carefully examine the Moon's surface or even
dig deeper.

25
15. Despite the harsh environment, there is 16. Plans for the world's third-largest offshore
contention about the ownership of the North wind-power scheme in Scotland's Moray Firth
Pole as there could be rich natural resources could ultimately benefit the region's
beneath the ice. To ensure its presence in the bottlenose dolphins, according to a leading
Arctic, the Canadian government has started expert. ----- But Dr Paul Thompson of the
working on drones capable of surviving the University of Aberdeen said that the impacts
conditions. However, for drones to successfully had been carefully considered. He explained:
navigate in the region, there needs to be a "For dolphins, the scheme's Environmental
'crown' of satellites in the right positions to Impact Assessment is probably the most
establish locational data. ----- At temperatures detailed ever carried out in UK waters.".
of around -40°C, the reactions that batteries
A) However, there are some concerns about
rely on slow to snail's pace. The work of the
the effect of building 326 wind turbines,
Canadian government is still in its infancy but
mainly as a result of the disturbance caused
it currently looks like drones will act as
during construction.
assistants to manned missions.
B) The researchers who have been involved in
A) It is quite obvious that normal drones
the project have been able to convince the
would likely suffer the same fate.
local residents to approve of the construction
B) But it is not just chilly temperatures that site.
stop flight- fog is a barrier too.
C) In addition, there has been work with
C) Larger planes and helicopters can survive meticulous attention to detail in the area, and
this as they can carry a de-icing kit. certain implications of the project can be
foreseen.
D) Yet, they find the fastest way around a
landmass, saving time and resources. D) Moreover, the marine ecosystem of the
region recovers itself in a short period of time.
E) Once navigation is solved, the drone then
has to survive the cold. E) While some experts agree that the dolphin
population around the world is decreasing due
to certain factors, some others think that
there is still hope.

26
17. Plants and animals live where they can 18. Algae differ from plants in several ways.
satisfy their needs. ----- Goldfish and pond They do not have stems or leaves, and their
plants, for instance, must have fresh water, so roots are different from plant roots. Algae also
they cannot live if taken into the ocean. On do not produce flowers or seeds, as plants do.
the other hand, the barnacles that cling to a ----- This process also releases oxygen into the
ship live in salt water. They will die if the ship air. In addition to making oxygen, algae are
passes from the ocean into a fresh-water important for other reasons. Water animals
harbour. In some cases, however, creatures such as whales, seals, fish, octopuses, and
can adapt themselves to a changing habitat, if starfish depend on algae for food. People also
the change is slow, and not too great. eat some types of algae. In many parts of the
world farmers use seaweeds as fertiliser.
A) Various animals and plants can be kept alive
in aquariums, zoos, or botanical gardens. A) Algae are living things that can be green,
blue, red, or brown and they vary greatly in
B) Every habitat, thus, limits the kinds of
size.
things which live there, and their numbers.
B) Some algae look like plants, however, algae
C) Some waters are too dirty to be the host of
are actually neither plants nor animals.
certain species.
C) Algae make much of Earth's oxygen, which
D) Changes to their habitat due to
humans and other animals need to breathe.
environmental problems cause many species
to suffer. D) Instead, algae, having a huge number of
different species, belong to a group of living
E) All plants and animals depend for their
things called protists.
existence on the heat received from the Sun.
E) Like plants, however, algae make their own
food through a process called photosynthesis.

27
19. Unlike chemistry, physics, or biology, 20. Sleep tips are not straightforward. There
astronomy is not a hands-on science- are lots of tips to increase our chances of a
astronomers cannot experiment on the good night's sleep, and avoiding caffeine tops
objects they study. ----- Today's technology, the list. However, sleep researchers do not
however, has improved the process of consider caffeine to be all bad. Another key tip
observing enormously. Once restricted to is that getting exercise might help us nod off,
logging the light coming from celestial objects, but many people avoid doing exercise in the
astronomers can now tune into everything evening due to concerns that it might interfere
from radio waves to gamma rays, which all with sleep. ----- On the contrary, we should go
reveal what is going on in the cosmos. ahead if that is the time that suits us.
Electronics and computers have also
A) For example, the advantage of having a nap
revolutionised the collection of data and its
before a long night sleep has been widely
analysis, meaning that astronomers have more
publicised as it reduces our stress.
information at their fingertips about the
universe than ever before. B) Yet, studies suggest that a workout done at
a late hour is not necessarily problematic for
A) The bigger the mirror in a telescope, the
our sleep.
more light it can collect and the more detail
that can be seen. C) However, a recent review has highlighted
that even a short walk outside can sometimes
B) Space probes sent to other worlds have
lead to an undesirable sleep state.
changed this a little, but stars and galaxies are
so far away that professional astronomers D) Similarly, what matters is to take time to
continue to observe at a distance. have a full rest to ensure a transition to sleep
after a hectic working day.
C) The ultimate telescope for astronomers
seeking pin-sharp views of the depths of the E) To illustrate, not only can it increase your
universe is the James Webb Space Telescope, alertness, it can also be used as a treatment
launched in 2022. for sleep apnoea, a kind of breathing disorder.
D) Most modern professional telescopes are
reflectors with mirrors, situated on
mountaintops.

E) Telescopes capture light from objects, such

as stars, or galaxies, with sensitive electronic
cameras that build up an exposure over hours
if the object is very faint.

28
21. Anticipatory socialisation is a term used to 22. In the television news industry, the short
describe a variety of programmes offered by blurb aimed at getting you to watch a
organisations that allow prospective programme is called a 'tease'. The tease is
employees to gain work experience prior to designed to be very effective, very quick,
full-time employment. Each programme is lasting about ten seconds or less, and the
designed to help individuals, usually high information it contains works like a headline.
school or college students, develop an Viewers are enticed to keep watching with
accurate self-concept, gain a realistic promises of exclusive stories and footage,
understanding of various career fields and good-looking hosts, and good journalism. -----
organisational environments, and allow a And it does not cease with the end of the
check for a fit between individual programme since when the news is over, you
characteristics and the demands of different are still pleaded with to return the next day for
jobs. ----- They also allow participants to an early morning newscast, which in turn will
become accustomed to the informal side of an entice the next news programme and so on. If
organisation through exposure to the less news programmers had it their way, you
structured employee networks and norms that would watch a steady diet of news
exist within the hiring company. programmes 24/7 with only brief breaks for
advertising.
A) Through these programmes, prospective
employees can become acclimated to an A) In the world of news and entertainment,
organisation's formal mission, policies and where actors who have played lawyers on a
culture prior to fully joining the organisation television series are even called to give
as a regular employee. speeches at lawyer's conventions.

B) Research into these programmes has B) Television broadcasters are trained to

expanded recently, reflecting greater interest identify the errors made when creating a
in the design of these programmes. programme.

C) Current employees that assist students C) The best news programme may not have
during their stay in the organisation report ratings as high as a news programmes with a
feeling satisfied because they think that their very effective tease.
organisation approves their skills as mentors.
D) The whole system is designed to stop you,
D) Such programmes are quite appealing to the audience, from using the remote-control
most organisations as they have additional button to switch channels.
workforce but they do not need to pay for it,
E) There are bright men and women who are
though it sometimes leads to exploitation.
knowledgeable journalists and who can and
E) It is estimated that three quarters of all do work as TV newscasters.
college students complete an internship
during their academic careers.

29
PARAGRAF TAMAMLAMA CEVAP ANAHTARI

1. A
2. C
3. C
4. B
5. E
6. B
7. A
8. A
9. A
10. D
11. C
12. B
13. A
14. A
15. E
16. A
17. B
18. E
19. B
20. B
21. A
22. D

30
 PARAGRAFTAN ATMA

1. (I) Amino acids are small organic acids 3. (I) Feng shui, derived from the Chinese
that serve as raw materials of proteins. (II) concept of yin and yang, has been practised
Digestion of food proteins releases amino for thousands of years. (II) As a design
acids, and these are absorbed in the philosophy, 'good' feng shui is believed to
promote health, prosperity, creativity, positive
intestine. (III) Depending on the person's
social relationships, self-confidence,
body size and the type of protein that is
contemplation, and respect for others. (III)
consumed, 55 g to 65 g of protein a day Evidence of the existence of this practice can
supplies adequate amino acids for an be found in the alignment and organisation of
adult. (IV) With a varied diet, neither a graves in the Yangshao villages from 6000 BCE.
meat eater nor a knowledgeable (IV) In fact, there is compelling evidence
vegetarian needs extra protein to obtain suggesting that feng shui was not strictly an
adequate amino acids. (V) Certain amino Asian entity. (V) In prehistoric Europe, the
acids, like aspartic acid and glutamic acid, practice of arranging objects and structures to
are acidic while others like arginine and be in harmony with the universe was a
lysine are basic. relatively common practice.

A) I B) II C) III D) IV E) V A) I B) II C) III D) IV E) V

4. (I) Cerebral palsy (CP) may restrict a child's

2. (I) Sleep disturbances are common as we
ability to reach for and grasp objects, to move
age no matter where you live and how you about, and to communicate with others, which
maintain your life. (II) This can be due to are all central activities in the child's growth
many factors: hormonal and age-related and development. (II) Therefore, the disease
changes, stressors in life such as heavy inhibits acquisition of motor skills, knowledge
workload and financial burdens, or mental of the world, and social competence. (III) The
problems like over-anxiety and depression. type of motor impairment and its location are
(III) In addition, sleep hygiene is important used as the basis for classification. (IV) The
- unless you have a comfortable bed, a family can do much to overcome these
restrictions by adapting the child's
dark room, and no screens in bed, you will
environment to meet his or her needs and
have much difficulty in falling asleep. (IV) If
providing challenges within the child's abilities
simple measures do not improve your
to accomplish. (V) The advice and direction of
sleep, you should see a doctor for a check- an occupational therapist can also be critical
up to exclude underlying medical issues. to promoting normal development of the child
(V) Some foods and drinks may also with CP.
contribute to poor sleep, particularly fatty
A) I B) II C) III D) IV E) V
snacks and caffeine-laden beverages.

A) I B) II C) III D) IV E) V

31
5. (I) Dental cavities are one of the most 7. (I) The first film was shown in China in 1896.
common medical problems in many Western (II) Since that time, this new medium has
countries. (II) Mouthwashes that remove gradually sunk its roots in the country to
microbes causing cavities are also marketed as become one of the most important forms of
items that prevent bad breath and reduce popular entertainment. (III) Unlike artists
stains on the teeth from certain foods and working with other media and genres
drinks. (III) Cavities occur mainly because of introduced into China from the West- such as
the high sugar content of the Western diet, oil painting, symphonic music and spoken
made worse by poor personal dental hygiene. drama - Chinese filmmakers had no indigenous
(IV) Some people in these regions have a full traditions to draw on in their efforts to
set of dentures by middle age, but this can be assimilate this foreign novelty. (IV) To fully
avoided if the teeth and gums are adequately understand Chinese cinema's recurring motifs
cared for through childhood and adulthood. and images requires a thorough knowledge of
(V) Dental problems can be minimised by both the industry's internal development and
brushing and flossing the teeth regularly, the historical changes taking place in society at
visiting the dentist two or three times a year, large. (V) Yet over the century, they have
and cutting down on sweet and starchy foods. completely mastered the art of filmmaking
and their works have earned international
A) I B) II C) III D) IV E) V recognition as more than six hundred Chinese
titles have won film awards at various
international film festivals to date.

A) I B) II C) III D) IV E) V
6. (I) Most of the endocrine disorders
recognised before 1970 were clinically
severe and therefore easily diagnosed. (II)
In the last decade, our knowledge of
endocrine physiology, pathophysiology,
biology, molecular biology and genetics 8. (I) Alexandria is Egypt's second largest city
has dramatically expanded. (III) This new after Cairo, the national capital. (II) Alexandria
served as the capital of Ptolemaic Egypt from
knowledge has changed many of the ways
the city's founding around 331 BCE on the site
in which we diagnose and treat endocrine
of an older Egyptian town named Ra'katit. (III)
disorders. (IV) Greater understanding of The Ptolemies ruled not only Egypt but also
the differential diagnosis and biological what was then called Coele Syria (Palestine)
mechanisms of hormone excess has made and eastern Libya. (IV) Alexandria was the
it possible to distinguish among clinically capital of Egypt for 1,000 years; during the
similar disorders. (V) This understanding Roman period, it was second only to Rome in
has also helped researchers identify new importance and size with an estimated
disorders. population of 500,000. (V) Today it is Egypt's
second largest city and its main port with
A) I B) II C) III D) IV E) V more than 80 per cent of the country's import
and export trade and a population of nearly
five million.

A) I B) II C) III D) IV E) V

32
9. (I) By the time Temüjin was 20 years old, he 11. (I) Positive perceptions of aging include
had managed to forge alliances with various viewing older adults as wise, good listeners,
tribal leaders and claimed the leadership of a and storytellers, empathic, generous, family-
small clan. (II) At a conference of Mongol oriented, supportive, and sincere. (II)
leaders in 1206, Temüjin was pronounced the However, they are perceived also as
Great Ruler, or Genghis Khan, of the Unified complaining, disapproving, overprotective,
Mongolian State. (III) He began a closed-minded, and physically and/or
transformation of the Mongol tribes, dividing cognitively on the decline. (III) Likewise, older
them into military units, each one supported adults are more likely than younger adults to
by a number of households. (IV) In 1220, he is hold positive stereotypes of aging. (IV) Such
said to have massacred the 30,000 defenders perceptions, or stereotypes, can be held
of Samarkand. (V) Within five years, Mongol implicitly and/or explicitly. (V) Although both
society was changed from a nomadic-tribal to positive and negative stereotypes of aging
a military-feudal system, creating an organised exist, research indicates that negative
army to expand the Mongolian empire. stereotypes are more prevalent and accessible
than positive ones.
A) I B) II C) III D) IV E) V
A) I B) II C) III D) IV E) V

10. (I) İstanbul's most important mosque is

both a tribute to its architect, the great Sinan, 12. (I) Ideas about proportion, harmony,
and a fitting memorial to its founder, symmetry, order, complexity, and balance have
Süleyman the Magnificent. (II) The ancient all been studied by psychologists in great
columns that surround the courtyard are said depth. (II) Pursued by poets and artists alike,
to have come originally from the kathisma, the beauty is ever elusive. (III) We seek it not only
Byzantine royal box in the Hippodrome. (III) in nature, art, and philosophy but also in our
Like the city's other imperial mosques, the phones and furniture. (IV) We value it beyond
Süleymaniye Mosque was not only a place of reason, look to surround ourselves with it and
worship, but also a charitable foundation, or will even lose ourselves in pursuit of it. (V) As
külliye. (IV) The mosque is surrounded by its philosopher George Santayana observed in his
former hospital, soup kitchen, schools, 1896 book The Sense of Beauty, there is within
caravanserai and bath house. (V) This complex us "a very radical and widespread tendency to
provided a welfare system which fed over observe beauty, and to value it".
1,000 of the city's poor - Muslims, Christians
A) I B) II C) III D) IV E) V
and Jews alike every day.

A) I B) II C) III D) IV E) V

33
13. (I) Contrary to what you may think, the fact 15. (I) For centuries irises, a generic species of
that it is cold will not, in itself, cause you to flower, have been used in Europe and North
become sick. (II) The reason why colds become America for medicinal purposes. (II) One such
more prevalent in winter is that people tend iris, Iris versicolor, produces iridin, or irisin, an
to stay indoors more. (III) Recent studies have odourless, bitter-tasting compound. (III)
shown that a good night's sleep helps to Medicinally, it is known as blue flag in the
reduce the chances of getting a cold by 66 per United States. (IV) The petals are translucent
cent. (IV) Thus, they come into contact more enough to allow light to shine through, their
frequently with other people, some of whom three-dimensional and brilliantly coloured
may be carrying viruses or illness-causing form. (V) At one time, it was used in a cure for
bacteria. (V) Also, indoor heating systems run syphilis, infections of the skin, and dropsy
constantly and the environment inside homes (oedema), and today it is still an official drug
and buildings may not be all that healthy. used to purge the liver.

A) I B) II C) III D) IV E) V A) I B) II C) III D) IV E) V

14. (I) The composting of organic materials for 16. (I) Our brains have obviously evolved to
reuse in gardening and in agriculture can help work in Earth's gravity. (II) Americans have
alleviate the problem of using land to dispose successfully flown beyond the bounds of
of waste material. (II) Plant and food gravity more than fifty times. (III) Experiments
substances are biodegradable, which means on the International Space Station suggest that
they are capable of decomposing through the our brains have an internal model of how
agency of bacteria, fungi, and other living gravity works that we use to accurately predict
organisms. (III) However, some communities where a ball will be when we move to catch it.
require individual households to separate (IV) However, in a weightless environment, the
glass, plastic, and paper in order to make ball moves at a constant speed, instead of a
recycle process more efficient. (IV) constant acceleration, and so our reactions are
Temperature and sunlight play a role in the slightly off. (V) Gravity also affects the flow of
decomposition of biodegradable substances as blood through the brain, producing patterns
well. (V) When substances are not that resemble epileptic seizures.
biodegradable, however, they may remain in
A) I B) II C) III D) IV E) V
the environment and may be capable of
polluting the soil and water of an area,
particularly if they are toxic.

A) I B) II C) III D) IV E) V

34
17. (I) The giant anteater has an incredible 60 19. (I) The vertical farming concept is simple:
cm long tongue. (II) It has tiny backward- growing crops on vertically-stacked levels,
pointing spines, is covered with sticky saliva, rather than side by side in a field. (II) It costs
and can be flicked in and out about 150 times hundreds of thousands of sterlings to erect a
a minute. (III) This makes the tongue ideal for mid-sized vertical farm, and its energy use is
scooping up ants and termites from their prohibitively high. (III) Instead of the Sun, the
broken nests. (IV) They have long, probing vertical farm uses artificial light, and where
snouts, small ears and eyes, black-and-white there is ordinarily soil, growers use nutritious
shoulder strips and bushy tails. (V) Giant water, or evenly-dispersed mist. (IV) Vertical
anteaters, thus, can eat more than 30,000 farms take up an insignificant amount of land
insects, plus their eggs and larvae, each day. compared to conventional farms. (V) They use
almost no water, do not flush contaminants
A) I B) II C) III D) IV E) V
into the ecosystem, and can be built where
people actually live.

A) I B) II C) III D) IV E) V

18. (I) Cognitive behavioural therapy (CBT) is a

kind of psychotherapy, incorporating a wide
20. (I) In the 3rd and 2nd millennia BCE,
range of techniques, and is capable of
Eurasian networks of commercial and
addressing a range of psychological problems.
information exchanges reached further than
(II) There have been a variety of clinical
ever before. (II) By 2000 BCE, there existed
applications of this therapy since its initial
trading cities in Central Asia that had contacts
development in the 1970s. (III) Among these
with Mesopotamia, northern India, and China,
psychological problems are anxiety, depression
linking vast areas of Eurasia into loose
and psychosis. (IV) A central assumption of
networks of exchange. (III) Late in the first
CBT is that a person's emotional and
millennium BCE, goods and ideas began
behavioural reactions to adverse
travelling regularly from the Mediterranean to
circumstances are determined by their
China and vice versa along what came to be
cognitive representation of the circumstances,
known as the Silk Roads. (IV) The appearance
and their appraisal of them. (V) The main aim
of agricultural technologies supported larger,
of this therapy is therefore to change the way
denser, and more varied communities and
in which the individual represents the
created first urban civilisations. (V) The scale
circumstance and their appraisals.
of these exchange networks may help explain
A) I B) II C) III D) IV E) V the universalistic claims of religions of this era,
such as Zoroastrianism, Buddhism, and
Christianity.

A) I B) II C) III D) IV E) V

35
21. (1) Venus is the same size as Earth, and has 23. (I) Dogs both faithful and frightening have
an atmosphere, but it is too close to the Sun featured in classical myths, legends, and folk
for oceans to form. (II) On Earth the oceans tales throughout the ages and in all countries.
absorb carbon dioxide from the air, reducing (II) People have been writing about dogs for
the greenhouse effect. (III) But on Venus there around 2,000 years, but the earliest books
are no oceans, so all the carbon dioxide were practical guides for people who kept
erupted by the planet's volcanoes has stayed dogs for working, primarily hunting. (III) None
in its atmosphere. (IV) When plants, soil, and is more loyal than Argos, Odysseus's hunting
water warm up, more water evaporates from dog, who waits 20 years to welcome his
their surfaces and ends up in the atmosphere master home. (IV) When Odysseus arrives
as water vapour. (V) The result is a hugely back to his homeland, Ithaca, Argos is the first
powerful greenhouse effect that raises the to recognise him. (V) And possibly none is
surface temperature of Venus to above 500°C more monstrous than the three-headed
hot enough to melt lead. hound Cerberus, keeper of the entrance to
Hades, whose capture was the 12th and most
A) I B) II C) III D) IV E) V
dangerous Labour of Hercules.

A) I B) II C) III D) IV E) V
22. (1) More than 300 ways to convert widely
available chemical waste into a range of drugs
and fertilisers have been identified by a
software program. (II) The software created a
vast database of all the possible combinations
of chemicals and the processes that could be
used to combine them. (III) The researchers
behind the tool believe it will optimise the
chemical industry and allow the recycling of
by-products that would otherwise need to be
stored. (IV) Running on a single high-end
server, the program took about a month to
calculate the hundreds of billions of
combinations. (V) These were then narrowed
down to only those processes that led to the
creation of drugs, fertilisers or other useful
molecules.

A) I B) II C) III D) IV E) V

36
PARAGRAFTAN ATMA CEVAPLARI

1. E
2. D
3. B
4. C
5. B
6. A
7. D
8. C
9. D
10. B
11. C
12. A
13. C
14. C
15. D
16. B
17. D
18. B
19. B
20. D
21. D
22. C
23. B

37
 PARAGRAF

A recently developed mobile app diagnoses 2.Which of the following is true about the
ear infections in children by emitting a soft app?
chirp and listening to the way the sound
A) Acute middle ear infections can now be
reflects back. To work, all it requires is a
prevented with the app.
smartphone and a paper funnel. The software
plays a short sound through the paper funnel, B) The app helped 53 children to recover much
which is placed near the ear canal. Both acute more quickly.
and chronic middle ear infections cause fluid
to build up behind the eardrum, and sounds C) The app enables early diagnosis even before
that would normally have vibrated the the fluid is built up behind the eardrum.
eardrum are reflected back along the ear D) The app has proved to be more effective to
canal. Tested on 53 children aged from 18 diagnose young children.
months to 17 years, the app determined the
likelihood of fluid being present with an E) The app can be an equivalent of the medical
accuracy of 85 per cent, which is comparable tools in specialist clinics thanks to its success
to medical tools in specialist clinics. The app in diagnosis
includes a funnel shape that can be traced
onto paper from a phone's screen. Ear
infections are common in childhood, but can
be hard to diagnose in young children - they
3.One can understand from the passage that,
may tug on their ears or have only vague
in order for the app to go public ----.
symptoms such as fevers. The developer team
hopes to gain approval for the app from the A) the accuracy level of the app to diagnose
Food and Drug Administration (FDA) for use as ear infections must be higher than 85 per cent
a medical tool, before releasing it to the
B) the number of children diagnosed thanks to
public.
it should increase to a certain level

C) the FDA wants the tests to continue with

1.It is pointed out in the passage that the app - the children with no symptoms at all
----.
D) the FDA will run a set of tests on various
A) determines the amount of the fluid age groups
accumulated behind the eardrum
E) the developers will seek the FDA's approval
B) is much better at diagnosing chronic middle
ear infections than acute ones

C) has been designed to treat children with

middle ear infections

D) has been developed to analyse the sound

reflecting back along the ear canal

E) sends a short sound into the ear to help the

eardrum vibrate more

38
The concept of the addicted brain appeals to 5.One can conclude from the passage that --
the intuitive idea that because recreational ---.
drugs exert their actions through specific brain
A) scientists that treat drug addiction have
structures, there must exist obvious and
reached a consensus on sound clinical data
meaningful brain differences between those
who are afflicted with addiction and those B) clinical tests on drug addicted brains are
who are not. These differences are then seen mostly based on animals rather than humans
as the cause of the addiction, and therefore,
as targets for treatment. The diseased-brain C) neither the explanation nor the treatment
perspective has been appealing for scientists of drug addiction is completely scientific
also because it offers treatment approaches D) it is acceptable to label some people as
that seem straightforward. Despite this diseased-brained if they have drug addiction
seemingly solid scientific consensus, there are
virtually no data in humans indicating that E) there is scientific data that explains why
addiction is a disease of the brain. The existing certain brain structures are likely to cause
paradigm is based on intuition and political addiction
necessity, not on data and useful clinical
results. In such a myopic approach, the
socioeconomic and societal factors that lead 6.It is understood from the passage that ----.
to drug addiction are considered a footnote in
A) scientists working on drug addiction are
research, clinical practices, and policy, despite
about to change policies governing their
their apparent importance.
clinical research

B) socioeconomic factors that lead to drug

4.It is clearly stated in the passage that -----. addiction outweigh the political and intuitive
ones
A) the idea of being addicted to recreational
drugs can be intuitively appealing for certain C) clinical studies to be carried out on addicts
people should consider political contexts

B) drug addiction of individuals is mainly D) research on drug addiction has been

attributed to assumed differences in their approached with an inclusive approach that
brain structures has covered even politics

C) some drugs are known to contribute to a E) social factors that cause drug addiction
higher degree of recreation for people deserve much more attention than they have
regardless of their age had till now

D) it is unethical to call people as addicted to

drugs unless they seek a recreational feeling in
drug use

E) it may be wise to see people's brain

structures to check if they are inclined to
addiction or not

39
Medical shock is described as acute, 8.The underlined word 'halted’ in the passage
circulatory failure due to blood pressure in the is closest in meaning to -----.
arteries falling so low that blood is no longer
A) stopped
supplied to parts of the body. Hence, the
normal functions of the body can no longer B) maintained
take place, which can be fatal. Shock may
develop as a result of injury or illness. The C) increased
signs are a cold, clammy skin, cyanois (blue- D) triggered
coloured skin due to a lack of oxygen in the
blood), weak or rapid pulse and irregular E) measured
breathing. The person may feel anxious or
suffer from confusion or lethargy (lack of
energy). Blood pressure falls to a low level and
may not be detectable by normal methods. A
9.It is stated in the passage that treatment of
person in shock requires immediate,
shock -----.
emergency medical attention. Treatment of
shock relies on the underlying cause of the A) must involve drugs that raise blood
shock. If due to bleeding or loss of fluid, this pressure
must be halted and the person is likely to
B) includes keeping the person awake and in
require blood transfusion and fluids given
an upright position
intravenously. If it is due to infection, large
doses of antibiotics are likely to be needed. C) varies depending on what causes it
The person may also be given druas to raise
blood pressure. General measures include D) may not always be readily available
keeping the person warm and calm and lying E) is not possible when due to a viral infection
down with the legs raised. The person should
be accompanied at all times and emergency
respiration may be needed if breathing stops.

7.Which of the following is given in the

passage as a consequence of shock?

A) High blood pressure

B) Possible death

C) Antibiotic overdose

D) Injury to the blood vessels

E) Significant blood loss

40
Anxiety is the feeling of apprehension, 11.We can understand from the passage that
tension, or uneasiness that one experiences anxiety -----.
when anticipating danger, either real or
A) in adolescents leads to healthy comparisons
imagined. Symptoms of anxiety include heart
of their abilities with others'
palpitations, stomach and intestinal upset,
sweating, headaches, tremour, dryness of the B) can weaken adolescents' memory and their
mouth, dizziness, and fainting. Some anxiety is ability to focus
necessary to motivate behaviour and to
protect us from engaging in harmful C) might positively pressure adolescents to
behaviour. Studies have shown that emotional excel in school and social environments
reactions can promote survival. Therefore, D) is a key factor behind becoming successful
people experience anxiety in varying degrees in academic and social life
and frequency. When the body continually
overreacts to perceived threat, an anxiety E) first manifests itself as dissatisfaction after
disorder can result. Anxiety in adolescents can poor school performance
cause problems not only in their academic life
but also in their social life - especially when it
affects their ability to create and maintain
healthy peer interactions and relationships.
12.The passage is mainly about ----
Highly anxious adolescents are typically less
popular than non-anxious adolescents and are A) chemicals in the brain that respond to
more likely to be perceived as shy and socially threats in the environment
withdrawn by peers and teachers. Anxiety can
B) environmental factors causing anxiety and
also affect the intellectual functioning of
motivations to pull through
adolescents, specifically, by impairing their
memory and interfering with the ability to C) complications of anxiety and its
concentrate. consequences in adolescents

D) anxiety disorders in late childhood and

early adolescence

E) roots of anxiety disorder and its treatment

10.According to the passage, some degree of
in adolescents
anxiety is required to -----.

A) help the individual to handle the threats

and challenges of everyday life

B) encourage shy and behaviourally-inhibited

children who experience mild stress

C) provide ways to control and assess an

adolescent's sense of competence

D) overcome specific fears through gradual

exposure to the fearful stimuli

E) relieve depression that may cause

adolescents to fall behind their academic
schedules

41
As if to demonstrate that not all treatments are 14.It is stated in the passage that Rios
boring, scientific literature maintains that going Romenets -----.
dancing combined with pharmacological treatment
is an efficient way to cope with the effects of A) was the first neurologist to uncover motor
Parkinson's disease. There are several probable benefits of tango
reasons for this, according to Dr Silvia Rios
Romenets, a neurologist with an interest in B) was eager to learn tango herself after the
behavioural neurology and movement disorders. study she carried out
For one, there is a link between music and
C) obtained similar results from both
dopamine levels, "which partially explains why
musical experiences are so valued and why they
experiment and control groups
can be emotional," she says. Dancing also means D) studied the effectiveness of tango on non-
socialising and exercise, along with all of the
motor symptoms in Parkinson's
associated benefits. Rios Romenets recently
conducted a study on the effects of practising a E) introduced new rhythmic movements
particular dance form, the Argentine tango. A suitable for Parkinson's patients
dancer herself, she knew that tango, with its
rhythmic forward and backward movements,
"imitates actual rehabilitation for walking
problems, freezing, and balance issues." Previous
15.It is stated in the passage that physical
tango studies had uncovered certain motor practices with music such as the Argentine
benefits for people with Parkinson's, but Rios tango -----.
Romenets' study at Montreal's McGill University
A) may not significantly contribute to life
looked at tango's impact on the disease's non-
motor aspects as well. It found that Parkinson's
expectancy of other neurological disorders
patients who took 24 classes over 12 weeks had B) have to be learned by the behavioural
more improvements in balance and walking
neurologists themselves
compared to people in a control group who
exercised at home daily. Tango also seemed to C) have been adapted for walking problems,
provide a modest boost against two non-motor freezing, and balance issues
symptoms - cognitive decline and fatigue.
D) seem beneficial to Parkinson's patients'
both emotional and physical well-beings

E) have no outweighing advantages over the

13.It can be understood from the passage that exercises done at home
treatment for Parkinson's disease ----.

A) solely includes taking certain

pharmaceuticals

B) can be supported by going dancing

C) must be received in a group by joining a

dance club

D) is impossible despite using medicines and

drugs

E) is likely to be achieved without medical

assistance

42
It is impossible to conceive of rock and roll's 17.Which of the following can be inferred from
maturation from teenage recreation into the passage?
intellectually expressive music without Bob
A) Prior to Bob Dylan, rock and roll was not so
Dylan. Comparable only to the Beatles in
popular among young people.
influence, Dylan brought poetry to rock. More
impressive, though, is the massive body of B) The motorcycle accident had a permanent
music Dylan has written, performed, and negative effect on Bob Dylan's career.
recorded over his unparalleled half-century
career. Often called 'the voice of his C) Bob Dylan is known as a pioneer in the
generation', Dylan's actual voice was instantly history of rock and roll.
identifiable for its nasal qualities. With it, he D) Bob Dylan's songs enabled traditional
created and shed a half-dozen musical country music to gain significance.
identities, each a phase in a relentless artistic
development. Throughout every stage of his E) It was the Beatles that gave inspiration to
career, he has employed a musical language Bob Dylan's songs.
drawn from his encyclopaedic knowledge of
traditional folk, country, and early rock. This
strength has enabled Dylan to tap into the
deep wellspring of American music and
18.It is clear from Bob Dylan's own remarks
invested his creative endeavours with a sense
that -----.
of timelessness. It has also served as a
bedrock for the songwriter, helping him to A) with his lyrics, he tried to show how
rebound after a motorcycle accident in the unsatisfactory the popular songs were
1960s, as well as rejuvenating his career in the
B) songs had a deeper, moral meaning for him
early 1990s. "Songs, to me, were more
rather than just being a means of having fun
important than just light entertainment,"
Dylan wrote in 2004. "They were my preceptor C) he was having difficulty surviving in the
and guide into some altered consciousness of mainstream culture and needed a different
reality, some different republic, some liberated republic
republic."
D) it was impossible to write timeless songs
without a connection to the past

E) he was using his artistic talent as a tool for

social and political commentary
16.Which of the following has not contributed
to Bob Dylan's success in rock and roll?

A) His knowledge of traditional folk and

country music

B) The nasal qualities of his voice

C) His use of poetry in his songs

D) The collaborative works with his

contemporaries

E) His productivity in both composition and

performance

43
The idea for a canal or other means to transfer 20.Which of the following was the reason for
vessels across Central America had long been establishing a new company to build the
canvassed and various schemes on different Panama Canal?
sites proposed, but it was not realised until
A) The challenges involved during the
some powerful politicians convinced the
construction forced the US to take over the
congress in 1879 to take a decision to build a
company in charge of building the canal.
canal across the Isthmus of Panama. A French-
sponsored company, with capital raised mainly B) The US wanted to establish a new
in France, undertook the work, but by 1888 it multinational corporation that it could control
was bankrupt. The United States, for political without much difficulty.
and military reasons, decided to take over the
scheme and in 1894 a new company was C) The debates on where to build the canal led
formed, though there was still argument over to the weakening of the previous company,
the site. Eventually a new State of Panama was which eventually had to quit the work.
created, which granted a concession to the D) The newly established Panama State made
United States of a Canal Zone. Work restarted the US take action to complete the project on
in 1908 and, amid appalling difficulties time.
including medical ones, it was completed with
two flights of locks at Miraflores and Gatun E) The company that undertook the
and a single lock at Pedro Miguel through construction of the canal at the beginning
which ocean vessels were hauled by power went out of business because of financial
units on the banks. It was formally opened on problems.
15 August 1914 and remains one of the major
ship canals in the world.

21.What is the passage mainly about?

19.According to the passage by the time the
Panama Canal Project was launched, -----. A) The construction of the Panama Canal was
finally completed in the middle of political
A) there had been a lot of debates on the struggle, financial issues and various other
companies that were to sponsor the challenges.
construction of the to-be-built canal
B) The Panama Canal proved a challenging
B) a number of initial attempts had already project as there were a number of technical
proved that a canal can hardly facilitate the difficulties involved in the construction
transfer of ships across Central America process.
C) politicians had given up their attempts to C) The construction of the Panama Canal
persuade the administrative bodies to literally turned into a political battleground for
undertake the canal project various reasons, including environmental
D) various locations had been formally ones.
examined on site to decide which one would D) The history of the Panama Canal project is
cost less characterised with problems related to finding
E) there had been multiple considerations, an appropriate location.
including the construction of a canal,regarding E) The Panama Canal has been one of the
how to transfer vessels across Central America financial projects undertaken by the Panama
State, which was supported by the US in the
past.

44
In the ancient world, the Assyrians, inhabiting 23.It is pointed out in the passage that –----.
the area that is modern northern Iraq, were
A) in Assyria, legally, a person's hair style was
the first true hair stylists. Their skills at cutting,
determined by social position and profession
curling, layering, and dyeing hair were known
throughout the Middle East as unparalleled. B) baldness of all kinds was considered as a
Their craft grew out of an obsession with hair. physical imperfection that discriminated such
The Assyrians developed hair styling to the people from higher society
exclusion of nearly every other cosmetic art.
Law even dictated certain types of hair styles C) the Greeks preferred long, curly hair in
according to a person's position and order to be distinguished from the Assyrians
employment. Baldness, full or partial, was D) Assyrian law excluded virtually all cosmetic
considered an unsightly defect and concealed art besides hair styling from development
with wigs. Later, like the Assyrians, the ancient
Greeks favoured long, curly hair. They believed E) Assyrians with short, unstyled hair would be
long hair, and difficult to achieve hair styles, excluded from certain jobs and positions
distinguished them from the barbarians to the
north, who wore short, unstyled hair. Scented
curls became a Greek obsession, as revealed
by many references in poetry and art; and
24.It is stated in the passage that -----.
especially light-coloured hair was prized. Most
of the Greek heroes, from Achilles to A) Achilles and Menelaus are examples of
Menelaus, to mention a few, are described as Greek heroes with hair styles that were
possessing light-coloured hair. different from the norm

B) despite their own praise of long hair, and

scented curls, most ancient Greeks had short,
unstyled hair
22.Which of the following is true according to
C) the Ancient Greek's poetry and art
the passage?
demonstrate their passion for hair that was
A) The Assyrians, who inhabited the area that scented, curly and light-coloured
is modern. northern Iraq, left the only known
D) those who concealed their baldness with
record of ancient hair styling.
wigs of long, curly, scented hair would attain
B) Before Assyrian hair styling was put into high positions in society
practice, Assyrian people were considered as
E) the ancient Greeks favoured long, curly hair
barbarians with low aesthetic merits.
like the Assyrians, but made great efforts to
C) The development of Assyrian hair styling distinguish themselves from them
brought about the development of other
cosmetic arts in the region.

D) Throughout the Middle East, no other

culture excelled at the different skills required
in hair styling as much as the Assyrians.

E) Ancient men and women were not

interested in aesthetics at all until the
Assyrians became obsessed with hair.

45
There are indeed cases where linguistic 26.Why does the author give the example of
change can lead to problems of unintelligibility Papua New Guinea?
(not being able to be understood), ambiguity,
A) To draw attention to the importance of
and social division. If change is too rapid, there
language change in maintaining efficient
can be major communication problems, as in
communication
contemporary Papua New Guinea - a point
which needs to be considered in connection B) To show the obligation of having caution
with the field of language planning. But as a and concern about language development
rule, the parts of language which are changing
at any time are tiny, in comparison to the vast, C) To imply that extreme pessimism is a must
unchanging areas of language. Indeed, it is for the prevention of communication
because change is so infrequent that it is so problems
distinctive and noticeable. Some degree of D) To highlight the possibility of unintelligibility
caution and concern is therefore always problems due to rapid language change
desirable, in the interests of maintaining
precise and efficient communication; but E) To emphasise the existence of language
there are no grounds for the extreme planning as a branch of linguistics
pessimism and conservatism which is so often
encountered - and which in English is often
summed up in such slogans as "Let us preserve
the tongue that Shakespeare spoke".
27.What is the intention of the author in
disagreeing the slogan "Let us preserve the
tongue that Shakespeare spoke"?

A) To inform the reader about the danger

25.It is clear from the passage that linguistic connected with language change
change -----.
B) To criticise language planning policy makers
A) can lead to further modifications to avoid for ignoring language change
communication breakdowns
C) To direct attention to language change
B) affects a large part of language since it is hindering effective communication
connected with social division
D) To explain the motive behind language
C) can give way to some problems such as change experienced in many languages
unintelligibility and ambiguity
E) To make it clear that there is no need to
D) is the result of language evolution that make a great fuss over language change
resolves ambiguity problems

E) is needed because of the rapid

developments in language planning

46
To the Greeks and Romans, a red pigment 29.The samples collected from Kea and
known as miltos was a sort of multipurpose Lemnos -----.
supersubstance. Ancient writers record that
A) proved the team right on their assumptions
the fine-grained, red iron oxide-based was
that miltos still exists
much sought after for use in decoration,
cosmetics, agriculture, medicine and even B) indicated that microorganisms close to
boat maintenance. A new study indicates that miltos disrupt the efficacy of the substance
one of the reasons miltos was so versatile is
that not all miltos was created equal. An C) revealed that miltos originated in these
international team analysed the mineralogy, islands but its variations spread beyond their
geochemistry, and even microbiology of miltos boundaries
samples recovered from the Greek islands Kea D) showed that each type of miltos had slight
and Lemnos, and has been able to identify changes in structure
subtle variations that made each sample
suitable for a sample suitable for a particular E) contradicted with what the team had
use. "Different sources produced different expected as the constituents of miltos
types of miltos," says University of Glasgow
archaeologist Effie Photos-Jones. "It was not a
pure mineral but rather a combination of
minerals. There are also variations in the
30.It can be understood from the passage that
microorganisms that live in the immediate
-----.
environment of those minerals." For example,
some Kea miltos samples contain A) microorganisms found near miltos enabled
microorganisms that would have enhanced the substance to work efficiently for various
their use as fertilisers. Others contain high uses
concentrations of lead, which could help
B) miltos had an indispensable role for the
prevent growth of harmful biofilms and
people in Kea for medicinal purposes
barnacles on ship's hulls. One sample from
Lemnos has traces of titanium dioxide, a C) scientists had mistakenly thought miltos as
known antibacterial compound, making it a blend of different matters before their
useful for medicinal purposes. analysis

D) the amount of chemical elements

combined with miltos had to be at moderate
28.Ancient writers accept miltos as a
levels to prevent damage
supersubstance as it -----.
E) people using miltos were unaware that
A) was used in formulating medicines more
certain microorganisms boosted the strength
than any other substance available at the time
of the substanceu
B) was a mixture of minerals that could be
utilised in various contexts

C) was not easy to pinpoint its location due to

its scarcity

D) was regarded as a rare substance only

found on the Greek islands Kea and Lemnos

E) helped the Greeks and Romans to gain

supremacy over other civilisations

47
In 2000, the Netherlands committed to 32.What can be understood from Toussaint's
creating twice as much food using half as statement in the passage?
many resources. This was in response to
A) Some steps in the production process are
concerns about food availability amid
inevitably put much more emphasis on by
worldwide population growth. It certainly
growers.
delivered. By investing research in areas like
LED lighting and climate control, Dutch farms B) They are still working on the glass
can grow crops in any weather in fields under technology to produce crops with the least
glass. In fact, the Netherlands is the second reflection possible.
largest exporter of food as measured by value,
second only to the US, which is 270 times its C) It will probably take more time to accurately
size. Using techniques like hydroponics, which predict the amount of food production.
involves growing crops in a nutrient-filled D) The Plant Sciences Group is responsible for
solution rather than soil, Dutch farmers have informing growers about the expected crop
reduced their water footprint, too. Worldwide, growth.
it takes around 23 times more water to
produce an average pound (0.45 kg) of E) Growers can develop their own computer
tomatoes than it does in the Netherlands. The programmes based on the already existing
Plant Sciences Group at nearby Wageningen models
University works to improve every step in the
food production chain, says communications
advisor Erik Toussaint. "Growers use computer 33.What is the passage mainly about?
programmes to predict crop growth, based on
A) A comparison between agricultural
models developed by scientists. We also look
production of the Netherlands and the US
into things like the best glass angle to get as
little reflection as possible." B) A brief summary of recent agricultural
technology in the Netherland

C) The pros and cons of the latest agricultural

31.Which of the following is true about Dutch
technology in the Netherlands
farmers?
D) The role of hydroponics in agriculture in the
A) They used to consume even less water in
Netherlands
the past.
E) The concern of the Dutch scientists about
B) They use the least water in the production
food availability all around the world
of tomatoes.

C) They achieve much higher production rates

in milder weather conditions.

D) Their agricultural production rates outdid

the rates of the American farms.

E) They just focus on the steps of the food

chain that need improvements.

48
Many species of cacti can be rather easily
transplanted from natural habitats into the
35.According to the passage, monitoring the
vicinities of homes and businesses, where they
habitats of cacti to protect them -----.
may be used as central components of low-
maintenance gardens in places where rainfall A) convince poachers to give up their illegal
is sparse, and the development of grassy lawns acts
would require an excessive use of scarce and
expensive water. Wild cacti are also collected B) has failed to prevent the extinction of some
to grow in or around the home, and to rare species
develop private collections of these interesting c) is almost impossible as poaching occurs at
plants. Unfortunately, most species of cacti re- night
colonise disturbed sites very slowly and
infrequently. Extensive losses of cactus habitat D) is a challenging task as these plants are
to industrial and residential developments, widely dispersed
coupled with excessive collections of wild E) is hardly feasible as it could easily prove
plants, have resulted in the populations of relatively costly
some species of cacti dying out. In some areas,
populations of wild cacti must be guarded
against illegal, often nocturnal collecting of
36.Which of the following is the main idea of
valuable plants for horticultural purposes.
the passage?
Unfortunately, it is difficult to protect many
endangered cacti from poaching. This is A) Cactus collectors and poachers unknowingly
because of the extensive areas that must be give harm to the habitats where cacti can grow
patrolled, in the face of multi-million-dollar without needing water or other natural
profits that can potentially be made in the resources.
illicit cactus trade.
B) As people poach various cactus species for
commercial purposes, there is no point in
trying to save these plants from their
34.Which of the following is true of the cactus
inevitable fate.
habitats that suffer from human interference?
C) Cacti are plants that can grow in extreme
A) People usually look for such places to
conditions as they do not require some
develop their own private collections of
valuable resources like water in areas where
various thorny plants.
rainfall is relatively scarce.
B) It is difficult and rare for these habitats to
D) Various species of cacti are collected for
regain their previous condition with flourishing
purposes other than leisure and this causes a
cacti in them.
problem, as cacti are supposed to be
C) These places are far from residential areas decorative plants in general.
where people establish homes to maintain
E) Some species of cactus are now critically
their lives.
endangered in the wild because of excessive,
D) These places provide room for the wildest illegal collecting, and this represents an
species of cacti, which remain unaffected by important ecological problem in many areas.
human-induced problems.

E) People produce and maintain green spaces

in these habitats by using sparse natural
resources.

49
The first true automobile, which was built by 38.According to the passage, gasoline engines
Nicolas-Joseph Cugnot of France in 1769, was
A) ran more smoothly when compared to the
a machine that had three wheels and was
electric cars
powered by steam. It was heavy and moved
very slowly. Many manufacturers produced B) were produced in their first version without
steam-driven automobiles during the late a need for development
1890s and early 1900s. A disadvantage of
steam was that water had to be brought to a C) seemed to be more dependable than
boil before the car could go. During this same previous engine types
period other manufacturers produced cars run D) were first mass produced in a factory by
by electric motors. Electric cars ran smoothly Henry Ford
and were easy to operate. However, they did
not run well at high speeds and another E) were initially thought to be
drawback was that they had to have their environmentally-friendly
batteries recharged every 80 kilometres or so.
Meanwhile, Etienne Lenoir of France
developed a gasoline-powered engine in 1860, 39.What is the main purpose of the author?
which was then improved by the German
A) To briefly inform the reader about the
Nikolaus Otto. Gasoline engines proved to be
history of car engines
more reliable than the other kinds; therefore,
soon several people started to set up factories B) To compare and contrast the first version of
to produce gasoline-engine cars, Henry Ford the car with modern ones
being among the most famous ones. However,
C)To mention the competition among the first
through the end of the 20th century, people
automobile manufacturers
started to return to electric cars because of
some environmental issues. D) To describe in general the parts of the first
cars

E) To explain the drawbacks of the modern

37.Which of the following is true about the
cars
first automobiles?

A) They had some drawbacks related to the

source that powered them.

B) They failed to attract the attention of the

producers.

C) They soon went out of circulation due to

performance issues.

D) They did not get the attention of potential

buyers due to their inability to go long
distances.

E) They were easy to operate and moved

faster than expected.

50
A brown dwarf is a pseudo-star - a body of gas 41.Which of the following is the main criterion
not massive enough for the gravitational for deciding if a celestial body is a brown
pressure in its core to ignite the hydrogen- dwarf?
fusion reaction that powers true stars. The
A) To what extent it resembles the Sun
name 'brown dwarf' is a play on the name of
the smallest class of true stars, 'red dwarf, but B) The mass of the celestial object
while red dwarfs are actually red, brown
dwarfs are not brown. Objects ranging in mass C) The exact place of its gravitational pressure
between 13 and 75 times the mass of Jupiter - D) Whether the object circles around another
between 1.2% and 7% the mass of the Sun - star
are generally considered brown dwarfs. Clear
rules for distinguishing large planets from E) The colour of the celestial object
brown dwarfs were lacking until recently. In
2001, however, an international committee
declared that objects heavier than 13 Jupiter 42.Which of the following could be the best
masses should be labelled brown dwarfs title for this passage?
regardless of whether they orbit true stars,
A) Two Types of Stars: Brown Dwarfs versus
while objects below this should be labelled as
Red Dwarfs
planets if they are orbiting true stars and as
sub-brown dwarfs if they are not. Until B) Commonly Found Weird Celestial Objects
recently, astronomers could only theorise that
C) A Comparison of Brown Dwarfs and Planets
brown dwarfs were common in the Universe.
They observed that the less massive stars are D) How to Make a Distinction between
far more common than the more massive Massive and Dwarf Stars
stars, a trend that would suggest that brown
dwarfs should be still more numerous. E) Distinctive Characteristics of Brown Dwarfs

40.Which of the following is false about brown

dwarfs?

A) Their structure lacks a key mechanism to

call them stars.

B) Their name was coined in relation to

another group of stars.

C) Most of them are thought to be smaller in

size than Jupiter.

D) There are many brown dwarfs scattered

across the Universe.

E) It was difficult to differentiate between

brown dwarfs and planets.

51
Aquaculture provides many benefits to people, 44.Which of the following is not directly
mostly through access to a large production of mentioned as one of the factors that degrade
nutritious, high-quality foods. However, as with water quality?
terrestrial agriculture, there are adverse
environmental impacts of aquaculture. The most A) The consumption of oxygen in chemical
important effects are associated with the reactions
conversion of natural ecosystems into intensively
managed aquacultural ecosystems. For example, B) Aquacultural areas' receiving marine
the conversion of mangrove forests to raise shrimp animals from the sea
results in an extensive loss of natural habitat. This
conversion has important consequences for native
C) The decaying of the animal feed and bodily
species, and it may damage offshore ecosystems waste of animals
through higher pollution and accumulated silt. In
D) The use of poisonous substances to protect
addition, aquaculture operations often degrade
the equipment
local water quality in various ways. For example,
oxygen concentrations may be lowered to E) Medical agents used for keeping animal
unacceptably small concentrations because of the crops healthy
consumption of this gas during the decomposition
of waste feed and animal faeces. Other impacts are
associated with toxic chemicals that are applied to
aquaculture cages in order to prevent them from 45.Which of the following could be inferred
being colonised or eaten by marine organisms. from the passage?
Local waters and species may also become
A) The adverse ecological effects of
contaminated with medicines that may be used to
keep animal crops healthy. In addition, non-native agriculture, both on land and in the sea, can
species may escape from aquaculture and establish hardly be eliminated unless it is given up
themselves in new habitats, possibly competing altogether.
with or degrading the habitat of native species.
B) Due to malpractices in aquacultural
activities, offshore ecosystems are more
seriously harmed than shores and land.
43.It is stated in the passage that aquaculture -
C) The adverse effects caused by aquacultural
A) might be less harmful to the natural
practices might far outweigh the immediate
environment compared with the agricultural
benefits that it offers humans.
activities carried out on land
D) Although aquaculture helps feed people, it
B) is less preferred by some locals due to the
leads to many terrestrial problems in the areas
nuisance and environmental damage it causes
where it is practised.
C) is characterised by the act of turning natural
E) Aquaculture poses a serious risk to natural
ecosystems into centres where animal crops
habitats of marine animals, yet this risk could
are cultivated in water
be minimised if it is practised in appropriate
D) can specifically be practised in ecosystems ecosystems.
where large mangrove forests can flourish
naturally

E) might increase animal and plant variety in

offshore ecosystems by introducing non-native
species to them

52
Rome's 11 aqueducts, some extending for more 47.According to the passage, water flowing
than 80 kilometres, transported enough water to through a channel ---
feed the city's 591 public fountains, as well as
countless private residences. However, experts A) creates sediments which are formed on
have long been divided about how much water account of the materials used in aqueduct's
each aqueduct could actually convey. "Many structure
assumptions have been made based on some
pretty unreliable ancient data concerning the size B) may leave some traces that might be used
of the flows of Rome's aqueducts, giving some very later on to make some estimates regarding the
inflated figures," says archaeologist Duncan channels' capacity
Keenan-Jones of the University of Glasgow. "We
thought it was important to adopt a more scientific C) will erode the materials that convey the
approach." Keenan-Jones is part of a team of water to the private residences in the course
scientists who evaluated the amount of residual of time
mineral deposits in the Anio Novus aqueduct to
accurately gauge the depth and flow rate of water.
D) can be measured precisely just by looking
By analysing travertine -a type of limestone at an aqueduct's maximum water transport
deposit- that was left on the aqueduct's interior capacity
walls and floor, the researchers calculated a flow
E) will become richer in minerals as the
rate of between 100,000 and 150,000 cubic meters
per day a number below traditional flow. "Our
channel transporting it gets longer
work has shown that often, even shortly after the
aqueducts were built, the flow rates were well
below the capacity estimates," says Keenan-Jones. 48.The water flow rate assumptions based on
"Ancient Rome had a lot of water, but not nearly as ancient data is much higher than the assumptions
much as has often been claimed." based on more scientific approaches because ---.

A) modern civil engineering allows building of

more efficient water transportation systems

B) Roman citizens had different water

46.Which of the following is true according to
consumption habits in the past
the passage?
C) the composition of water was different at
A) Residents in Rome kept records of their
the time of the calculations
water consumption, which has allowed to
make precise presumptions. D) water resources around the city were
irregular at those times
B) Roman engineers were aware of the fact
that the amount of water was in decrease due E) the former did not take travertine formation
to accumulation of travertine. into consideration

C) Experts have shared dissimilar opinions

about the amount of water transported
49.The underlined word ‘gauge’ in the passage
through each aqueduct
is closest in meaning to –
D) In Rome, public fountains had the biggest
A) stimulate
share in the consumption of water resources.
B) measure
E) The previous data combined with more
scientific methods and approaches ensured C) alter
the success of Duncan Keenan-Jones' study.
D) accelerate

E) compensate

53
A persuasive message should have its greatest 51.Why does the author mention the findings
impact just after it is presented. It is counter- of the Yale attitude changing programme?
intuitive to think that its power might increase
A) To provide supportive evidence for the
with the passage of time, and yet this is
sleeper effect theory
precisely what the sleeper effect suggests. An
early finding in the Yale attitude changing B) To exemplify the sympathetic attitude of the
programme was that films promoting more American soldiers
positive attitudes among American soldiers
towards their British allies in the Second World C) To mention an effective military tactic used
War became more effective well after they in World War II
had been viewed. Kelman and Howland D) To emphasise the impact of films on morale
reasoned that we initially associate the during a war
conclusion of a message with the quality of its
argument and other cues such as the E) To show the importance of positive
credibility of its source. Of these, memory of attitudes among allies
the argument becomes more enduring as time
goes by. Were we to take a measure of the
impact of an extreme message about a month 52.The underlined word 'enduring' in the
later, the sleeper effect predicts that the less passage is closest in meaning to --.
credible source would probably be as
A) recurring
persuasive as the more credible source: the
message survives but the source does not. B) lasting
Crano and Prislin have described the sleener
C) concealed
effect usually associated with studies in mass
communication, as an "old chestnut". Its D) realistic
reliability has long been questioned, but it has
been replicated under quite strict conditions. E) widespread

50.According to the passage, the sleeper effect 53.Based on the sleeper effect, in the long run,
indicates that---- the credibility of the source ----

A) the initial effect of a message fades away as A) is not as important as the quality of the
time goes by argument presented

B) powerful messages need to be conveyed B) becomes less influential compared to the

immediately recollection of the event

C) a straightforward message is the most C) determines the credibility of the message

persuasive one that was conveyed

D) as time passes, the exact message is better D) needs to be established by replicating the
understood study under strict conditions

E) in time, the impact of a message becomes E) is more significant than what is

more powerful remembered about the occasion

54
Throughout its history, the fertile region 55.As some scholars claim, the Celts, who
situated at the heart of central Europe, known inhabited Germany, ----
today as Germany, has attracted repeated
A) may have been the descendants of the
waves of migrants. With few natural barriers
Urnfeld culture which adopted the method of
to the movement of peoples, it has been
burning and burying their dead in urns
home to a variety of cultures. The most
widespread and advanced culture that called B) described Greek and Roman civilisations in
Germany home during the prehistoric period their records, which have come down to the
was the Celts, a remarkable people who came present time in buried urns
to the region at some point during the Bronze
Age and remained there until the classical C) were widely accepted as the most
period, when Greek and Roman writers developed culture of their time because of
described their civilisation. While their origins their tribal society structure
are obscure, some scholars argue that a D) had to move from one region to the other
people known as the Urnfeld culture, because from the Bronze Age until the classical period,
they cremated their dead and buried them in when they settled in Europe
urns, may have been the ancestors of the Celts
who lived in central Europe. The Celts were a E) used to cremate their dead just as it was
tribal society geared toward war. Celtic done in the Umfeld culture
warriors, led by an aggressive military
aristocracy, were feared throughout the
classical world for the ferocity of their attacks 56.It is pointed out in the passage that the
and frequency of their raids. Their society was Celts ----
tribal and clan-based, founded upon a rigid
A) escaped wars and attacks because of their
hierarchy of warrior aristocrats, druids
weak military clans that usually consisted of
(practitioners of a mysterious animist religion),
aristocracy
and commoners. Interestingly, Celtic women
enjoyed more autonomy than either their B) had a tribal social structure that dismisses
Roman or Greek contemporaries, serving as the ones who were not able to fight
warriors and even as rulers in some cases.
C) allowed their women to participate in wars
that were basically against the aristocratic
warriors
54.According to the passage the territory of
modern Germany ---- D) started to disappear after attacks and
frequent raids into their territories during the
A) has always been barren and its people were
classical era
unwelcoming towards migrants
E) had a particular strict aristocratic social
B) attracted many waves of migration because
structure and fought often
of its dense population

C) has a rich cultural heritage due to its varied

migrant background

D) moved from the fertile territory to the

central regions of the continent

E) has natural barriers that made the

migration challenging

55
57.One can conclude from the passage that
today's Germany ----

A) was mainly established by the cultures

represented in detail by the Celtic and Umfeld
historians

B) still preserves the Celtic culture that first

originated on this territory before the Bronze
Age

C) has been home to several different cultures,

one of which was the Celtic culture with its
fearsome warriors

D) used to be the location of Urnfeld culture,

which was feared for their violent attacks on
the Celts

E) is believed to have been home

simultaneously to the Celtic culture and the
Umfeld culture

56
What exactly do actors contribute to film 58.Which of the following is true of the
artistry, and how do they do it? Lee Strasberg, Stanislavski method?
a teacher, theorist of acting, and a leader of
A) It established a set of strict acting principles
the Actors Studio, suggested that the most
to which all performers and directors must
effective film performers were those who did
conform.
not act. "They try not to act, but to be
themselves, to respond or react", he said. B) It provided a similar approach to film
Strasberg used the Stanislavski method from artistry, in line with what most books on acting
Konstantin Stanislavski, who was a director at previously suggested.
the Moscow Art Theatre and wrote a number
of books on acting. A central tenet of the C) It encouraged performers to act as they
Stanislavski method was that actors were not normally would do in their private lives.
to show emotion in the traditional manner of D) It was first developed by Konstantin
the stage, but to speak and gesture in a Stanislavski and then reformulated by Lee
manner one would use in private life. In the Strasberg, who had many books on acting.
context of the Actors Studio, the Stanislavski
method emphasised an individualised and E) Its contribution to film artistry was poorly
psychological approach to acting. It required a understood despite its popularity among
performer to draw on his or her own self, actors.
experiences, and memories that could inform
a characterisation and shape how a character
might speak or move. Characters were thus 59.The approach adopted in Stanislavski
shown to have an inner life rather than being method requires performers to -----.
stereotyped figures representing a single
A) control how they speak or move according
concept (the good girl, the brutish boss, etc.).
to the director's demands
They could become complex human beings
with multiple and contradictory feelings. It B) make a distinction between their own
was the ability to convey the complexity of a emotions and those of the character they will
character's inner feelings that made Actors play
Studio-trained successful performers Marlon
C) overcome their contradictory feelings about
Brando, Montgomery Clift and James Dean
other characters in the same film
such iconic figures of the 20th century.
D) make predictions about the inner life of
stereotyped figures like the good girl or the
brutish boss

E) benefit from their own personality to shape

the features of the character they are to
portray

57
60.According to the Stanislavski method,
which of the following contributes to an
actor's performance?

A) Learning how to play stereotyped

characters

B) Ignoring his or her own feelings when

reflecting the inner life of a character

C) Comparing his or her performance with that

of an iconic figure

D) Trying to display the intricate feelings of a

character

E) Acting based on traditional manners of the

stage

61.What does the passage mainly focus on?

A) The advantages and limitations of the

Stanislavski method

B) How to play a stereotyped character with

the Stanislavski method

C) The use of emotions to accurately portray a

character

D) The Stanislavski method and its basic

requirements

E) Successful performers from the Actors

Studio

58
Since the first scholarly conference on artificial 63.According to the passage, which of the
intelligence (AI), a large number of successful following is a major weakness of Al robots?
Al programs and robots have been built.
A) Lacking the necessary capacity to be
Robots routinely explore the depths of the
reprogrammable
ocean and distant planets, and the Al program
called Deep Blue was able to defeat the grand B) Poor performance in some popular sports
master chess champion Garry Kasparov after a matches
series of highly publicised matches. As
impressive as these accomplishments are, C) Inability to interact with the environment
critics still maintain that Al has yet to achieve naturally
the goal of creating a program or robot that D) Imitating the interaction in the real world
can truly operate on its own for any significant
length of time. Al programs and robots are not E) Inability to function for long periods of time,
yet advanced enough to survive on their own, despite the current scientific endeavour
or interact with the world in the same way
that a natural creature might. So far Al
programs have not been able to succeed in 64.According to the passage, which of the
solving problems outside of narrowly-defined following is not one of the goals about future
domains. For instance, Deep Blue can play Al robots?
chess with the greatest players on the planet
A) Robots that behave autonomously
but it cannot do anything else. What scientists
really crave for achieving in Al studies is to B) Robots that can explore the outer space
create programs that not only play world-class
C) Robots that are aware of their surroundings
chess but also hold conversations with people,
interact with the outside world, plan and D) Robots with genuine communication skills
coordinate goals and projects, have
independent personalities, and perhaps E) Robots with some organisational skills
exhibit some form of consciousness. However, 65.Which of the following is the main idea of
critics claim that Al will not achieve these the passage?
latter goals in years to come.
A) Throughout the short

have been achieved by scientists who have been

62.Which of the following is true about Deep carrying out studies on it.
Blue?
B) Al robots like Deep Blue are currently not
A) It failed to exhibit satisfactory performance capable of achieving multi-purpose tasks and they
in areas other than chess. will not be able to do so without vast amount of
funding.
B) It was considered more successful than
C) Although scientists have made significant
research robots exploring oceans and space.
progress in the field, Al robots will not be able to
C) It was closely controlled by a human when accomplish a wide range of tasks in the foreseeable
it defeated the grand master chess champion. future.

D) Scientists' future projections about Al robots

D) It suffered from some major setbacks
hardly resemble those made by the general public
despite its ultimate success in defeating a as far as the future of robots and Al are considered.
chess master.
E) One of the greatest dreams of scientists running
E) It was originally created to fulfil some Al programs is to create robots that can reciprocally
functions other than playing chess matches. communicate with other robots.

59
PARAGRAF CEVAPLARI 47. B
48. E
1. D
49. B
2. E
50. E
3. E
51. A
4. B
52. B
5. C
53. B
6. E
54. C
7. B
55. A
8. A
56. E
9. C
57. C
10. A
58. C
11. B
59. E
12. C
60. D
13. B
61. D
14. D
62. A
15. D
63. C
16. D
64. B
17. C
65. C
18. B
19. E
20. E
21. A
22. D
23. A
24. C
25. C
26. D
27. E
28. B
29. D
30. A
31. B
32. B
33. B
34. B
35. D
36. E
37. A
38. C
39. A
40. C
41. B
42. E
43. C
44. B
45. C
46. C

60
 CLOZE TEST

Dietary supplements have become a 3.

multibillion-dollar industry all over the world.
A) Due to
Found (1) ----- the vitamins and minerals on
supermarket shelves are many apparently B) For the sake of
natural remedies sold as 'dietary
supplements'. Their labels state that these C) Despite
products are not intended to treat anything D) Rather than
but designed to (2) ----- health. Yet we should
keep in mind that labels do not always tell the E) In terms of
full story. (3) ----- strict requirements of purity
applied in drug development, herbal and other
dietary supplements can include some
harmful parts of the source organism. (4) ----- ,
4.
along with the desired substance, a consumer
may ingest fungal spores, heavy metals, toxins, A) Firstly
herbicides, and pesticides. Drugs differ from
B) Therefore
dietary supplements in purity and method of
preparation, which often takes many years. C) On the contrary
The probability that a chemical derived from
D) However
an organism (5) ----- its way to drugstore
shelves as a prescription or over-the-counter E) Instead
medication is 1 in 10.000.

5.
1.
A) had made
A) off
B) used to make
B) from
C) has to make
C) to
D) was making
D) upon
E) will make
E) among

2.

A) receive

B) capture

C) promote

D) acknowledge

E) determine

61
That heredity plays an important role in 7.
determining one's potential intelligence is
A) measure
beyond dispute. (6) ----- , genetic
investigations have failed to identify smart B) impose
genes, which are genes that give brilliance on
the possessor. Instead, given the complexity of C) lessen
the brain organisation and the need for D) achieve
effective interaction among its many
components, it is not surprising that genetic E) permit
mutations of several genes are known to (7)
----- the efficiency of brain operation and, in
turn, to diminish potential intelligence. 8.
Mutational disorders range from invisible to
A) On behalf of
dramatic and include trisomy 21, Fragile-X
syndrome, tuberous sclerosis, and autism. (8) B) Apart from
----- these mutational disorders, there are also
C) According to
important epigenetic factors - evident during
the early years of life that are necessary for D) Due to
normal development and organisation. A rich
E) Instead of
array of neuronal networks develops, with
many destined (9) -----; the final product of
such factors is that gyral and sulcal patterns of
monozygotic twins, individuals with identical 9.
genetic constitution, will look different. A) removing
Maturational factors such as myelin
development, which is important for efficient B) having been removed
signal transmission (10) ----- the extensive C) to be removed
neuron network, are known to continue for
many years, peaking around the middle of the D) to have removed
third decade of life.
E) to remove

10.
6.
A) against
A) Therefore
B) under
B) In addition
C) across
C) For instance
D) upon
D) However
E) off
E) Similarly

62
The Nile River valley has produced many 13.
indigenous kingdoms and states over the
A) along
millennia. The most famous may be ancient
Egypt, (11)----- others have also come and B) between
gone. With the end of the Holocene Wet
Phase around 3900 BCE, the rapid growth of C) into
the Sahara Desert forced humans and wildlife D) for
to migrate (12)----- permanent water and
grazing. The Nile itself was restricted to a E) at
single channel, and Egypt's early civilisation
was a direct result of the need to find water
and organise life (13)----- the Nile. Surrounded
by the river valley's high cliffs, early Egyptians
14.
had to (14)----- agriculture for food production
rather than nomadic pastoralism. Further A) see off
upstream in Sudan, desertification came more
B) keep down
slowly, and large areas were found where
cattle (15)-----. Today, the desert has expanded C) turn to
south, and green pastures fed by rainfall occur
in central Sudan. D) break in

E) come across

11.

A) so 15.

B) but A) might have grazed

C) for B) should have grazed

D) instead C) should graze

E) or D) could graze

E) must graze

12.

A) in spite of

B) in search of

C) because of

D) except for

E) with respect to

63
The Greek alphabet, containing 24 to 26 18.
letters (depending on locale and era), was
A) printed
adapted from the 22-letter alphabet of the
ancient Phoenicians, sometime between 800 B) enhanced
and 750 BCE. (16)----- this time, Greek
societies had used syllabic, pictographic C) borrowed
scripts, where one character corresponded to D) navigated
a single syllable: e.g., in modern English, one
symbol for 'pen', two for 'pencil'. (17)----- E) assigned
simple in concept, a syllabic system requires
several dozens or even hundreds of symbols to
accommodate the various sounds in a
language. Once the alphabet came into use,
19.
the number of symbols was reduced because
each symbol was (18)----- a precise sound, not A) in
an entire syllable. These alphabetic symbols
B) around
(letters) can be used flexibly (19)-----
innumerable combinations to fit different C) towards
spoken languages. The ancient Greek letters
D) by
live on in modern Greek, although several of
them (20)----- new pronunciations. E) for

16. 20.
A) Except for A) have acquired
B) Similar to B) were acquiring
C) Prior to C) would have acquired
D) Irrespective of D) had been acquiring
E) Due to E) were to acquire

17.

A) As if

B) Seeing that

C) Since

D) Though

E) Now that

64
Almost 3 billion birds have vanished from the 22.
US and Canada since 1970 due to human
A) about
activities. Scientists are calling it an
'overlooked biodiversity crisis'. Studies suggest B) in
that the continent (21)----- more than a
quarter of its birds disappear in recent C) at
decades. Kenneth Rosenberg at Cornell D) with
University in New York estimated population
shifts (22)----- 529 species between 1970 and E) upon
2017. The most common species, (23)-----
starlings, have been hit the hardest. More
than 90 percent of the net loss of 2.9 billion 23.
birds (24)----- across just 12 families, including
A) according to
sparrows, warblers and blackbirds. Habitat loss
and degradation are the biggest drivers of B) for the sake of
declines. Novelist and birder Jonathan Franzen
C) such as
says we need to pay a lot more attention to
these kind of present-day threats to the D) due to
natural world (25)----- they can often be
addressed at the local level. E) on the basis of

24.

21. A) raised

A) has seen B) glided

B) is going to see C) settled

C) sees D) occurred

D) was seeing E) obtained

E) had seen
25.

A) only if

B) unless

C) whether

D) as if

E) as

65
The earliest scientific system for identifying 27.
people by their physical appearance was called
A) absolute
Bertillonage, after its French inventor
Alphonse Bertillon (1853-1914). This system B) fundamental
used measurements of the body, such as the
lengths of arms and legs, the diameter of the C) descriptive
head, and other statistics, (26)----- body D) complicated
markings such as scars or tattoos, and
photographs of the suspect. Although the E) feasible
system was slow and (27)-----, and could not
always tell people apart, it was used by many
police forces for years. It suffered a blow in 28.
1903 when an American called Will West was
A) from
sent to prison, before it was discovered that
another prisoner there had almost the same B) for
Bertillon measurements - and was named
C) about
William West. Bertillon measurements were
supplemented (28)----- photographs, which D) into
came to be called 'mugshots'. Usually a
E) with
photograph (29)----- from the side ('in profile')
and from the front. If the person committed a
crime at some future time, his mugshot would
be widely distributed, (30)----- he could be 29.
recognised by policemen on the beat or by the A) might have been taken
public.
B) must have been taken

C) would be taken

D) can be taken
26.
E) should have been taken
A) as a consequence of

B) as well as
30.
C) as opposed to
A) even if
D) because of
B) after
E) similar to
C) so that

D) while

E) as if

66
CLOZE CEVAP ANAHTARI

1. E
2. C
3. C
4. B
5. E
6. D
7. C
8. B
9. C
10. C
11. B
12. B
13. A
14. C
15. D
16. C
17. D
18. E
19. A
20. A
21. A
22. B
23. C
24. D
25. E
26. B
27. D
28. E
29. C
30. C

67
ÇEVİRİ

1. Tourette syndrome rarely occur alone but 2. Play therapy is a method of child
rather tend to be comorbid with other psychotherapy in which a therapy expert uses
problems, including but not limited to the symbolic meanings of plays as a medium
depression and anxiety disorder. for understanding and communicating with
children.
A) Nadiren tek başına görülen Tourette
sendromu daha çok diğer sorunlarla birlikte A) Oyun terapisi, terapi uzmanının oyunların
görülme eğilimindedir ve bunlar depresyon ve sembolik anlamlarını çocukları anlama ve
kaygı bozukluğuyla sınırlı olmayan pek çok onlarla iletişim kurma aracı olarak kullandığı
problemi içermektedir. bir çocuk psikoterapisi yöntemidir.

B) Tourette sendromu nadiren tek başına B) Oyun terapisi, bir çocuk psikoterapisi
görülür ama daha çok depresyonu ve kaygı yöntemidir ve terapi uzmanının oyunların
bozukluğunu içeren ancak bunlarla sınırlı sembolik anlamları üzerinden çocukları
olmayan diğer problemlerle birlikte görülme anlamasını ve onlarla iletişim kurmasını sağlar.
eğilimindedir.
C) Oyun terapisi, terapi uzmanının çocukları
C) Depresyonu ve kaygı bozukluğunu içeren anlamak ve onlarla iletişim kurmak için
Tourette sendromu nadiren tek başına görülür kullandığı ve oyunların sembolik anlamlar
ve bunlarla sınırlı değildir; aksine daha çok taşıdığı bir çocuk psikoterapisi yöntemidir.
başka sorunlarla birlikte görülme
D) Bir çocuk psikoterapisi yöntemi olan oyun
eğilimindedir.
terapisi, terapi uzmanının çocukları anlamak ve
D) Nadiren tek başına görülen depresyon ve onlarla iletişim kurmak için oyunların
kaygı bozukluğu gibi Tourette sendromu da sembolik anlamlarını kullandığı bir araçtır.
başka problemlerle birlikte görülme eğiliminde
E) Bir çocuk psikoterapisi yöntemi olan oyun
olan bir rahatsızlıktır.
terapisinde, terapi uzmanı çocuklarla iletişim
E) Tourette sendromu nadiren tek başına kurmak ve onları anlamak için oyunların
görülür; bu sendrom depresyon ve kaygı sembolik anlamlarını kullanır.
bozukluğuyla sınırlı değildir ve daha çok başka
problemlerle birlikte görülme eğilimindedir.

68
3. Although many of the adverse effects on 4. While the majority of the dentists focus on
health do not become evident until adulthood, the oral health of individuals, there is also a
tobacco addiction is in many ways a disease of branch of dentistry concerned with population
adolescence. oral health.
A) Tütün bağımlılığının sağlık üzerinde A) Bireylerin ağız sağlığına odaklanan diş
yetişkinlik dönemine kadar açığa çıkmayan hekimlerinin çoğunluğu, toplumsal ağız
olumsuz etkileri vardır ancak bu bağımlılık sağlığıyla da ilgilenerek yeni bir diş hekimliği
birçok açıdan bir ergenlik dönemi hastalığıdır. dalı oluşturmuştur.
B) Sağlık üzerindeki olumsuz etkilerinin çoğu B) Diş hekimlerinin çoğunluğu hem bireylerin
yetişkinlik dönemine kadar açığa çıkmasa da hem de toplumun ağız sağlığına odaklanırken
tütün bağımlılığı birçok açıdan bir ergenlik bazı diş hekimleri sadece bir dala yoğunlaşır.
dönemi hastalığıdır.
C) Diş hekimlerinin çoğunluğu bireylerin ağız
C) Tütün bağımlılığı birçok açıdan bir ergenlik sağlığına odaklanırken diş hekimliğinin
dönemi hastalığıdır ama sağlık üzerindeki toplumsal ağız sağlığıyla ilgilenen bir dalı da
olumsuz etkilerinin çoğu yetişkinlik dönemine vardır.
kadar açığa çıkmaz.
D) Toplumsal ağız sağlığı ile ilgilenen diş
D) Birçok açıdan bir ergenlik dönemi hastalığı hekimleri olsa da diş hekimliğinde bireylerin
olan tütün bağımlılığının sağlığa olumsuz çoğu ağız sağlığına odaklananlar çoğunluktadır.
etkisi yetişkinlik dönemine kadar açığa
E) Diş hekimliğinde toplumsal ağız sağlığıyla
çıkmaz.
ilgilenen bir dal olsa da diş hekimlerinin
E) Sağlık üzerindeki olumsuz etkilerinin çoğu çoğunluğu tarafından bireylerin ağız sağlığına
yetişkinlik dönemine kadar açığa çıkmayan odaklanılır.
tütün bağımlılığı, birçok açıdan bir ergenlik
dönemi hastalığıdır.

69
5. Studies show that regular exercise supported 6. When penicillin was first introduced in the
with strength training is key to reducing 1940s, doctors finally had a good way to treat
arthritis pain as working out makes the infections that had previously claimed
muscles around joints strong. thousands of lives.
A) Çalışmalar, eklemlerin etrafındaki kasları A) İlk kez 1940'larda kullanılmaya başlanan
güçlendirdiği için düzenli egzersizin güç penisilin, önceden binlerce cana mâl olan
antrenmanıyla desteklendiğinde romatizmal enfeksiyonları tedavi etmeye çalışan doktorlar
ağrıları azaltmada önemli bir rolü olabileceğini için en sonunda iyi bir yöntem oldu.
göstermektedir.
B) İlk kez 1940'larda kullanılmaya başlanan
B) Çalışmalar, güç antrenmanıyla desteklenen penisilin sayesinde doktorlar, önceden binlerce
düzenli egzersizin romatizmal ağrıları cana mâl olmuş enfeksiyonları nihayet tedavi
azaltmada önemli bir rolü olduğunu etmek için iyi bir yöntem buldu.
göstermektedir çünkü egzersiz yapmak
C) Penisilin 1940'larda ilk kez kullanılmaya
eklemlerin etrafındaki kasları güçlendirir.
başlandığında doktorların önceden binlerce
C) Çalışmalar, egzersiz yapmanın eklemlerin cana mâl olmuş enfeksiyonları tedavi etmek
etrafındaki kasları güçlendirdiğini, dolayısıyla için nihayet iyi bir yöntemi oldu.
güç antrenmanıyla desteklenen düzenli
D) Penisilin ilk kez 1940'larda kullanılmaya
egzersizin romatizmal ağrıları azaltmada
önemli bir rolü olduğunu ortaya koymuştur. başlandı ve böylece doktorlar önceden binlerce
cana mâl olmuş enfeksiyonları tedavi etmede
D) Çalışmalar, romatizmal ağrıları azaltmak iyi bir yöntem elde etmiş oldu.
amacıyla yapılan ve güç antrenmanıyla
E) İlk kez 1940'larda kullanılmaya
desteklenen düzenli egzersizin eklemlerin
başlanmasıyla birlikte penisilin, en sonunda,
etrafındaki kasları güçlendirdiğini
göstermektedir. önceden binlerce cana mâl olmuş
enfeksiyonların tedavisinde doktorlar için iyi
E) Çalışmalar, romatizmal ağrıları azaltmada bir yöntem hâline geldi.
önemli bir rolü olan güç antrenmanıyla
desteklenmiş düzenli egzersizin, eklemlerin
etrafındaki kasları güçlü hâle getirdiğini
göstermiştir.

70
7. Kafalarından ciddi şekilde yaralanmış olan 8.Gıda alerjisi polenler gibi diğer çevresel
yetişkinler için düzelme iki yıl kadar sürse de
alerjenlere benzer ancak belirli riskler ve
İyileşmenin büyük kısmı travmadan sonraki ilk
altı ay içinde gerçekleşir. belirtiler de içerebilir.

A) Although adults who have had a severe A) Allergy to food shows similarity to other
head injury mostly recover from the trauma environmental allergens such as pollens;
within the first six months, improvement however, specific risks may cause
continues for up to two years. symptoms.
B) For adults who have been severely injured B) Allergy to food, which is similar to other
in the head, although improvement continues
environmental allergens like pollens, may
for up to two years, most recovery occurs
within the first six months after the trauma. also present additional risks and
symptoms.
C) Adults who have been severely injured in
the head are expected to get well in the first six C) Allergy to food is similar to other
months after the trauma, but their full recovery environmental allergens such as pollens,
continues up to two years. but it may also include certain risks and
D) Adults with a severe head injury recover symptoms.
within the first six months after the trauma
although some wait for up to two years for full D) Although allergy to food includes
recovery certain risks and symptoms, it has also a
lot in common with other environmental
E) For adults who have been severely injured
allergens such as pollens.
in the head, recovery mostly occurs within the
first six months after the trauma, but their E) Being allergic to food is similar to being
situation continues to improve for up to two
allergic to other environmental allergens
years.
like pollens, which may include specific
risks and symptoms.

71
9. Beslenmenin son derece önemli bir 10. Doğum, yenidoğan için travmatiktir
parçası olan lif, sindirim sistemindeki çünkü bebek, nefes almak da dâhil birçok
yiyeceğin hareketini yavaşlatır ki bu da önemli vücut fonksiyonunun kontrolünü
tokluk hissini arttırır. bağımsız bir şekilde ele almak zorundadır.

A) Fibre, an extremely important part of A) Birth is traumatic for the newborn, as

the diet, slows down the movement of the baby has to independently take control
food in the digestive tract, which increases over various important body functions,
the feeling of fullness. including breathing.

B) Because fibre slows down the B) For the newborn, birth is traumatic in
movement of food in the digestive tract that the baby has to be independent and
and increases the feeling of fullness, it is take control of its important body
an extremely important part of the diet. functions, especially breathing.

C) Fibre is an extremely important part of C) A newborn experiences birth as

the diet since it increases the feeling of traumatic because the baby has to take
fullness by slowing down the movement of control over important body functions
food in the digestive tract. such as breathing independently.

D) Fibre, which is an extremely important D) That the baby has to independently

part of the diet, slows down the movement take control of various body functions,
of food in the digestive tract and increases especially breathing, makes birth traumatic
the feeling of fullness. for the newborn.

E) Fibre, an extremely important part of the E) The traumatic experience of birth for the
diet, not only increases the feeling of newborn is a result of the fact that the
fullness but also slows down the baby has to be independent in the control
movement of food in the digestive tract. of various important body functions,
including breathing.

72
11. Aşırı kilo, kalp üzerindeki basıncı arttırır 12. Araştırmacılar, çocuklara güçlü
ve başka risk faktörleri olmasa bile koroner duygularla nasıl başa çıkacaklarını öğreten
arter hastalığının gelişme riskini yükseltir. zihinsel sağlık çalışmalarının oldukça etkili
olduğunu ortaya çıkarmıştır.
A) When no other risk factors are present,
excess weight alone is enough to increase A) Researchers have revealed that mental
the strain on the heart and the risk of health practices that teach children how to
developing coronary artery disease. cope with strong feelings are highly
effective.
B) Excess weight increases the strain on
the heart and raises the risk of developing B) According to researchers, mental health
coronary artery disease even if no other practices that help children cope with
risk factors are present. strong feelings are highly effective.

C) Coronary artery disease risk raises due C) Researchers suggest that mental health
to excess weight and even without the practices that are designed for children
presence of any other risk factors the who struggle to cope with strong feelings
strain on the heart increases. are quite effective.

D) Excess weight raises the risk of D) Researchers have found out that mental
developing coronary artery disease if no health practices proved quite effective in
other risk factors are present to increase guiding children on how to cope with
the strain on the heart. strong feelings.

E) Even without other risk factors, excess E) Mental health practices that offer
weight increases the strain on the heart, children various ways to cope with strong
which raises the risk of developing feelings have been found highly effective
coronary artery disease. by researchers.

73
13. More than 90 per cent of Australians have 14. Although many of the territories that the
European roots because Australia welcomed Romans conquered initially resisted, the
many immigrants over the years; however, residents of these provinces, particularly the
recently entry tests have been set up to make former ruling classes, gradually adopted many
it hard for immigrants to settle there. Roman customs.

A) Avustralyalıların yüzde 90'ından fazlası A) Romalıların fethettiği bölgelerde, özellikle

Avrupa kökenlidir çünkü Avustralya yıllarca önceki yönetici sınıflar ve bu şehirlerde
birçok göçmen kabul etmiştir ancak son yaşayanlar başlangıçta dirense de yavaş yavaş
zamanlarda göçmenlerin yerleşmesini birçok Roma geleneğini benimsemiştir.
zorlaştırmak için giriş testleri oluşturulmuştur.
B) Romalıların fethettiği bölgelerin çoğunda,
B) Avustralyalıların yaklaşık yüzde 90'ının önceki yönetici sınıflar ve bu şehirlerin
kökeni Avrupa ülkeleridir çünkü Avustralya sakinleri Roma geleneklerine başlangıçta karşı
yıllarca birçok göçmen kabul etmiştir ancak çıksa da sonradan bunları yavaş yavaş
son zamanlarda göçmenlerin gelmesini benimsemiştir.
zorlaştırmak için giriş testleri yapılmaktadır.
C) Romalıların fethettiği bölgelerin çoğunun
C) Avustralyalıların yüzde 90'ından fazlasının başlangıçta direnmesine rağmen bu şehirlerin
Avrupa kökenli olmasının sebebi, sakinleri, özellikle de önceki yönetici sınıflar,
Avustralya'nın yıllarca birçok göçmen kabul yavaş yavaş birçok Roma geleneğini
etmiş olmasıdır fakat son zamanlarda benimsemiştir.
göçmenlerin gelmesini zorlaştırmak için giriş
D) Romalıların fethettiği bölgelerin çoğu
testleri uygulanmaktadır.
başlangıçta Roma geleneklerini kabul
D) Avustralya, son zamanlardaki göçü etmemiştir ancak bu şehirlerin sakinleri,
zorlaştırmak için giriş testleri uygulamaktadır özellikle de önceki yönetici sınıflar yavaş yavaş
çünkü yıllar boyunca birçok göçmen kabul birçok geleneği benimsemiştir.
edilmesi Avustralya nüfusunun yüzde 90'ının
E) Romalıların fethettiği bölgelerde,
Avrupa kökenli olmasına yol açmıştır.
başlangıçta hem önceki yönetici sınıfların hem
E) Avustralyalıların yaklaşık yüzde 90'ı Avrupa de bu şehirlerin sakinlerinin Roma
kökenlidir çünkü Avustralya yıllarca birçok geleneklerine direnmiş olmalarına rağmen
göçmen kabul etmiştir ancak son zamanlarda birçoğu yavaş yavaş benimsenmiştir.
göçmenlerin yerleşmesini zorlaştıran giriş
testlerine başvurulmaktadır.

74
15. Started in the late 18th century in Britain, 16. Leonardo da Vinci, one of the universal
a wave of industrialisation swept across geniuses of Western history, made
Europe and North America and set the contributions to art, mathematics, and science
foundations for modern capitalism by that anticipated the ideas and inventions of
transforming the Western world from a rural future centuries.
society into an urban one.
A) Sanat, matematik ve bilimde gelecek
A) Avrupa ve Kuzey Amerika'yı etkisi altına yüzyılların fikir ve İcatlarını öngörmesi
alan sanayileşme dalgası, 18. yüzyılda Leonardo da Vinci'nin Bati tarihinin evrensel
Britanya'da başladı ve Batı dünyasını kırsal bir dehalarından biri olmasına katkıda
toplumdan kentsel bir topluma dönüştürmek bulunmuştur.
amacıyla modern kapitalizmin temellerini
B) Batı tarihinin evrensel dehalarından biri
oluşturdu.
olan Leonardo da Vinci sanata, matematiğe ve
B) 18. yüzyılda Britanya'yı etkisi altına alan bilime gelecek yüzyılların fikir ve icatlarını
sanayileşme dalgasının Avrupa ve Kuzey öngören katkılarda bulunmuştur.
Amerika'da başlayıp Batı dünyasını kırsal bir
C) Sanata, matematiğe ve bilime sonraki
toplumdan kentsel bir topluma dönüştürmesi
yüzyılların fikir ve icatlarını öngören katkılarda
modern kapitalizmin temellerini attı.
bulunmuş olan Leonardo da Vinci, Batı
C) Batı dünyasını kırsal bir toplumdan kentsel tarihinin evrensel dehalarından biridir.
bir topluma dönüştürerek Avrupa ve Kuzey
D) Gelecek yüzyıllardaki fikir ve icatları tahmin
Amerika'yı etkisi altına alan sanayileşme
ederek sanat, matematik ve bilime katkıda
dalgası, 18. yüzyılın sonlarında Britanya'da
bulunan Leonardo da Vinci, Batı tarihinin
modern kapitalizmin temellerini attı.
evrensel dehalarından biri olmuştur.
D) 18. yüzyılın sonlarında Britanya'da başlayan
E) Leonardo da Vinci, Batı tarihinin evrensel
sanayileşme dalgası, Avrupa ve Kuzey
dehalarından biri olduğundan sanat,
Amerika'yı etkisi altına aldı ve Batı dünyasını
matematik ve bilime gelecek yüzyılların fikir ve
kırsal bir toplumdan kentsel bir topluma
icatlarını öngörerek katkı sağlamıştır.
dönüştürerek modern kapitalizmin temellerini
oluşturdu.

E) Batı dünyasını kırsal bir toplumdan kentsel

bir topluma dönüştüren ve modern
kapitalizmin temellerini 18. yüzyılın sonlarında
Britanya'da atan sanayileşme dalgası, Avrupa
ve Kuzey Amerika'yı etkisi altına aldı.

75
17. Just like stars and snowflakes, sand seems 18. According to a study in Germany, practising
to have an infinite supply, yet our planet's mindfulness meditation by simply focusing on
supplies of sand are dangerously low, which the sensation of your breathing for ten
suggests that this precious material may minutes a day can improve concentration and
disappear completely. memory.

A) Her ne kadar kum da tıpkı yıldızlar ve kar A) Almanya'daki bir çalışmaya göre, günde on
taneleri gibi tükenmez bir kaynağa sahip gibi dakikalığına sadece nefes alıp verme hissine
görünse de gezegenimizde bulunan kum odaklanarak bilinçli farkındalık meditasyonu
kaynaklarının tehlikeli bir şekilde az olması, bu yapmak konsantrasyonu ve hafızayı
kıymetli maddenin tamamen yok olabileceği geliştirebilir.
anlamına gelmektedir.
B) Almanya'daki bir çalışma, günde sadece on
B) Tıpkı yıldızlar ve kar taneleri gibi kum, dakikalığına nefes alıp verme hissine odaklanıp
sonsuz bir kaynağa sahip gibi görünür fakat bilinçli farkındalık meditasyonu yapmanın
gezegenimizin kum kaynakları tehlikeli bir konsantrasyonu ve hafızayı geliştirebileceğini
şekilde azdır ki bu da bu kıymetli maddenin gösteriyor.
tamamen yok olabileceği anlamına
C) Almanya'da yapılmış bir çalışma, günde on
gelmektedir.
dakikalığına sadece nefes alıp verme hissine
C) Yıldızlar ve kar tanelerinde olduğu gibi kum odaklanarak yapılan bilinçli farkındalık
da tükenmez bir kaynak gibi görünür ama yine meditasyonunun konsantrasyonu ve hafızayı
de kum kaynakları gezegenimizde tehlikeli bir geliştirdiğini gösterdi.
şekilde azdır ve bu da bu kıymetli maddenin
D) Almanya'daki bir çalışmaya göre,
tamamen yok olacağı anlamına gelir.
konsantrasyonu ve hafızayı geliştirmek için
D) Tıpkı yıldızlar ve kar taneleri gibi tükenmez günde sadece on dakikalığına nefes alıp verme
bir kaynağa sahip gibi görünen kumun hissine odaklanarak bilinçli farkındalık
gezegenimizdeki kaynaklarının tehlikeli bir meditasyonu yapmak gerekir.
şekilde az olması bu kıymetli maddenin
E) Almanya'daki bir çalışmaya göre, bilinçli
tamamen yok olabileceği anlamına
farkındalık meditasyonu yaparak
gelmektedir.
konsantrasyonu ve hafızayı geliştirmek için
E) Tıpkı yıldızlar ve kar taneleri gibi kum da günde sadece on dakikalığına nefes alıp verme
sonsuz bir kaynağa sahipmiş gibi görünse de hissine odaklanmamız gerekiyor.
aslında tamamen yok olabilecek kıymetli bir
maddedir ve gezegenimizdeki kum kaynakları
tehlikeli bir şekilde azalmaktadır.

76
19. Erken Orta Çağ, doğu ve güneydoğu 20. Asya'ya karadan seyahat eden Avrupalı
Asya'da yeni krallıklar bünyesinde gelişen ileri tüccarlar sıklıkla yağmacılar tarafından
kültürlerin ve merkezileşmiş devletlerin saldırıya uğruyordu ve bunun sonucu olarak,
doğuşuna tanıklık etmiştir. 15. yüzyılda Avrupa ulusları Asya'ya yeni
ticaret rotaları aramak için donanma
A) The early Middle Ages witnessed the rise of
seyahatlerini finanse ettiler.
sophisticated cultures and centralised states
that flourished under new kingdoms in east A) While travelling to Asia through land,
and southeast Asia. merchants from Europe were often assaulted
by looters; therefore, European countries
B) As new kingdoms were established in east
started financing naval voyages to find new
and southeast Asia in the early Middle Ages,
trade routes to Asia in the 15th century.
sophisticated cultures and centralised states
began to emerge. B) European merchants travelling to Asia over
land were often attacked by marauders and, as
C) In the early Middle Ages, sophisticated
a result, in the 15th century, European nations
cultures and centralised states flourished with
funded naval voyages to search for new trade
the establishment of new kingdoms in east
routes to Asia.
and southeast Asia.
C) In the 15th century, European nations
D) The new kingdoms formed in east and
funded naval voyages to Asia to seek new
southeast Asia in the early Middle Ages
trade routes because previously, Europeans
witnessed the rise of sophisticated cultures
who travelled by land were often attacked by
and centralised states.
marauders on their way to Asia.
E) The rise of sophisticated cultures and
D) European merchants travelling to Asia by
centralised states in east and southeast Asia
land were often being attacked by looters in
that were developed under new kingdoms was
the 15th century; and thus, European nations
not seen until the early Middle Ages.
began to fund naval voyages to find new trade
routes to Asia.

E) European merchants sought new trade

routes to Asia by sea thanks to the funds
coming from European nations; and so, they
avoided being attacked by marauders in the
15th century.

77
21. Bizans ordusunun 1071'de Malazgirt 22.İnsanların bilinçli tercih yapma yeteneği,
Savaşı'nda Selçuklular tarafından yenilmesi, kendine güvene dayanır çünkü insanlar ancak
Osmanlıların 1453'te İstanbul'u fethiyle doruk yaptıklarının sonuç verdiğini ve istenen etkiyi
noktasına ulaşan askeri bir çöküş dönemini yarattığını gördüklerinde daha geniş bir sosyal
başlatmıştır. ortaklığın parçası olmaya devam eder.

A) Long before the conquest of Constantinople A) Humans continue to be part of a larger

by the Ottomans in 1453, the Seljuks defeated social collective provided that they see their
the Byzantine army at the battle of Malazgirt actions show results rendering the desired
in 1071, which marked a period of military effect because the ability of humans to make
decline. conscious choices relies on self-confidence.

B) The Seljuks' defeat of the Byzantine army at B) The ability of humans to make conscious
the battle of Malazgirt in 1071 brought choices relies on self-confidence because only
forward a period of military decline after if humans see that their actions show results
which Ottomans conquered Constantinople in and render the desired effect will they
1453. continue to be part of a larger social collective.

C) Upon defeating the Byzantine army at the C) The ability of humans to make conscious
battle of Malazgirt in 1071, the Seljuks choices to be part of a larger social collective
initiated a period of military decline, which relies on self-confidence, which renders the
peaked with the conquest of Constantinople desired effect as long as humans see their
by the Ottomans in 1453. actions show results.

D) The defeat of the Byzantine army by the D) Only when humans see that their actions
Seljuks at the battle of Malazgirt in 1071 show results rendering the desired effect will
started a period of military decline, which they continue to be part of a larger social
peaked with the conquest of Constantinople collective, and this relies on self-confidence,
by the Ottomans in 1453. which refers to the ability of humans to make
conscious choices.
E) After the defeat of the Byzantine army by
the Seljuks at the battle of Malazgirt in 1071, a E) The ability of humans to make conscious
period of military decline began which peaked choices, which relies on self-confidence,
with the conquest of Constantinople by the renders the desired effect when they see
Ottomans in 1453. actions show results and they continue to be
part of a larger social collective.

78
23. Fazla düşünme, belirsizlikle mücadele 24. Çocukların dili nasıl edindiğini anlamak, dili
etmekte zorlandığınızın bir işaretidir ancak bu, yaşlarına uygun bir şekilde geliştiremedikleri
korkularınızı yatıştırmak yerine onları körükler durumları tespit etmeyi mümkün kılmaktadır.
çünkü her zaman zihninizde en kötü
A) Understanding how children acquire
senaryonun provasını yapıyor olursunuz.
language makes it possible to identify
A) Overthinking, which is a sign that you find it instances where they cannot develop language
hard to deal with uncertainty, fuels your fears in an age-appropriate way.
instead of soothing them because you are
B) By understanding how children acquire
always rehearsing the worst-case scenario in
language, one could possibly identify instances
your mind.
where they cannot develop language in a way
B) Overthinking is a sign that you find it hard appropriate to their age.
to deal with uncertainty, but rehearsing the
C) An understanding of child language
worst-case scenario in your mind all the time
acquisition makes it possible to identify
fuels your fears rather than soothing them.
instances where language cannot be
C) Rather than soothing your fears, developed in an age-appropriate way by
overthinking fuels them by making you children.
rehearse the worst-case scenario in your mind
D) It is only possible through an understanding
all the time, and it is a sign that you find it
of child language acquisition to identify a
hard to deal with uncertainty.
number of instances where children cannot
D) Overthinking is a sign that you find it hard develop language in a way appropriate to their
to deal with uncertainty. but rather than age.
soothing vour fears. it fuels them, as you are
E) Whether there are instances where children
always rehearsing the worst-case scenario in
cannot develop language in an age-
your mind.
appropriate way can be identified by
E) Because you are always rehearsing the understanding how language is acquired by
worst-case scenario in your mind, overthinking children.
appears as a sign that you find it hard to deal
with uncertainty, and it does not soothe your
fears; instead, it fuels them.

79
25. Scientists rely on the rumble of magma 26. Because devices which are alleged to
moves to predict volcanic eruptions, but measure stress in the suspect's voice and to
standard seismic tools provide only a rough detect lie are not required to be attached to
picture of what is happening there. body, they can be used covertly.

A) Bilim insanları volkanik patlamaları tahmin A) Şüphelinin sesindeki stresi ölçerek yalanı
etmek için magma hareketlerinin gürültüsüne saptamada kullanılan cihazlar vücuda
bel bağlarlar ancak standart sismik aygıtlar yerleştirilmeye gerek duyulmadan gizlice
orada ne olduğuna dair yalnızca kabaca bir fikir kullanılabilirler.
verir.
B) Şüphelinin sesindeki stresi ölçtüğü ve yalanı
B) Bilim insanları orada ne olduğuna dair saptadığı öne sürülen cihazların vücuda
kabaca bir fikir veren standart sismik aygıtlar yerleştirilmesine gerek olmadığından bu
yerine magma hareketlerinin gürültüsüne bel cihazlar gizlice kullanılabilirler.
bağlayarak volkanik patlamaları tahmin eder.
C) Vücuda yerleştirilmeye gerek duyulmadan
C) Standart sismik aygıtlar magma gizlice kullanılabilen cihazların şüphelinin
hareketlerine dair sadece kabaca bir fikir verse sesindeki stresi ölçebildikleri ve böylelikle
de bilim insanları volkanik patlamaları tahmin yalanı saptayabildikleri öne sürülmektedir.
etmek için ortaya çıkan gürültüye bel bağlarlar.
D) Şüphelinin sesindeki stresi ölçerek yalanı
D) Bilim insanları volkanik patlamaları tahmin saptamada kullanılan cihazların vücuda
etmek için orada ne olduğuna dair kabaca bir yerleştirilmesi gerekli değildir ve bu yüzden bu
fikir veren magma hareketlerinin gürültüsü cihazlar gizli bir şekilde kullanılabilirler.
yerine standart sismik aygıtlara bel bağlarlar.
E) Şüphelinin vücuduna yerleştirilmediği için
E) Bilim insanları volkanik patlamaları tahmin gizlice kullanılabilen ve kişinin sesindeki stresi
etmek için magma hareketlerinin gürültüsüne ölçmek için kullanılan cihazların yalanı
bel bağlamak zorundadır ve standart sismik saptadığı öne sürülmektedir.
aygıtlar orada ne olduğuna dair az da olsa bir
fikir verir.

80
27.Earth is the planet which is best suited for 28. The first robot designed to read and
us to survive on; thus, it will serve as a respond to human emotions, which will go on
jumping-off point when we turn our gaze to sale soon, uses artificial intelligence to
other planets. recognise facial expressions and learn from
past experiences.
A) Hayatta kalmamız için en elverişli
gezegenlerden biri olan Dünya, diğer A) İnsan duygularını anlayıp karşılık vermek
gezegenlere gözümüzü çevirince bir çıkış üzere tasarlanan ilk robot, yakında satışa
noktası işlevi göreceği için gereklidir. sunulacak ve yüz ifadelerini tanımak için yapay
zekâ kullanıp geçmiş deneyimlerden ders
B) Dünya'nın, gözümüzü diğer gezegenlere
çıkaracaktır.
çevirdiğimizde bir çıkış noktası olmasının
sebebi hayatta kalmamıza en elverişli gezegen B) Yakında satışa sunulacak olan, insan
olmasıdır. duygularını anlayıp karşılık vermek üzere
tasarlanmış ilk robot, yüz ifadelerini tanımak
C) Dünya, hayatta kalmamızı sağlayan en
ve geçmiş deneyimlerden ders çıkarmak için
elverişli gezegendir ve gözümüzü diğer
yapay zekâ kullanmaktadır.
gezegenlere çevirme zamanı gelince bir çıkış
noktası işlevi görecektir. C) Yakında satışa sunulmak üzere tasarlanmış
bir robot, ilk defa yüz ifadelerini tanımak ve
D) Dünya, diğer gezegenlere bakıldığında
geçmiş deneyimlerden ders çıkarmak için
hayatta kalmamıza en elverişli gezegendir ve
yapay zekâ kullanarak insanların duygularını
bu nedenle bir çıkış noktası işlevi görür.
anlayıp onlara karşılık vermektedir.
E) Dünya, hayatta kalmamız için en elverişli
D) İlk defa insan duygularını anlayarak karşılık
gezegendir, bu nedenle gözümüzü diğer
vermek üzere tasarlanan robotun yakında
gezegenlere çevirdiğimizde bir çıkış noktası
satışa sunulması bekleniyor ve bu robotun
işlevi görecektir.
insanların yüz ifadelerini tanıyarak geçmişten
ders çıkarabilmek için yapay zekâ kullandığı
biliniyor.

E) İnsanların duygularını anlayarak karşılık

verebilecek şekilde tasarlanan ve yakında
satışa sunulacak olan bir robotun yüz
ifadelerini tanımak için ilk kez yapay zekâ
kullanması ve geçmiş deneyimlerden ders
çıkarması bekleniyor.

81
29. The annual world catch of fish is almost 70 30. The modern battleships date back to the
million tonnes, of which about one third is final years of the 19th century, when the term
used as raw material for fishery by-products was commonly used for the most powerful
rather than human consumption. warships.

A) Dünyada yıllık yakalanan balık miktarı A) Modern savaş gemilerinin tarihi, bu terimin
hemen hemen 70 milyon tondur ki bunun en güçlü savaş gemileri için yaygın bir şekilde
yaklaşık üçte biri insanların tüketiminden kullanıldığı on dokuzuncu yüzyılın son yıllarına
ziyade balıkçılık yan ürünleri için ham madde dayanır.
olarak kullanılır.
B) Modern savaş gemilerinin tarihi, on
B) Dünya çapında her yıl yakalanan balık dokuzuncu yüzyılın son yıllarına dayanır çünkü
miktarının neredeyse üçte biri insanların bu terimin o günlerde en güçlü savaş gemileri
tüketiminden ziyade balıkçılık yan ürünleri için için oldukça yaygın bir kullanımı vardı.
ham madde olarak kullanılmakta olup yaklaşık
C) En güçlü savaş gemileri için kullanılan
70 milyon tondur.
modern savaş gemisi terimi on dokuzuncu
C) Dünyada yıllık yakalanan balık miktarı yüzyılın son yıllarında yaygın bir şekilde
hemen hemen 70 milyon tona eşittir ki bunun kullanılmaya başlanmıştı.
yaklaşık üçte biri balıkçılık yan ürünleri için
D) On dokuzuncu yüzyılın son yıllarında
ham madde olarak değil insanların tüketimi
insanlar tarafından yaygın bir şekilde kullanılan
için kullanılır.
modern savaş gemisi terimi en güçlü savaş
D) Yaklaşık üçte biri balıkçılık yan ürünleri için gemilerini ifade ederdi.
ham madde olarak kullanılsa da dünyada bir
E) Son yıllarda en güçlü savaş gemilerini tarif
yılda yakalanıp insanların tüketimine sunulan
etmek için kullanılan modern savaş gemisi
balık miktarı hemen hemen 70 milyon tondur.
teriminin tarihi, on dokuzuncu yüzyılın son
E) Dünyada her yıl yakalanan balık miktarı yıllarına dayanır.
yaklaşık 70 milyon tondur ki bunun ortalama
üçte biri insanlar tarafından tüketileceği hâlde
balıkçılık yan ürünleri için ham madde olarak
kullanılır.

82
31. Ozon, Güneş'in morötesi ışınlarının çoğunu 32. Timsahlar, kuşları çekebilmek ve
dışarıda tutmak için Dünya'nın etrafında bir avlayabilmek için burunlarının üzerine
çeşit atmosferik tabaka oluşturan bir gazdir ve koydukları küçük tahta parçaları ile sığ suda
onsuz bu gezegende yaşam imkânsızdır. saatlerce hareket etmeden yatarlar.

A) Ozone is a gas that forms a kind of A) Alligators put small sticks on their snouts
atmospheric blanket around the Earth because and lie in shallow water for hours without
it keeps out most of the Sun's ultraviolet rays moving in order to attract and hunt birds.
and life without it is impossible on this planet.
B) Alligators, which lie motionless for hours in
B) Ozone is a gas without which life is shallow water, are able to attract and hunt
impossible on this planet forms a kind of birds with small sticks on their snouts.
atmospheric blanket around the Earth to keep
C) Alligators try to attract and hunt birds so
out most of the Sun's ultraviolet rays.
they lie in shallow water for hours with small
C) Ozone is a gas that forms a kind of sticks placed on their snouts while they are
atmospheric blanket around the Earth to keep lying motionless for hours.
out most of the Sun's ultraviolet rays and life
D) Alligators can move in shallow water for
without it is impossible on this planet.
hours and the small sticks they put on their
D) Ozone, without which life is impossible on snouts help them attract and hunt birds.
this planet, is a gas that forms a kind of
E) Alligators lie motionless for hours in shallow
atmospheric blanket around the Earth to keep
water with small sticks they put on their
out most of the Sun's ultraviolet rays.
snouts to be able to attract and hunt birds.
E) Ozone is a gas that keeps out most of the
Sun's ultraviolet rays by forming a kind of
atmospheric blanket around the Earth and life
without it is impossible on this planet.

83
33. Yuva yapma dönemi süresince bazı kuşlar 34. Geceleri çalışabilen güneş panelleri,
yiyeceğin az olduğu çok soğuk havalarda enerji enerjiyi bataryalarda depolama zorunluluğunu
tasarrufu yapmak için vücut ısılarını 8.6°C'ye ortadan kaldırarak bir telefonu şarj etmek için
kadar düşürebilirler. yeterli güç üretebilir.

A) During nesting, some birds can lower their A) Solar panels working at night are able to
body temperature to 8.6°C, which saves charge a phone by generating enough power
energy in harsh weather and survive despite to bypass the need to store energy in
lack of food. batteries.

B) By lowering their body temperature by B) Through bypassing the need to store energy
8.6°C during nesting, some birds can save in batteries, solar panels, which work at night,
energy in harsh weather when there is little are able to generate enough energy so that a
food. phone can be charged.

C) During nesting, some birds, lowering their C) Solar panels that are able to work at night
body temperature by 8.6°C, save energy in could generate enough power to charge a
harsh weather when there is little food. phone through bypassing the need to store
energy in batteries.
D) During nesting, some birds can lower their
body temperature by 8.6°C to save energy in D) Through bypassing the need to store energy
harsh weather when there is little food. in batteries, solar panels work at night to
generate enough power to charge a phone.
E) Some birds, during nesting, in harsh
weather when there is little food can save E) Solar panels are able to work at night and
energy by lowering their body temperature to bypass the need to store energy in batteries if
8.6°C. enough power to charge a phone could be
generated.

84
35. Astrofizikte kullanılan karmaşık araçlar ve 36. Gelecekte hava kirliliğini asgari düzeye
analiz teknikleri evrenin anlaşılmasına indirecek ve enerji tüketimini azaltacak
yardımcı olsa da astronomi esasen ışığın bilgisayar otomasyon sistemlerini içeren birçok
gözlemlenmesi ile ilgilidir. yeni gelişme olacaktır.

A) Despite the essential sophisticated devices A) Computer automation systems, which will
and analysis techniques used in astrophysics minimise air pollution and lower energy
that help us understand the universe, consumption, will involve many new
astronomy mostly deals with how to observe developments in the future.
light accurately.
B) There will be many new developments in
B) Although the sophisticated tools and the future involving computer automation
analysis techniques used in astrophysics assist systems that will minimise air pollution and
in the understanding of the universe, lower energy consumption.
astronomy is essentially about the observation
C) In the future, minimisation of air pollution
of light.
and low energy consumption will be
C) The sophisticated instruments and analysis performed thanks to many new developments
techniques used essentially in astrophysics involving computer automation systems.
and astronomy assist in both the
D) In the future, computer automation
understanding of the universe and the
systems involving many new developments
observation of light.
will minimise air pollution and lower energy
D) Essentially, astronomy is about how to consumption.
observe light, but, in order to understand the
E) There will be many new developments in
universe, we need the assistance of
the future in terms of low energy consumption
sophisticated tools and analysis techniques
and minimisation of air pollution together
used in astrophysics.
with computer automation systems.
E) Unlike astrophysics, which requires the use
of sophisticated instruments and analysis
techniques in understanding of the universe,
astronomy focuses essentially on the
observation of light.

85
37. Acupuncture generally helps alleviate the 38. In low-income countries, most food goes
symptoms of chronic ailments, such as bad before ever getting to market but this
asthma, that cannot be completely cured by waste can be minimised by improving
Western drugs, or that would produce an professional training for farmers and
overdependence on those drugs. producers, along with innovative technologies.

A) Akupunktur, genellikle Batı kökenli ilaçlarla A) Düşük gelirli ülkelerde çoğu yiyecek daha
tamamen tedavi edilemese de bu ilaçlara aşırı satışa sunulmadan bozulur ancak bu israf,
bağımlılık yaratan astım gibi kronik yenilikçi teknolojilerin yanı sıra üretici ve
hastalıkların belirtilerinin hafifletilmesine çiftçilere sunulan mesleki eğitimi geliştirerek
yardımcı olur. azaltılabilir.

B) Akupunktur, Batı kökenli ilaçlarla tamamen B) Düşük gelirli ülkelerde çoğu yiyeceğin daha
tedavi edilemeyen ya da bu ilaçlara aşırı satışa sunulmadan bozuluyor olmasından
bağımlılık yaratan astım gibi kronik ortaya çıkan israf, yenilikçi teknolojilerin yanı
hastalıkların belirtilerinin hafifletilmesine sıra çiftçi ve üreticilere verilen mesleki
genellikle yardımcı olur. eğitimlerin geliştirilmesiyle azaltılabilir.

C) Batı kökenli ilaçlarla tamamen tedavi C) Düşük gelirli ülkelerdeki çoğu yiyecek satışa
edilemeyen ya da bu ilaçlara aşırı bağımlılık sunulmadan bozulur fakat bu israf, sadece
yaratan astım gibi kronik hastalıkların geliştirilen yeni teknolojilerle değil çiftçi ve
belirtileri, genellikle akupunktur yardımıyla üreticilere verilen mesleki eğitimlerle de
hafifletilir. azaltılabilir.

D) Astım gibi kronik hastalıklar, Batı kökenli D) Düşük gelirli ülkelerde, çoğu yiyecek satışa
ilaçlarla tamamen tedavi edilemeyebilir ya da sunulmadan bozulur ancak bu israfı yenilikçi
bu ilaçlar aşırı bağımlılık yaratabilir ancak teknolojilerin vanı sıra üretici ve ciftcilere
akupunktur, bu gibi hastalıkların belirtilerini verilecek mesleki eğitimlerle azaltmak
hafifletmeye genellikle yardımcı olur. mümkündür.

E) Akupunkturun, belirtilerini hafifletmeye E) Düşük gelirli ülkelerdeki çoğu yiyeceğin

yardımcı olduğu hastalıklar, genellikle Batı daha satışa sunulmadan bozulmasıyla oluşan
kökenli ilaçlarla tamamen tedavi edilemeyen bu israf yenilikçi teknolojilerin yanı sıra üretici
ya da bu ilaçlara aşırı bağımlılık yaratan astım ve çiftçilere sunulan mesleki eğitimi
gibi kronik hastalıklardır. geliştirerek azaltılabilir.

86
39. While some scientists think that we must 40. Çevrimiçi alışverişin faydaları, evden
protect ecosystems, not specific species, çıkmadan istediğiniz zaman alışveriş
others believe that allowing a species to go yapabiliyor olmaktan ağır teslimatları çoğu
extinct is wrong as genetic diversity can make zaman ücretsiz olarak kapınıza getirtme
ecosystems resilient to climate change. kolaylığına kadar çeşitlilik gösterir.

A) Bazı bilim insanları belli türleri değil A) The benefits of shopping online range from
ekosistemleri korumamız gerektiğini being able to shop whenever you want
düşünürken diğerleri, genetik çeşitlilik, without leaving home, to the convenience of
ekosistemleri iklim değişikliğine dayanıklı having heavy deliveries brought to your door
kılabildiği için bir türün yok olmasına izin often for free.
vermenin yanlış olduğuna inanmaktadır.
B) The advantage of shopping online is not
B) Genetik çeşitlilik, ekosistemlerin iklim only shopping whenever you like without
değişikliğine dayanıklı olmasını sağlar ve bu leaving your home but also having heavy
nedenle belli türler yerine ekosistemleri deliveries brought to your door generally for
korumamız gerektiğini düşünenlerin aksine free.
bazı bilim insanları bir türün yok olmasına izin
C) Shopping online has a variety of benefits
vermenin yanlış olduğuna inanmaktadır.
such as shopping whenever you want without
C) Bazı bilim insanları belli türlerden ziyade leaving your home and easily having heavy
ekosistemleri korumamız gerektiğine inansa da deliveries brought to your door often for free.
bir türün yok olmasına izin vermenin yanlış
D) From the advantage of shopping without
olduğunu düşünenler, genetik çeşitliliğin
leaving home to the comfort of having
ekosistemleri iklim değişikliğine kareı dayanıklı
deliveries carried to your door whenever you
kıldığını ileri sürmektedir.
want and often for free, the benefits of
D) Belli türler yerine ekosistemleri korumamız spending online vary substantially.
gerektiğine inanan bazı bilim insanlarının
E) Being able to shop whenever you want and
aksine diğerleri bunun yanlış olduğu
without leaving home as well as having heavy
görüşündedir çünkü bir türün yok olmasına
deliveries carried to your door often for free
izin verildiğinde genetik çeşitlilik yok olur ve
are among various benefits of shopping
ekosistemler iklim değişikliğine karşı dayanıksız
online.
hale gelir.

E) Bazı bilim insanları belli türleri değil

ekosistemleri korumamız gerektiğine
inanmaktadır ancak diğerlerine göre, iklim
değişikliği ekosistemleri dayanıklı kılan genetik
çeşitliliğin yok olmasına neden olduğu için bir
türün yok olmasına izin vermek yanlıştır.

87
41. Kanaat önderleri toplumun içerisinde bilgi 42. Ortaçağ Çinli bilim insanları yaşam süresini
birikimleri ve kültürel nitelikleriyle diğer uzatacak bir içecek yapma umuduyla
kişilerden daha önde olan ve bu nedenle de kimyasalları karıştırırken barutu kazara icat
çevrelerindeki insanlar tarafından bilgilerine ettiler ancak yaklaşık yarım yüzyıl sonra, bu
başvurulan kişilerdir. icat yaşamı kısaltan bir şeye dönüştü.

A) As opinion leaders are people who are A) Chinese scientists in medieval times were
more at the forefront than other people hoping to find a life-lengthening drink by
within a society due to their accumulation of mixing chemicals when they accidentally
knowledge and cultural qualifications, people invented gunpowder, however, after nearly
in their surroundings consult these people on half a century this invention turned out to be
their knowledge. something life-shortening.

B) Opinion leaders are people who are more at B) Medieval Chinese scientists invented
the forefront than other people within society gunpowder by mistake when they were mixing
due to their accumulation of knowledge and chemicals with the aim of finding a life-
cultural qualifications, and thus consulted on lengthening drink; however, it took nearly half
their knowledge by the people in their a century to realise that this invention is
surroundings. something life-shortening.

C) Opinion leaders are consulted on their C) Although Chinese scientists in medieval

knowledge by the people in their surroundings times invented gunpowder by accident when
given that they are more at the forefront than they were mixing chemicals in the hope of
other people within society due to their finding a life-lengthening drink, after nearly
accumulation of knowledge and cultural half a century this invention turned out to be
qualifications. something life-shortening.

D) As a result of their accumulation of D) Gunpowder was invented accidentally by

knowledge and cultural qualifications, opinion Chinese scientists in medieval times when
leaders are more at the forefront than other they were mixing chemicals in the hope of
people within society, which leads people in finding a life-lengthening drink, but after
their surroundings to consult them on their nearly half a century this invention turned out
knowledge. to be something life-shortening.

E) Opinion leaders are people who are E) Medieval Chinese scientists invented
consulted on their knowledge by the people in gunpowder by accident when they were
their surroundings due to their accumulation mixing chemicals in the hope of finding a life-
of knowledge and cultural qualifications, lengthening drink, but after nearly half a
which puts them more at the forefront than century this invention turned out to be
other people within society. something life-shortening.

88
ÇEVİRİ CEVAP ANAHTARI

1. B
2. A
3. B
4. C
5. B
6. C
7. B
8. C
9. A
10. A
11. B
12. A
13. A
14. C
15. D
16. B
17. B
18. A
19. A
20. B
21. D
22. B
23. D
24. A
25. A
26. B
27. E
28. B
29. A
30. A
31. C
32. E
33. D
34. C
35. B
36. B
37. B
38. A
39. A
40. A
41. B
42. E

89
DİYALOGLAR 2.

1. Eleanor:

Sebastian: I wonder what might happen if human beings

disappeared.
Preparing tasty meals in the woods is a
wonderful thought. But somehow it's easy to Chidi:
go overboard with backpacking menus. You
Well, I was reading an article about it and it
think you must pack this in order to eat that
said plant and animal species that have
and you need all the other items to prepare it
formed close bonds with humanity are the
properly.
most likely to suffer.
Graham:
Eleanor:
That's silly. What the body needs is simple. It
How is that?
needs water more than anything else. In fact,
you can survive without food for at least a Chidi:
week.
-------
Sebastian:
Eleanor:
-------
I see. So, this probably means they will be
Graham: outcompeted by other plants and the animals
that feed on them willl probably vanish too.
Almost anything you eat out there is going to
taste great because you will be very hungry A) To be honest, I'm not sure, but one theory
and, after all, you're outdoors! holds that intelligent life developed because it
helped our ancestors to survive the
A) I don't think I'm alone on this one, but
environmental shocks that they had
energy bars fruit and trail mix will keep you
experienced
going
B) You know the crops that feed the world are
B) Think about it: No cooking, no clean up and
reliant on fertlisers that we use. When we are
less to carry on your back.
gone, fertilisers will not be used, and those
C) Well then, what do you suggest I put into plants might be replaced by their wild
my backpack so as not to starve out there? forebears.

D) You think so? Don't you think should try C) The animals that were closer to us helped
something less risky then? individuals and themselves to reproduce in
large social groups. This was proof enough
E) Needless to say. you must have water on a
that they had good genes
regular basis or the body breaks down
D) The decades following human extinction
will be of devastating oil spils, chemical leaks
and explosions of varying sizes. I mean all the
ticking bombs that humanity has left behind.

E) I can say traces of humankind will remain,

even millions of years after our end. For
instance, microbes will need lots of time to
consume all the plastics we've left behind.

90
42
90
3. 4.

Scott: Alison:

On my geography course, we are learning Did you know that oysters are used to
about capital cities of Europe. Can you name mitigate coastal erosion and flooding due to
any of these cities? the rise in sea levels?

Debbie: Kyle:

The one I'm thinking of is Budapest, the - --

capital of Hungary. Where did the name
Alison:
'Budapest’ come from, by the way?
But those efforts have detrimental effects on
Scott:
near-shore habitats. Constructing breakwater
------ reefs from oysters has been found to support
a higher abundance and different
Debbie:
communities of fishes.
Wow! I didn't know that. So the history of the
Kyle:
name 'Budapest’ is much simpler than I had
expected it would be. To be honest, I'd never have imagined that
oysters could be used to protect shorelines.
A) I'm not sure where the name comes from,
but we can search it on the Internet to find A) I know it's forcing many to migrate to
out . higher ground and leaving millions at risk of
demişe.
B) The name of the capital city has always
been Budapest. If you study the history of B) There are breakwaters and seawalls already
Hungary, this is one fact you will leam. in use to prevent such incidences.

C) Budapest is made up of two cities C) I think certain measures have to be

separated by the Danube River. One town was implemented to control oyster harvesting .
Buda and the other Pest, when the cities were
D) I don't think oysters would be resilient
merged, so were their names.
enough to withstand major changes in sea
D) Good question! When I asked my levels.
Hungarian friends about it, they told me there
E) To protect the oyster reefs, there must be a
are some myths about its origin but they're all
system to ensure their sustainability.
just myths anyway.

E) Well, someone with a sense of humour

claimed it had something to do with the
Buddha, but just because they sound the same
doesn't mean they are related!

9191
43
5. 6.

Paul: Daniel:

We'll need to be careful about not getting ‐ In my Humanities course this week, we’re
Dengue Fever on our Central American tour. learning about common American hobbies.
One such hobby is coin collecting.
Sarah:
Beth:
What's Dengue Fever? I've never heard of
that. ‐ That sounds strange and uncommon.Why
would someone have a hobby such as coin
Paul:
collecting?
It's some sort of viral infection spread by
Daniel:
mosquitoes.
‐ ‐‐‐‐‐‐
Sarah:
Beth:
Well, that's definitely not something I want to
get. How about we just stay in larger cities so ‐ Well, it’s true that coins represent changes in
that we avoid mosquito-infested areas? trade as well as in international relations.
However,it still seems like a strange hobby to
Paul:
me.
- -----
A) I'm not sure why someone would have a
Sarah: hobby like this. Perhaps people with large
collections feel more powerfulthan those
Then let's read up on how to prevent without.
mosquito bites to avoid getting bitten in the
first place. B) Somewould argue that coincollecting is
related to history and economics. Therefore,
A) In truth, mosquitoes usually bite during the this hobby covers a wide range of interests.
daytime and are often found indoors.
C) My father grew up in America and he
B) Well, Dengue Fever usually causes flu-like collected coins because he wanted to learn
symptoms, including fever, muscle and joint about metals.
pains, nausea and vomiting.
D) The reasons behind our hobbies are
C) In fact, the guide book says there are some sometimes unexplainable. I do know that
amazing cities along our tour so l'm absolutely people appreciate money, so that could be
on board with that idea. why.
D) Actually, since mosquitoes breed in E) Our professor asked us that same question.
artificial water containers like thrown away I'm going to think about possible reasons this
jars and cans, it's common in populated urban week.
areas.

E) Apparently, treatment involves pain killers,

plenty of fluids and even hospitalisation if it's
severe.

92
44
92
7. 8.

Jeff: Hannah:

‐ The scale of natural catastrophes in the ‐ The weather has finally warmed up! Time to
world reveals that something must be done as bring outthe spring wardrobe!
soon as possible. Just consider the fire
Michael:
inAustralia in 2019.
‐ You’reright,butformanyofusthatmeansthe
Amy:
onset of allergies with sniffles and watery
‐ ‐‐‐‐‐‐ eyes.

Jeff: Hannah:

‐ Neither. Actually, a more viable solution ‐ ‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐

would be better.
Michael:
Amy:
‐ Actually a healthy dietis said to be the key.
‐ Well, I completely agree that urgent What we eat has the potential to prevent
precautions are needed. allergic reactions, like sneezing, from
happening in the first place.
A) Can you please be more specific or atleast
give some clear examples as to how? Hannah:

B) What are the two major actions you ‐ That’s great! Then everybody can find a way
consider should be taken on this matter at to enjoy outdoors in spring.
hand?
A) What other symptoms do people have
C) Governments have neither action nor when their spring allergy starts?
contingency plans for such a gravely
B) Which allergens should people watch out
importantissue, don’t you think?
for during spring time?
D) Do you mean harsh penalties or increasing
C) Why don't people prefer to stay indoors to
ecological taxes?
deal with spring allergies?
E) I believe that more efforts should be made
D) How can people avoid allergies especially
to increase public awareness of natural
throughout spring?
catastrophes. Would youagree?
E) Howlong are allergic people allowed to stay
out when it is spring?

9393
45
9. 10.

Elizabeth: Student:

‐ Did you know that the rise of drug‐resistant ‐ I think for my final presentation I’m going to
bacteria due to overprescription of antibiotics focus on culture and the characteristics of
kills nearly one million people a year around cultured people.
the world?
Teacher:
Philip:
‐ ‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐
‐ ‐‐‐‐‐‐‐
Student:
Elizabeth:
‐ Well I like the topic because how people
‐ To address this, the UK government offered interpretit may vary greatly. To some, being
local health bodies an extra £5 in funding per cultured means being cultured in arts while
patient if they cut prescribing antibiotics. for others it only refers to a good education.

Philip: Teacher:

‐ Did it really work? ‐ I see your pointnow. Then, you will also need
to address how complementary these two
Elizabeth:
views are to each other.
‐ Well, one study has found that general
A) Wouldn't it be better if you also mention
practitioners began writing 3% fewer
the mainstream culture in different societies
antibiotic prescriptions for respiratory
to illustrate the common features of cultured
infections.
people?
A) Some family doctors in Australia and the UK
B) Why do you considerit as an issue worth
use tests before they prescribe antibiotics.
discussing in detail? Isn'tit clear what we
B) Yeah that's right, and many doctors expectto find in these people?
unnecessarily prescribe the drugs for viral
C) Are you also interested in the definition of
infections as well.
cultural events since it may provide clues
C) Fortunately, doctors have been successfully about who to include as cultured or not?
nudged to cut antibioticuse in recent years.
D) Do you find cultured people who attend
D) To be honest, governments should try talks, exhibitions and music concerts more
raising patients' awareness rather than intriguing than ordinary ones?
interfering with the doctor’sbusiness.
E) What about also comparing the description
E) I heard that an initiative to curb the overuse of cultured people with those of intellectuals,
of antibiotics was introduced, which artists, and literary figures?
dramatically lowered therates.

9494
46
11. 12.

Mary: Molly:

- So, l've decided to participate in the Citizen - So, I really liked the film. Actually, it really
Science movement. went way beyond my expectations.

Hilda: James:

- And what exactly are you expected to do as - Yeah, the special effects were pretty cool but
part of this movement? I didn't like how long the film was. I mean,
seriously, why would any film need to be
Mary:
nearly three hours long?
- Nothing special, in façct. Science volunteers
Molly:
can contribute to global écience studies by
simply monitoring whales offshore or hawks - Well, with this kind of film it takes a lot of
and stars in the sky. time to develop the plot and the characters.
Don't you think so?
Hilda:
James:
- -----
- ----
Mary:
Molly:
- Not really! It's simple to do with basic
technology, like smartphone apps. So, you can - I get what you're saying, but I still think most
easily collect data and share it with other of them were needed in the film so that it
members of the movement. could convey its message to the audience in a
meaningful way.
A) That's interesting. So they invite you to be
an amateur researcher who offers help for A) Not really. But since this was a sequel it
free? must have taken longer to develop some of
the themes of the story for people who
B) Sounds impressive. Would you need to use
haven't seen the first one.
special equipment in order to record these
things? B) Tagree that it must be a challenge for the
writers to take such a complex plot and
C) That's exciting. But don't you think you
develop it into a shorter film, but I still got
should be able to earn money for this kind of
really bored.
work?
C) Nope, but I think the problem is actually
D) Hmm, I see. Doesn't this benefit the
with the cinema itself rather than the film. In
research team more than it bene fits the
some countries, a break is given partway
volunteers?
through the film. We need that, too
E) Wow. Is accuracy one of the top priorities
D) Well, you have a point there. It does take
for these types of observations?
time. Maybe the problem was with the story
itself. I believe many cntics would just agree
with me

E) Actually, I don't. Some of the scenes were

unnecessary because they didn't stick to the
central theme of the story.

95 95
47
13. 14.

Maggie: Alan:

- Last week you said you didn't feel so well and - We are all told to exercise more, but for
you'd join a gym. those with physical disabilities, the benefits of
aerobic exercise have always been out of
Lucy:
reach. I think scientists need to find a solution
- That's true, but I have so much work to do for this.
that I can hardly find the time to even call up
Chelsea:
for information on how to best get fit.
- In fact, I have read about a recent study
Maggie:
which aims to develop a kind of drug that will
- ---- create the effect of exercise for those'with
physical disabilities.
Lucy:
Alan:
- It's definitely better than nothing. Maybe I
can try to discipline myself and start doing - ----
some stretching at my office.
Chelsea:
A) You keep finding excuses, and I think the
- Thanks to the medication, the genes which
problem is your tendency to delay. If you
prove resistant to weight gain can be
really want to create some time, I'm sure you
activated without any physical training.
can find a way.
A) How can that drug compensate for the lack
B) Actually, you don't really need a gym. Most
of physical activity?
professionals say even five minutes of light
exercise can be beneficial for your health. B) How interested would you be in taking the
drug yoursel?
C) You'd better get some advice from a doctor
rather than hit the gym. Using prescribed C) How often is the drug taken to activate fat
medicines can help you lose weight in a burning mechanisms?
controlled way.
D) How do disabled people feel after taking
D) You shouldn't worry so much about trivial this kind of drug?
things. Going to the gym can make you feel
E) How much do they agree on the impact of
happy, as the key to a happy life is to be able
the drug on people?
to find pleasure in small things.

E) Ithink you should reorganise your weekly

schedule. There are various techniques for
planning your day so that you can have some
time for yourself.

9648
96
15.

Patient:

- I have a sore throat and this is the third in

the last six months. My tonsils will probably
need to be removed.

Doctor:

- It used to be a common practice a few

decades ago, but today we approach tonsil
removal with much more caution.

Patient:

- ---

Doctor:

- We take little notice of our palatine tonsils,

except when they are sore, but they activate
our immune system, recognising pathogens
entering through the mouth and nose.

Patient:

- So I should take better care of them instead

of having them removed.

A) I can't see why patients are driven to such

risks. There must be a good side that may be
less obvious to us

B) But when inflamed, they are extremely

painful. Why should I tolerate them if I can
easily get rid of them?

C) So vaccination can provide protection

against specific diseases? Is it possible to
prevent infection this way?

D) Oh! I would have had medical treatment

instead of having them removed through
surgery if I had known that

E) Does it really make sense? Surgery is

supposed to be the last option in such cases
regarding the immune system.

97
49
97
1.C

2.B

3.C

4.B

5.D

6.B

7.D

8.D

9.B

10.B

11.B

12.E

13.B

14.A

15.B

98
50
98
RESTATEMENTLAR 2. As people age, the ability of white blood
cells to deal with infections and respond to
1. The story of King Solomon meeting the
vaccinations declines, opening the door for
Queen of Sheba inspired a rich literary
illness or inflammation that can lead to
tradition across Jewish, Christian and Islamic
chronic disease over time.
texts, although the geographic origins of the
story still puzzle scholars to this day. A) When people age, chronic diseases caused
by illness and inflammation increase because
A) Still confusing scholars about where it took
white blood cells dealing with infections and
place, the story of the meeting between King
responding to vaccinations diminish in number
Solomon and the Queen of Sheba gave rise to
over time.
a rich literary tradition throughout Jewish,
Christian and Islamic texts. B) As people age, white blood cells to deal
with infections and respond to vaccinations
B) The geographic origins of the story of King
lose their strength, and this causes chronic
Solomon meeting the Queen of Sheba remain
diseases accompanied with illness and
a mystery for scholars, although they
inflammation.
acknowledge its impact on the rich literary
tradition across Jewish, Christian andi Islamic C) While aging, people lose the ability to deal
texts. with infections and respond to vaccinations
due to the decline in their white blood cells,
C) The scholars studying the rich literary
that is why chronic diseases due to
tradition in Jewish, Christian and Islamic texts
inflammation increase over time.
still remain confused about the story and
geographic origins of the meeting between D) As people age, white blood cells lose the
King Solomon and the Queen of Sheba. strength to deal with infections as well as
respond to vaccinations, and this may cause
D) While inspired by the story of the meeting
illness or inflammation that leads to chronic
that took place between the King Solomon
disease as time progresses.
and the Queen of Sheba, scholars are still
confused about the geographic origins of rich E) Illness and inflammation can lead to chronic
traditional Jewish, Christian and Islamic texts diseases as people age and this is because of
the white blood cells' incapacity to deal with
E) The story of King Solomon meeting the
infections and respond to vaccinations over
Queen of Sheba has prompted scholars to
time.
create a rich literary tradition in Jewish,
Christian and Islamic texts, but the only thing
that has still not been clarified is the exact
location of this meeting.

9952
99
3. With bodies rarely above 15 cm long, 4. While the growth of cities may be
tarsiers are one of the world's smallest meat- associated with increasing prosperity, urhan
eating primates living off largely insects, areas demonstrate the world's most obvious
reptiles and birds. health disparities in both low- and high-
income countries.
A) Just as tarsiers have small bodies mainly
under 15 cm in length, they feed off mainly A) The largest disparities in health are
insects, reptiles and birds as the smallest observed in both low- and high-income
carnivore primate. countries due to increasing prosperity that is
connected to the growth of cites.
B) Tarsiers, which have bodies barely longer
than 15 cm, are among the tiniest carnivorous B) As a result of the growth of cities with the
primates consuming mostly insects, reptiles purpose of creating more wealth, both low-
and birds. and high-income countries have developed
urban areas with health inequalities in the
C) Since tarsiers are under 15 cm in length and
world.
they have meat in their diet like insects,
reptiles and birds, they are one of the world's C) Both low- and high-income countries are
smallest meat-eating primates. experiencing the most obvious problem of
health inequalities as the growth of cities has
D) Living among mostly insects, reptiles and
produced increasing wealth in urban areas.
birds, tarsiers are one of the few tiny
carmivorous primates and have a body that is D) It is possible to link the growth of cites to
barely more than 15 cm in length. more wealth however, urban areas both in
low- and high-income countries are places
E) Tarsiers are one of the world's smallest
with the most apparent health inequalities in
primates that prefer meat in the form of
the world.
mainly insects, reptiles and birds whose
bodies are rarely above 15 cm long. E) The growth of cities is linked to an increase
in prosperity as long as there is the apparent
issue of urban health discrepancies in both
low- and high-income countries of the world.

100
53
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5.Although itis incorrectto characterise 6.If the benefits of zoos are negligible, animal
adolescence as a time ofinevitable family advocates contend, then, keeping wildlife
(conflict, early adolescence is a period of captive cannot bejustified.
significant change in family relationships.
A) According to animal advocates, keeping
A) Early adolescence is a period of serious wildlife captive is notjustifiable even though
change in family relationships, so it may be zoos have several benefits.
wrongly considered as a time when frequent
B) Despite the proven benefits of zoos, animal
disagreements arise in the family.
advocates believe that keeping wildlife captive
B) Early adolescence refers to a period of is not justifiable.
substantial change in family relationships;
C) Animal advocates think thatitis not possible
however, it would be wrong to characterise
to justify keeping wildlife captive unless there
adolescence as a time when unavoidable
are significant benefits to begained from the
family disputes occur.
zoos.
C) As adolescence is a time when inescapable
D) Animal advocates suggestthatjustifying the
family arguments break out, early adolescence
need to keep wildlife captive in zoos depends
is mistakenly believed to result in critical
on how much benefit they offer.
change in family relationships.
E) Regardles soft he benefits of zoos, keeping
D) Whereas early adolescence is regarded as a
wild life captive is unacceptable for animal
period during which family relationships
advocates to justify.
undergo remarkable change, adolescence is
incorrectly considered as a time when family
disputes become more intence.

E) Even though early adolescence is incorrectly

characterised as a period of dramatic change
in family relationships, adolescence is
generally seen as a time when unavoidable
family arguments occur frequently.

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54
101
7.Communicative development in the first 8.Neuroscientists know a lot about how
year of all infants occurs in the same way, individual neurons operate but remarkably
regardless ofthe complexity of the language little about how large numbers ofthem work
being acquired. together to produce thoughts,feelings and
behaviours.
A) While communicative development in the
first year of all infants takes place in a similar A) Neuroscientists’ comprehensive
way,the complexity ofthe language being understanding of the workings ofindividual
acquired may impact thisdevelopment neurons may contribute significantly to what
they know about large numbers of neurons,
B) The complexity of aninfant s language
which are thought to work in cooperation to
determines whether he or she can learn to
produce thoughts, feelings and behaviours.
communicate more easily than others in his or
herfirst year. B) As they already know how neurons behave
individually, what neuroscientists need to
C) Although some infants have a language that
focus more on is how large neuron groups
is more complex than those of others, their
collaborate to produce thoughts,feelings and
communicative development in their first year
behaviours.
could occur more quickly.
D) Neuroscientists' knowledge of how large
D) No matter how complicated their language
numbers of neurons cooperate for the
is, every infant goes through the same process
production of thoughts, feelings and
of communicative development in their first
behaviours is rather limited despite the fact
year.
that they have vast knowledge of how
E) The complexity of the language being individual neurons work.
acquired has nothing to do with the
E) Neuroscientists have already discovered
communicative development in the first year
enough about the functioning of individual
of an infant, though it seems to do so.
neurons, and now they need to expand their
knowledge of how large neuron groups
produce thoughts, feelings and behaviours.

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9.Recent studies have suggested that 10.Thinking about 'what-ifs, is commonly
underground water does not freeze despite thought to be a futile exercise; however, it
temperatures being as low as -70°C, as it is helps individuals make sense of their past
prevented by salt present in the water. experiences and prepare for the future.

A) It has been suggested by recent studies that A) Thinking about ‘what-ifs’ is thought to be
because the salt in the water prevents helpful in taking lessons from past experiences
freezing, water underground stays liquid even and being more cautious about the future,
when the temperature is as low as -70°C. even though it is actually an exercise that has
no meaning.
B) As recent studies have suggested,
underground water freezes when the B) Although it is widely believed to be an
temperature reaches -70°C, despite the fact unnecessary exercise, making sense of past
that salt in water generally prevents freezing. experiences lets individuals think about what-
ifs', teaching them life lessons in the long run.
C) Recent studies have suggested that water
remains liquid under the ground until the C) People should think about their 'what-ifs'
temperature reaches -70°C and enough salt is because it is not a pointless exercise; it is
present. something that is useful and effective for both
the past and future.
D) According to some recent studies, as
underground water remains liquid even at D) Thinking about what-ifs' is not only a
temperatures as low as -70°C, the salt stops popular activity exercised by many, but also a
the water from freezing at higher sensible tool to make meanings of the past
temperatures. and get ready for future experiences in
advance.
E) Recent studies have maintained that as
soon as the temperature reaches -70°C, the E) Contrary to popular belief, thinking about
salt in underground water prevents its what ifs' is not a useless exercise; it is rather
freezing. something that lets people make meaningful
inferences about the past and be ready for the
future.

103
10356
11.The only time that an analysis procedure 12.Although the household technological
can help is when the user is fully aware not products are interesting to users from all age
only of its strong points, but its shortcomings groups, they are particularly significant to
as well. blder people with sensory or motor
limitations, due to the high degree of
A) The user is to be fully aware of both the
operational comfort and safety they offer.
strengths and weaknesses of an analysis
procedure to be able to benefit from it. A) Household technological products offer a
high level of operational com fort and safety
B) An analysis procedure should have more
to people of all ages3; nevertheless, it is the
strong points than shortcomings in order for
elderly who find them the most useful,
the user to be aware of its benefits.
especially if they have sensory and motor
C) Both the strengths and weaknesses of an limitations.
analysis procedure should be fully evaluated
B) Household technological products attract
before the user becomes aware of its benefits
the attention of consumers of all ages, but
D) An analysis procedure can help the user they are especially important to the elderly
only if the user acknowledges the strong who have sensory and motor limitations as
points rather than its shortcomings. the se devices provide a great degree of
operational com fort and safety.
E) The shortcomings of an analysis procedure
can reduce its benefits only when the user is C) Despite the fact that people from various
not fully aware of its strong points age groups are interested in household
technology, the biggest group who needs
them is the elderly since they seek a high
degree of operational comfort and safety
because of their sensory and motor
limitations.

D) Household technological devices are

significant for people of all ages, but they are
especially important to those with sensory
and motor limitations, such as old people,
because these devices are comfortable and
safe to operate.

E) Though many people find household

technological devices important owing to their
high level of operational com fort and safety,
these devices are particularly aimed at people
with sensory and motor limitations, regardless
of their age.

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104
1.A

2.D

3.B

4.D

5.B

6.C

7.D

8.D

9.A

10.E

11.A

12.B

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154
KARIŞIK GRAMER

1. HDL (high-density lipoproteins) cholesterol 4. The intervals specified in the criteria -----
is called good cholesterol because it picks up the diagnosis of fever of undetermined origin
the bad LDL (low-density lipoproteins) ----- in (FUO) are arbitrary ones intended to exclude
the arteries and transports it to the liver ---- patients ----- protracted but self-limited viral
down and thus eliminated. illnesses.

A) to be deposited / breaking A) for / with

B) depositing / to break B) in / under

C) to have deposited / having been broken C) from / to

D) being deposited / to have broken D) around / over

E) deposited / to be broken E) about / on

2. People's concepts of Western medicine ----- 5. Abnormal blood flow ----- the heart often
over the past several years, and they ----- means that less oxygen is sent to circulation
much more of their healthcare providers. ----- the body, which can cause fatigue, a lack
of energy, and poor muscle tone.
A) have shifted / are demanding
A) from / throughout
B) have been shifted / had demanded
B) around / over
C) had shifted / were going to demand
C) by / along
D) shifted / demanded
D) towards / without
E) were shifted / will demand
E) about / on

3. Patients with back pain should always use

the lowest possible dose to minimise side 6. Daytime tiredness can be attributed to a
effects and not rely on medications ----- the lack of sleep quality that people miss ----- they
long term unless they have a chronic problem have a large quantity of sleep.
and are ----- close medical supervision.
A) because
A) over / under
B) even if
B) about / in
C) once
C) with / on
D) as long as
D) from / towards
E) whenever
E) along / during

155
7. Most people realise how dependent on 10. ----- the lungs cannot expand or shrink of
coffee and caffeine they have become ----- their own accord, breathing is made possible
they try to give it up. by the diaphragm and rib muscles.

A) unless A) As if

B) only when B) Whether

C) as if C) Before

D) whether D) Since

E) until E) Just as

8. Liposuction is not a generally recommended 11. To get a broad range of nutrients in your
treatment for cellulite ----- it is an invasive and diet, enjoy a variety of foods, ----- sticking to
potentially life-threatening procedure. your favourites; this is particularly important
with vegetables and fruits, as their nutrient
A) whether
profiles vary greatly.
B) because
A) as a result of
C) although
B) at the expense of
D) whenever
C) rather than
E) as though
D) in terms of

E) compared to

9. ----- it is known that ionising radiation can

cause brain tumours, most people are not
exposed to this type of radiation unless they 12. ----- being concerned about the
are being treated for cancer. environment, nearly three-quarters of
Generation Z are unwilling to eat eco-friendly
A) While
lab-grown meat.
B) Before
A) Similar to
C) So long as
B) In spite of
D) Until
C) Due to
E) As though
D) Instead of

E) Prior to

156
13.If you feel weak and tired, you should 16. Franz Boas, the father of American
increase your water intake because it will ----- anthropology, taught respect -----
help pick up energy levels ----- decrease your technologically primitive peoples and fought
risk of urinary tract infections. hard against racism ----- all the years of his
adult life in academia.
A) such / that
A) with / towards
B) neither / nor
B) for / during
C) whether / or
C) about / across
D) no sooner / than
D) on / over
E) not only / but also
E) from / off

14. Born in Florence, Italy in 1445, Sandro

Botticelli was a Florentine painter who ----- for 17. Inequitable access ----- the Internet and
centuries but now ----- one of the best-loved technological opportunities ----- different
artists of the Renaissance. population groups, which is sometimes known
as the digital divide, has become a rising social
A) was neglected / is
concern.
B) had been neglected / was
A) in / between
C) would be neglected / has been
B) over / from
D) is neglected / had been
C) to / among
E) was being neglected / will be
D) through / at

E) about / on

15. Although hurricanes ----- vast distances,

they rely on warm ocean water to sustain
them, so a large mass of cold water ----- them 18. The ancestors of the Turks who migrated
in their tracks. from the Altay mountains in Central Asia -----
Anatolia encountered different culinary
A) can travel / might stop
traditions and assimilated many of their
B) should travel / would stop features ----- their own cuisine.

C) must travel/ had to stop A) beyond / on

D) would travel / could have stopped B) towards / into

E) may travel / must have stopped C) between / to

D) around / off

E) across / at

157
19. ----- many Africans remain deeply loyal to 22. Napoleon Bonaparte never succeeded in
traditional social systems of their land, establishing a complete control over Europe
Western institutions and policies still dominate ----- his policies gave rise to opposition and
modern Africa. resistance.

A) As if A) as if

B) Because B) because

C) Even though C) in case

D) Just as D) so that

E) Unless E) whether

20. The Athenians anticipated the widespread 23. In the history of psychology, motivation
literacy and universities of modern was particularly considered in terms of
democracies ----- Spartans inspired totalitarian reinforcement, needs, and drive reduction,
regimes with their fiercely regimented state -----, recently, there has been a shift and there
schooling. is more focus on goal setting and self-
determination.
A) once
A) furthermore
B) because
B) similarly
C) while
C) as a result
D) as if
D) for example
E) given that
E) however

21. ----- early Greek natural philosophers

initiated abstract inquiries into nature, there 24. ----- its independent origins and distinctive
was no sustained scientific research evident in forms, Maya writing is organised on principles
their traditions. similar to those of Sumerian writing and other
Eurasian writing systems.
A) Whenever
A) Despite
B) Although
B) By means of
C) As long as
C) With the aim of
D) Whether
D) On behalf of
E) Just as
E) According to

158
25. ----- drawing on information from large 28.It was not until the 1st century AD that
archaeological sites, archaeologists must also Hero of Alexandria ----- the five basic machines
rely on data from a myriad of much smaller as the lever, the wheel and axle, the wedge,
sites if they are to construct an accurate the pulley and the screw, but the first three of
interpretation of their findings. these ----- in common use since about 3000
BCE.
A) Instead of
A) classified / had been
B) Besides
B) classifies / have been
C) Compared to
C) had classified / were
D) Unlike
D) has classified / are
E) At the expense of
E) was classifying / would be

29.If poaching continues ----- the current rate

26. The full involvement of local communities
then it is inevitable that most wild rhinos will
in the tourism sector ----- benefits them and
be poached until all species are almost extinct
the environment in general ----- improves the
----- the next ten years.
quality of the tourism experience.
A) in / from
A) no sooner / than
B) on / without
B) not only / but also
C) at / within
C) the more / the more
D) towards / over
D) as /as
E) against / during
E) such / that

27.Towards the end of the 18th century,

comets ----- to be permanent celestial bodies 30.The development of better methods -----
composed of solid material, the movement of directly studying the human brain helps
which ----- using Newton's laws of planetary scientists understand more ----- how plasticity
motion. occurs in the hippocampus.

A) have been believed / would be calculated A) with / from

B) were believed / could be calculated B) on / towards

C) had been believed/ might have been C) behind / into

calculated
D) for / about
D) would be believed / must be calculated
E) at / against
E) are believed / used to be calculated

159
31.Science appears as important as any other 34.Composting is the process in which organic
aspect of the contemporary world, ----- waste decays ----- fertile soil can be
multiple moral and political engagements on economically produced.
its own as well as ----- its associations with
A) because
technology.
B) so that
A) about / to
C) as if
B) for / upon
D) while
C) against / in
E) although
D) with / through

E) by / towards

35.Smart clothes that can monitor our body

32.Small, warm-blooded predators, such as
temperatures will make sure we are never too
shrews, need a constant supply of food and
hot or too cold; -----, they could reduce energy
have to hunt much of the day; -----, a large,
use.
cold-blooded hunter, such as a python or
crocodile, uses relatively little energy for its A) otherwise
size.
B) by comparison
A) moreover
C) nonetheless
B) therefore
D) moreover
C) likewise
E) instead
D) in fact

E) by contrast

36.Some baby animals develop inside their

mothers and are eventually born as tiny copies
of their parents ----- others develop inside
33. ----- the Moon is the same distance from
protective egg cases that are usually left in a
the Sun as the Earth is, its average surface
safe place until they are ready to hatch.
temperature is much lower than the Earth's.
A) while
A) Because
B) just as
B) Although
C) since
C) Once
D) as if
D) Just as
E) whether
E) Unless

160
37.Shelf life of a battery is the expected time 40.To appeal to our desire for lower-fat
that elapses before a stored battery becomes substitutes for our favourite high-fat foods,
inoperative ----- age or deterioration. the commercial food industry ----- lower-fat
versions of many foods ----- various fat
A) except for
substitutes.
B) as a result of
A) is developing / used
C) in addition to
B) developed / to use
D) in spite of
C) has developed / using
E) instead of
D) would develop / being used

E) develops / to be used
38. A new self-balancing exoskeleton
prototype helps people with lower body
paralysis walk and has algorithms constantly 41.In dentistry, much of the work -----
assessing its position and speed ----- taking preventive, administered through regular
into account the measurements of the user. check-ups and cleaning although from time to
time, dentists ----- reactive surgery, such as
A) on account of
filling the dental cavities.
B) compared to
A) is / need to perform
C) in spite of
B) was / should perform
D) as well as
C) had been / must perform
E) because of
D) has been / had to perform

E) would be / could have performed

39. During a key period in embryo

42.During the 20th century, numerous
development of some reptiles, the
technological breakthroughs in
temperature of the environment determines
pharmaceutical therapy made it possible -----
----- the embryo becomes a female ----- a
most of the diseases that ----- millions of
male.
people each year.
A) whether / or
A) to be curing / would kill
B) the more / the more
B) having cured / had killed
C) as / as
C) to cure / have killed
D) neither / nor
D) curing / killed
E) both / and
E) to have cured / might have killed

161
43.Adolescents and adults ----- insecure 46.Some materials are common and not very
patterns of attachment exhibit higher rates of special, such as ordinary rocks and soil -----
affective disorders than securely attached others such as diamonds, rubies, and other
peers, and this insecure attachment is also jewels are prized because they are rare and
seen as a risk factor for poor relational quality have beautiful colours.
----- marriage.
A) unless
A) for / at
B) once
B) against / to
C) as if
C) under / on
D) while
D) with / in
E) just as
E) about / through

47.It is a strange twist of fate that both the

44.Foundations ----- linguistics in the Ötzi, an ancient iceman, and Helmut Simon
ontological sense are established ----- were found dead on the ice ----- Helmut Simon
identifying and describing the ultimate was the man who discovered the Ötzi's
constituents or aspects of reality which remains in 1991.
linguistic theories seek to refer to and to
A) until
characterise.
B) given that
A) about / from
C) only when
B) for / through
D) unless
C) in / against
E) provided that
D) at / by

E) beyond / into
48.Air conditioning and heating systems today
----- change the temperature of a room, -----
45.----- autism can be a gift to higher remove dust, pollen, and other particles that
functioning individuals, improving their ability may cause respiratory problems for humans.
in subjects such as mathematics and software, A) no sooner / than
it is hardly true to say that everyone with the
B) as / as
condition is a genius.
C) whether / or
A) Because
D) not only / but also
B) Although
E) the more / the more
C) Once

D) If

E) Until

162
49.-----the red haemoglobin in human blood,
which has an iron atom in its molecule,
lobsters and other large crustaceans have blue
blood containing hemocyanin.

A) Such as

B) Instead of

C) By means of

D) In conjunction with

E) As a result of

163
KARIŞIK GRAMER CEVAPLARI 47. B
48. D
1. E
49. B
2. A
3. A
4. A
5. A
6. B
7. B
8. B
9. A
10. D
11. C
12. B
13. E
14. A
15. A
16. B
17. C
18. B
19. C
20. C
21. B
22. B
23. E
24. A
25. B
26. B
27. B
28. A
29. C
30. D
31. D
32. E
33. B
34. B
35. D
36. A
37. B
38. D
39. A
40. C
41. A
42. C
43. D
44. B
45. B
46. D

164