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Cambridge IGCSE: Biology 0610/41

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0% found this document useful (0 votes)

42 views52 pages

Cambridge IGCSE: Biology 0610/41

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淺玥·偏爱只给淺墨

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* 0000800000001 *

Cambridge IGCSE™
* 4 9 5 1 2 1 7 1 0 7 *

BIOLOGY 0610/41
Paper 4 Theory (Extended) October/November 2024

1 hour 15 minutes

You must answer on the question paper.

No additional materials are needed.

INSTRUCTIONS
● Answer all questions.
● Use a black or dark blue pen. You may use an HB pencil for any diagrams or graphs.
● Write your name, centre number and candidate number in the boxes at the top of the page.
● Write your answer to each question in the space provided.
● Do not use an erasable pen or correction fluid.
● Do not write on any bar codes.
● You may use a calculator.
● You should show all your working and use appropriate units.

INFORMATION
● The total mark for this paper is 80.
● The number of marks for each question or part question is shown in brackets [ ].

This document has 16 pages. Any blank pages are indicated.

DC (DE/CB) 336906/4
© UCLES 2024 [Turn over
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1 Fig. 1.1 is a photomicrograph of a cross-section of part of a leaf.

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K
N

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Fig. 1.1

(a) (i) State the letter in Fig. 1.1 that identifies where:

gas exchange is controlled .................................

most photosynthesis occurs .................................

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spongy mesophyll cells are found. .................................
[3]

(ii) Draw a circle on Fig. 1.1 to identify a vascular bundle. [1]

(iii) Translocation occurs in the vascular bundle.

State the names of two substances that are only moved by translocation.

1 ........................................................................................................................................

2 ........................................................................................................................................
[2]
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(b) Explain how xylem vessels are adapted for their functions.

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(d) Explain why plants need nitrate ions.

...................................................................................................................................................

............................................................................................................................................. [2]

[Total: 15]
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2 (a) Chlamydia is a sexually transmitted infection (STI) that is caused by a bacterium.

Fig. 2.1 shows the number of chlamydia cases in a country in 2018.

4000

3500

3000

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2500
cases per
2000
100 000 people

1500

1000

500

0
20-24 25-29 30-34 35-39 40-44 45-49 50-54 55-59 60-64 65+

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age group / years

Fig. 2.1

(i) Calculate the percentage decrease in the number of chlamydia cases between the age
groups 20–24 and 25–29.

Give your answer to two significant figures.

Space for working.

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.......................................................% [3]
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(ii) Describe how the spread of STIs, such as chlamydia, can be controlled.

...........................................................................................................................................

...........................................................................................................................................
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...........................................................................................................................................

..................................................................................................................................... [4]

(b) Chlamydia can damage the reproductive system.

(i) State the name of the part of the female reproductive system that produces oestrogen.
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..................................................................................................................................... [1]

(ii) Describe the role of oestrogen at puberty.

...........................................................................................................................................

...........................................................................................................................................
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(c) Complete the sentences about drug resistance and genetic variation by writing a suitable
word or phrase in the spaces provided.

Bacteria can be killed by drugs called ........................................ . The development of strains

of bacteria that are resistant to these drugs is an example of ........................................

selection.

Resistant strains of bacteria have gene mutations that enable them to survive drug treatment.

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Gene mutations are caused by random changes in the ........................................ of bases in

DNA and result in the formation of new ........................................ in the bacteria. Mutation

rates can be increased by ........................................ radiation and some chemicals.

In animals and plants, another source of genetic variation is a type of nuclear division called

........................................ .
[6]

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[Total: 17]

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3 (a) Fig. 3.1 shows the structure of the pathogen that causes cholera.

H A
G

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E C
D

Fig. 3.1

(i) State the name of the kingdom that includes the pathogen shown in Fig. 3.1.

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..................................................................................................................................... [1]

(ii) Table 3.1 shows some of the names, functions or uses, and identifying letters of the
parts labelled in Fig. 3.1.

Complete Table 3.1.

Table 3.1

letter from
name function or use
Fig. 3.1

flagellum

G DO NOT WRITE IN THIS MARGIN

protein synthesis
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cell wall

used by humans in genetic modification

[5]
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(b) Describe how a person becomes infected with cholera.

...................................................................................................................................................

............................................................................................................................................. [1]

(c) People with cholera can become very dehydrated.

Explain how cholera causes dehydration.

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...................................................................................................................................................

............................................................................................................................................. [4]

(d) Vaccination can help to prevent the spread of diseases such as cholera.

Outline the process of vaccination and explain how it can prevent the spread of diseases.

...................................................................................................................................................

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............................................................................................................................................. [6]

[Total: 17]
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4 (a) Complete the sentence about the mammalian nervous system.

The .................................................. nervous system consists of the brain and spinal cord

and the .................................................. nervous system consists of the nerves outside the

brain and spinal cord.

[1]

(b) Fig. 4.1 shows the parts of a reflex arc.

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M effector
N motor neurone
P receptor cell
Q relay neurone
R response
S sensory neurone
T stimulus

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Fig. 4.1

(i) Put the parts listed in Fig. 4.1 into the correct sequence, and write the letters in the
boxes.

Two have been done for you.

T R

[2]

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(ii) State two stimuli that are detected by the skin.

1 ........................................................................................................................................

2 ........................................................................................................................................
[2]

(iii) The pupil reflex controls the amount of light that enters the eye.

State the name of an effector in the pupil reflex.

..................................................................................................................................... [1]
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[Total: 11]
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5 The gene for red-green colour vision is on the X chromosome.

There are two alleles for this gene:

• The allele for normal colour vision is represented by the letter B.

• The allele for red-green colour blindness is represented by the letter b.

Fig. 5.1 shows a pedigree chart for a family in which some of the members are red-green
colour-blind.

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1 2

3 4 5 6 7 8 9

10 11 12 13 14 15

male with normal colour vision female with normal colour vision

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red-green colour-blind male red-green colour-blind female

Fig. 5.1

(a) Explain why all of the male children of parent 1 and parent 2 are red-green colour-blind.

...................................................................................................................................................

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...................................................................................................................................................

............................................................................................................................................. [2]

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(b) Parent 4 is a female who has normal colour vision and is heterozygous for red-green colour
blindness.

Complete the genetic diagram to determine the probability that the offspring of parent 3 and
parent 4 would be red-green colour-blind.

parents 3 x 4

parental phenotypes red-green colour-blind male x female with normal colour vision
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parental genotypes ................................... x ...................................

gametes
........... , ........... x ........... , ...........
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offspring
genotypes

offspring
phenotypes
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probability of offspring having red-green colour blindness ........................................................

[5]

[Total: 7]
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6 Penicillin can be produced in fermenters.

(a) State the name of the type of organism that produces penicillin.

............................................................................................................................................. [1]

(b) Fig. 6.1 shows the change in biomass of the organism that produces penicillin, when grown in
a fermenter under controlled conditions.

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40
Z
35

30
biomass
25
/ g per dm3

20 Y

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15 X

0
0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90 100
time the organisms are in the fermenter / hours

Fig. 6.1

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State the name of the growth stages of the organism, shown by the letters X, Y and Z in
Fig. 6.1.

X ...............................................................................................................................................

Y ...............................................................................................................................................

Z ...............................................................................................................................................
[3]
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motor

air out
water jacket

paddle
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water out
temperature
recorder

water in

tap air air in

product out filter

Fig. 6.2
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(i) Explain why air is supplied to the fermenter shown in Fig. 6.2.

...........................................................................................................................................

..................................................................................................................................... [2]

(ii) Explain why the temperature in the fermenter must be controlled.

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...........................................................................................................................................

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..................................................................................................................................... [3]

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(iii) State the role of the paddles in the fermenter.

...........................................................................................................................................

..................................................................................................................................... [2]

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(iv) Other than penicillin, state the names of two commercial products that can be made
using fermenters.

1 ........................................................................................................................................

2 ........................................................................................................................................
[2]

[Total: 13]

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Permission to reproduce items where third-party owned material protected by copyright is included has been sought and cleared where possible. Every
reasonable effort has been made by the publisher (UCLES) to trace copyright holders, but if any items requiring clearance have unwittingly been included, the
publisher will be pleased to make amends at the earliest possible opportunity.

To avoid the issue of disclosure of answer-related information to candidates, all copyright acknowledgements are reproduced online in the Cambridge
Assessment International Education Copyright Acknowledgements Booklet. This is produced for each series of examinations and is freely available to download
at www.cambridgeinternational.org after the live examination series.

Cambridge Assessment International Education is part of Cambridge Assessment. Cambridge Assessment is the brand name of the University of Cambridge
Local Examinations Syndicate (UCLES), which is a department of the University of Cambridge.

© UCLES 2024 0610/41/O/N/24

* 0000800000001 *

Cambridge IGCSE™
* 2 9 5 7 4 9 7 8 0 3 *

BIOLOGY 0610/42
Paper 4 Theory (Extended) October/November 2024

1 hour 15 minutes

You must answer on the question paper.

No additional materials are needed.

INFORMATION
● The total mark for this paper is 80.
● The number of marks for each question or part question is shown in brackets [ ].

This document has 16 pages. Any blank pages are indicated.

DC (PB/CB) 336155/3
© UCLES 2024 [Turn over
* 0000800000002 *

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1 (a) Organisms from the genus Chlorella are protoctists.

State the additional information required to name Chlorella according to the binomial system.

............................................................................................................................................. [1]

(b) Fig. 1.1 shows the structure of an organism from the genus Chlorella.

cytoplasm

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nucleus cell wall

cell membrane

chloroplast

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Fig. 1.1

(i) Identify two cell structures in Fig. 1.1 that indicate that Chlorella is not a prokaryote.

1 .........................................................................................................................................

2 .........................................................................................................................................
[2]

(ii) Identify two cell structures in Fig. 1.1 that are found in both fungi and protoctists.

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1 .........................................................................................................................................

2 .........................................................................................................................................
[2]

(iii) State the names of two other kingdoms, apart from fungus, prokaryote and protoctist.

............................................................ and ............................................................ [1]

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(c) Chlorella is sold as a nutritional supplement.

Spirulina is another nutritional supplement.

Table 1.1 shows some nutritional information for Chlorella and Spirulina supplements and the
recommended daily intake for some nutrients.

Table 1.1

mass of nutrient
/ mg per 100 g of supplement average recommended
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nutrient daily intake in adults

Chlorella Spirulina / mg per day
supplement supplement
vitamin C 0.74 0.00 80.00
calcium 120.00 5.10 1000.00
iron 37.00 75.50 12.00

(i) One tablet contains 5 g of Chlorella supplement.

Using the information in Table 1.1, calculate the number of tablets of Chlorella supplement
a person needs to take to provide the recommended daily intake of iron.
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Give your answer to one decimal place.

Space for working.

.............................................. tablets [3]

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(ii) Explain the advantages of taking Chlorella as a dietary supplement rather than Spirulina.

Use the data in Table 1.1 to justify your answer.

...........................................................................................................................................

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...........................................................................................................................................

..................................................................................................................................... [4]
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(iii) State the name of one food that is a principal dietary source of vitamin C.

..................................................................................................................................... [1]

(d) Chlorella is also a good source of protein.

(i) State the importance of proteins in active transport.

...........................................................................................................................................

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...........................................................................................................................................

..................................................................................................................................... [2]

(ii) State the name of the smaller molecules that proteins are made from.

..................................................................................................................................... [1]

[Total: 17]

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2 (a) Fig. 2.1 is a diagram of the gas exchange system in humans.

trachea
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Y
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Fig. 2.1

(i) State the names of the parts labelled X, Y and Z in Fig. 2.1.

X ........................................................................................................................................

Y ........................................................................................................................................
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Z .........................................................................................................................................
[3]

(ii) The wall of the trachea contains rings of tissue.

State the name of this tissue and describe its function.

name ..................................................................................................................................

function ..............................................................................................................................

...........................................................................................................................................
[2]
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(iii) State the names of two types of cells responsible for protecting the breathing system
from particles.

1 .........................................................................................................................................

2 .........................................................................................................................................
[2]
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(b) A scientist estimated the pressure and volume in the thorax during one breath.

Fig. 2.2 shows a graph of the results.

one breath

pressure in

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the thorax

A B

volume of air
in the thorax

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time

Fig. 2.2

Describe and explain the changes in the thorax that occur during section A only in Fig. 2.2.

...................................................................................................................................................

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During physical activity, the carbon dioxide concentration of the blood

........................................... .

This is detected by the ........................................... .

This results in an increased rate and greater ........................................... of breathing.

[3]
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[Total: 15]
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3 (a) Fig. 3.1 shows a kidney nephron and its associated blood vessels.

glomerulus

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key
direction of flow of fluid A

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Fig. 3.1

The compositions of fluids A, B and C were analysed.

Table 3.1 shows the results for five components of the fluids.

Table 3.1

percentage percentage percentage

component concentration in concentration in concentration in

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fluid A fluid B fluid C
water 90.00 90.00 94.00
glucose 0.10 0.10 0.00
protein 8.00 0.00 0.00
urea 0.03 0.03 2.00
ions 0.72 0.72 1.50

(i) State the names of fluid A and fluid C in Fig. 3.1.

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A ........................................................................................................................................

C ........................................................................................................................................
[2]

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(ii) Using the information in Fig. 3.1 and Table 3.1, describe and explain the differences in
the compositions of fluids A, B and C.

...........................................................................................................................................

...........................................................................................................................................
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...........................................................................................................................................

...........................................................................................................................................
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..................................................................................................................................... [5]

(b) Outline how blood glucose concentration is controlled.

...................................................................................................................................................

...................................................................................................................................................
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...................................................................................................................................................

...................................................................................................................................................
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...................................................................................................................................................

............................................................................................................................................. [6]

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(c) A gene mutation may be involved in the development of type 1 diabetes.

(i) Describe what is meant by a gene mutation.

...........................................................................................................................................

..................................................................................................................................... [2]

(ii) Outline the treatment of type 1 diabetes.

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...........................................................................................................................................

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..................................................................................................................................... [3]

[Total: 18]

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4 (a) Fig. 4.1 shows a diagram of two flowers from different plants of the same species.

(i) Describe what is meant by the term species.

...........................................................................................................................................

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..................................................................................................................................... [2]

(ii) Complete the diagram in Fig. 4.1 to show self‑pollination and cross‑pollination by:

• drawing one arrow to show the pathway of pollen during self‑pollination and labelling
this arrow self‑pollination
• drawing one arrow to show the pathway of pollen during cross‑pollination and
labelling this arrow cross‑pollination
• labelling the names of the structures involved in pollination.

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Fig. 4.1
[3]

(iii) State the function of the parts labelled X and Y in Fig. 4.1.

X ........................................................................................................................................

...........................................................................................................................................
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Y ........................................................................................................................................

...........................................................................................................................................
[2]

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(b) Explain why self‑pollination that results in production of offspring is a form of sexual
reproduction and not asexual reproduction.

...................................................................................................................................................

...................................................................................................................................................
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...................................................................................................................................................

............................................................................................................................................. [3]

............................................................................................................................................. [1]

[Total: 11]
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5 Fig. 5.1 is a pedigree diagram showing the inheritance of blood group in one family.

B A
1 2

B AB A O
3 4 5 6

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key
female O O O
male 7 8 9

Fig. 5.1

(a) State the number of people in Fig. 5.1 with:

XY chromosomes ................................................

only one IA allele. ................................................

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[2]

(b) Explain how Fig. 5.1 shows that blood group is an example of discontinuous variation.

...................................................................................................................................................

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............................................................................................................................................. [2]

(c) State one example of discontinuous variation in plants.

............................................................................................................................................. [1]
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(d) Explain why the inheritance of blood group is an example of codominance.

...................................................................................................................................................

............................................................................................................................................. [2]
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(e) A person with the genotype IAIo has a child with a person with the genotype IBIo.

Complete the genetic diagram to determine the probability of the offspring having the blood
group AB.

parent 1 parent 2

parental
blood group A + blood group B
phenotypes

parental
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Ao + Bo
genotypes

gametes +
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offspring
genotypes

offspring
phenotypes
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probability of the offspring having the blood group AB .............................................................

[4]

[Total: 11]

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6 (a) The flow chart in Fig. 6.1 shows one pathway of nitrogen as it travels through the nitrogen cycle.

Complete the flow chart in Fig. 6.1.

nitrogen fixation by
nitrogen-fixing bacteria uptake of .......................
nitrogen in the
in the soil and ions and synthesis of
atmosphere
proteins by plants
.......................................

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deamination in animals
occurs to form decomposition of animal
plants eaten by
and plant matter to form
herbivores
.................................... ammonium ions
in the liver

the process of

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nitrification occurs to
convert ammonium ions to
......................................
occurs, returning nitrogen
............................. ions
to the atmosphere

Fig. 6.1
[5]

(b) State the names of two processes that occur in both the carbon and nitrogen cycles.

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1 ................................................................................................................................................

2 ................................................................................................................................................
[2]

(c) State the principal source of energy input to biological systems.

............................................................................................................................................. [1]

[Total: 8]
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Permission to reproduce items where third‑party owned material protected by copyright is included has been sought and cleared where possible. Every
reasonable effort has been made by the publisher (UCLES) to trace copyright holders, but if any items requiring clearance have unwittingly been included, the
publisher will be pleased to make amends at the earliest possible opportunity.

To avoid the issue of disclosure of answer‑related information to candidates, all copyright acknowledgements are reproduced online in the Cambridge
Assessment International Education Copyright Acknowledgements Booklet. This is produced for each series of examinations and is freely available to download
at www.cambridgeinternational.org after the live examination series.

© UCLES 2024 0610/42/O/N/24

* 0000800000001 *

Cambridge IGCSE™
* 9 0 4 8 4 0 1 9 4 2 *

BIOLOGY 0610/43
Paper 4 Theory (Extended) October/November 2024

1 hour 15 minutes

You must answer on the question paper.

No additional materials are needed.

INFORMATION
● The total mark for this paper is 80.
● The number of marks for each question or part question is shown in brackets [ ].

This document has 20 pages. Any blank pages are indicated.

DC (DE/CB) 336910/5
© UCLES 2024 [Turn over
* 0000800000002 *

DO NOT WRITE IN THIS MARGIN

1 (a) Fig. 1.1 shows part of the human digestive system.

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Fig. 1.1

(i) Using label lines and the letters shown, identify on Fig. 1.1:

• the organ that produces bile and label it A

• the organ that stores bile and label it B.
[2]

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(ii) Describe physical digestion.

...........................................................................................................................................

..................................................................................................................................... [2]
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(iii) State the names of two places where physical digestion occurs in the body.

1 ........................................................................................................................................

2 ........................................................................................................................................
[2]

© UCLES 2024 0610/43/O/N/24

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(b) Bile is involved in fat digestion.

(i) Complete the sentences about fat digestion.

Bile is released into the ................................................ in the digestive system. Bile

increases the surface area of fats and oils. This is called ......................................... . This

increase in surface area increases the rate of ................................................ digestion

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using the enzyme ................................................ .

[4]

(ii) State the names of the products of fat digestion.

...........................................................................................................................................

..................................................................................................................................... [1]

(c) Explain the role of bile in the breakdown of protein by trypsin.

...................................................................................................................................................
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...................................................................................................................................................

............................................................................................................................................. [2]

[Total: 13]
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2 Aphids are arthropods.

Aphids insert their mouthpieces into the phloem in the stem of a plant to feed.

An aphid is shown in Fig. 2.1.

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magnification ×22

Fig. 2.1

(a) (i) Identify two features visible in Fig. 2.1 that can be used to classify an aphid as an insect.

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1 ........................................................................................................................................

2 ........................................................................................................................................
[2] DO NOT WRITE IN THIS MARGIN

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Fig. 2.2 is a diagram of a cross-section of a dicotyledonous stem.

L
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Fig. 2.2
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(ii) State the letter in Fig. 2.2 that identifies the structure from which aphids feed.

..................................................................................................................................... [1]

(iii) State the names of two nutrients transported in the phloem.

1 ........................................................................................................................................

2 ........................................................................................................................................
[1]
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(b) Scientists investigated the effect of temperature on the rate of translocation.

The data are shown in Table 2.1.

Table 2.1

rate of translocation
temperature / °C
/ cm per hour
15 7.3

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20 13.8
25 16.7
30 17.1

Calculate the percentage change in rate of translocation between 15 °C and 30 °C.

Give your answer to three significant figures.

Space for working.

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.......................................................% [3]

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growing shoot

potato tuber
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spring summer

Fig. 2.3

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(i) Explain how translocation changes between spring and summer in the potato plant
shown in Fig. 2.3.

Use the terms source and sink in your answer.

...........................................................................................................................................

...........................................................................................................................................
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...........................................................................................................................................

..................................................................................................................................... [4]
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(ii) New tubers form on the potato plant in the summer. These tubers are genetically
identical.

Identify the type of reproduction that the potato plant is using to form the tubers.

..................................................................................................................................... [1]

[Total: 12]
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3 (a) HIV can be transmitted from mother to infant.

Describe how the risk of a mother transmitting HIV to their infant can be reduced.

...................................................................................................................................................

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............................................................................................................................................. [2]

(b) (i) Scientists investigated the effect of breastfeeding on the chance of infants getting an
infection.

They studied two groups of 100 infants. One group was breastfed and one group was
not breastfed.

Table 3.1 shows the data.

Table 3.1

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type of number of infections in infants number of infections in infants
infection that were breastfed that were not breastfed
gastroenteritis 4 8
influenza 5 4
bronchitis 7 9
conjunctivitis 12 10

Using the data in Table 3.1, describe the effect of breastfeeding on the chance of getting
an infection.

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...........................................................................................................................................

..................................................................................................................................... [2]
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(ii) State the name of a blood cell involved in the immune response.

..................................................................................................................................... [1]

(iii) Describe how infants can gain passive immunity.

...........................................................................................................................................

...........................................................................................................................................
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...........................................................................................................................................

..................................................................................................................................... [4]
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(iv) Describe how immunity gained by vaccination differs from passive immunity.

...........................................................................................................................................

...........................................................................................................................................
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...........................................................................................................................................

..................................................................................................................................... [3]

[Total: 12]
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4 Human muscle cells use anaerobic respiration during vigorous exercise.

(a) (i) State the word equation for anaerobic respiration in humans.

..................................................................................................................................... [1]

(ii) Compare the process of anaerobic respiration to aerobic respiration in human muscle
cells.

...........................................................................................................................................

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...........................................................................................................................................

..................................................................................................................................... [3]

(b) An athlete runs a race which lasts 60 seconds.

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Fig. 4.1 shows the heart rate and breathing rate of the athlete during the race and as he
recovers after the race.

220 22

200 20

breathing rate
180 18

160 16

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140 14

120 12
heart rate breathing rate
/ beats per minute
100 10 / breaths per minute

80 8

60 6
heart rate
40 4
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20 2

0 0
0 50 100 150 200 250 300 350 400 450
time since the start of the race / s

(i) The rate of breathing increases during the race in response to a change detected by the
body.

Identify the stimulus in this response and state the organ that detects the stimulus.

stimulus .............................................................................................................................

organ .................................................................................................................................
[2]

(ii) Using the information in Fig. 4.1, calculate the rate of decrease in heart rate from
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125 seconds to 260 seconds as the athlete recovers.

Space for working.

................................. beats per minute per second [2]

(iii) Explain the results shown in Fig. 4.1 from 60 seconds until 420 seconds.
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...........................................................................................................................................

...........................................................................................................................................
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...........................................................................................................................................

...........................................................................................................................................
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..................................................................................................................................... [6]

[Total: 14]

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5 Feather colour in some breeds of chicken is an example of codominance in birds.

In this example, a chicken with white feathers and a chicken with black feathers can breed to
produce offspring that have white feathers and black feathers.

The allele for black feathers is FB and the allele for white feathers is FW.

Fig. 5.1 is a pedigree diagram of a family of chickens.

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1 2

3 4 5 6

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7 8 9

Key
Circles represent females and squares represent males.

chickens with black feathers only

chickens with white feathers only

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chickens with both black feathers and white feathers

Fig. 5.1

(a) State the type of variation that is caused by genes only.

............................................................................................................................................. [1]

(b) State all the possible genotypes of chicken 2 and chicken 7 in Fig. 5.1.

chicken 2 ..................................................................................................................................
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chicken 7 ..................................................................................................................................
[2]

* 0000800000013 *
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chicken 5 chicken 6

parental phenotypes .................................. × ..................................

parental genotypes .................................. × ..................................

gametes , ,
........ ........ ........ ........
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offspring genotypes ...........................................................................................................

expected offspring phenotype percentage ........................................................................

[5]

(d) State one example of codominance in humans.

............................................................................................................................................. [1]
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[Total: 9]
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6 Some blood-clotting disorders can be inherited.

(a) (i) Describe what is meant by the term inheritance.

...........................................................................................................................................

..................................................................................................................................... [2]

(ii) Describe the process of blood-clotting.

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...........................................................................................................................................

...........................................................................................................................................
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...........................................................................................................................................

..................................................................................................................................... [4]
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(b) Genetic modification has been used to produce human proteins.

One protein made in this way is factor VIIa which is used to treat some blood clotting disorders.

Fig. 6.1 shows part of the process.

human cells plasmid

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DNA extracted plasmid cut with enzyme A

DNA cut with enzyme A

cut DNA and cut plasmid joined using enzyme B to form C

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C inserted into bacteria

bacteria are grown in a fermenter and produce factor Vlla

Fig. 6.1

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* 0000800000017 *
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(i) State the names of enzyme A and enzyme B in Fig. 6.1.

A ........................................................................................................................................

B ........................................................................................................................................
[2]

(ii) Explain why it is important that enzyme A is used to cut both the human DNA and the
plasmid.

...........................................................................................................................................
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...........................................................................................................................................

..................................................................................................................................... [2]

(iii) State what the letter C in Fig. 6.1 represents.

..................................................................................................................................... [1]

(iv) Explain why the contents of the fermenter in Fig. 6.1 are stirred constantly.

...........................................................................................................................................
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...........................................................................................................................................

..................................................................................................................................... [1]

(v) Bacteria can be used to make complex molecules.

Describe two other reasons why bacteria are useful in biotechnology.

1 ........................................................................................................................................

...........................................................................................................................................
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2 ........................................................................................................................................

...........................................................................................................................................
[2]

(vi) Describe two ways animal cells differ from bacterial cells.

1 ........................................................................................................................................

2 ........................................................................................................................................
[2]
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(c) Crop plants such as soya can also be genetically modified.

Discuss the advantages and disadvantages of genetic modification of crop plants.

...................................................................................................................................................

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...................................................................................................................................................

............................................................................................................................................. [4]

[Total: 20]

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