CE615: Design of Masonry Structures

Introduction to
Lateral Load Analysis

Prof. Hemant B. Kaushik

Department of Civil Engineering
Indian Institute of Technology Guwahati
Guwahati 781039

Ground Acceleration

◼ During earthquake shaking, Variation of ground

acceleration with time can be recorded
◼ Analysis of this record gives the velocity and
displacement of the ground.
Permanent displacement
of the ground as shown on
the record happens only
close to the fault.

1999 Taiwan
earthquake (M7.6)
Hemant B. Kaushik, IIT Guwahati Slide 2

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 Typical
Accelerograms

Instruments::
Accelerograph
Seismometers

Dynamics of Structures by A K
Chopra, Prentice Hall
Time, sec

Hemant B. Kaushik, IIT Guwahati Slide 3

The plot of maximum response of a single degree of freedom system

w.r.t its natural period or frequency.
Response Spectrum
◼ What is Response Spectrum?
Maximum response of a single degree of
freedom (SDOF) system
for given Natural Period and Damping

How to generate Response Spectrum?

0.3
PGA=0.32g
0.2
T, 
Accn. (g)

0.1
0
-0.1
-0.2
-0.3
0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80
Time (seconds)

Hemant B. Kaushik, IIT Guwahati Slide 4

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 Response Spectrum

ag(t)/g Ground Motion

Time History
Time, sec
T=0.5 sec
 =2%
d(t)/g

D1,max Time History of

T=1.0 sec
 =2% d(t)/g
Deformation Response
(relative displacement of
D2,max mass with respect to
T=2.0 sec base)
 =2% d(t)/g
D3,max
Time, sec Figure from Chopra, 2001

Hemant B. Kaushik, IIT Guwahati Slide 5

Response Spectrum

◼ Plot Maximum Responses for various SDOF

Systems with different T using a computer
Displacement (mm)

T1, 1 D1,max
T2, 1 D2,max
T3, 1 D3,max
…

Natural Period T (sec)

Displacement Response Spectrum of

SDOF Systems with different T and 1

Hemant B. Kaushik, IIT Guwahati Slide 6

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 Response Spectrum

◼ Repeat the Procedure for different Damping

Values

Displacement (mm)
1 = 5%
2 = 7%
3 = 10%

Natural Period T (sec)

Displacement Response Spectrum of

SDOF Systems

Hemant B. Kaushik, IIT Guwahati Slide 7

Response Spectrum

Maximum Response of Structure::

Acceleration:: Acceleration Response Spectrum
Velocity:: Velocity Response Spectrum
Displacement:: Displacement Response Spectrum

Hemant B. Kaushik, IIT Guwahati Slide 8

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 Response Spectrum

◼ Responses
◼ Maximum Relative Displacement SD vs T
◼ Maximum Relative Velocity SV vs T
◼ Maximum Absolute Acceleration SA vs T
(Relative with respect to Ground)

◼ Derived responses (Pseudo responses)

◼ SD vs T Pseudo-Velocity Spectrum
◼ 2SD vs T Pseudo-Acceleration Spectrum

Hemant B. Kaushik, IIT Guwahati Slide 9

Base Shear
Base shear:

k is the lateral stiffness of the frame

pseudo-acceleration A(t)
w is the weight of the
structure and g the
gravitational acceleration

Base shear coefficient or lateral force coefficient. It is used

in building codes to represent the coefficient by which the
structural weight is multiplied to obtain the base shear.
Hemant B. Kaushik, IIT Guwahati Slide 10

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 Response Spectrum

◼ Similarly Velocity Response Spectra can be plotted

Maximum Velocity, in/sec

Velocity response spectra

for N-S component of 1940
El Centro record (damping
values of 0, 2, 5 and 10%)
Natural Period T (sec)
Fig From Housner, 1970

Hemant B. Kaushik, IIT Guwahati Slide 11

Response Spectrum

◼ Similarly Acceleration Response Spectra can be plotted

Hemant B. Kaushik, IIT Guwahati Slide 12

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 Response Spectrum

◼ Unless otherwise mentioned, response spectrum

is based on a Linear Elastic System
◼ Uses of response spectrum:
◼ To obtain maximum response of a SDOF system
(for the accelerogram using which response
spectrum was obtained)
◼ To obtain maximum response in a particular
mode of vibration of a multi degree of freedom
(MDOF) system
◼ To understand the characteristics of the ground
motion (accelerogram)

Hemant B. Kaushik, IIT Guwahati Slide 13

Example
Acceleration, g

Mass = 10,000kg
Natural Period T=1 sec
Damping  =5% of critical
3m
Time (sec)
Ground Acceleration Time History
Maximum Acceleration, g

From Response Spectrum:

Spectral Acceleration (for T=1sec) = 0.48 g
Max. Base Shear = Mass x Spectral Accln.
=(10,000kg) x (0.48x9.81m/sec2)
= 47,000 N = 47 kN
Max. Base Moment Undamped Natural Period T (sec)
=(47kN) x (3m) = 141 kN-m Acceleration Response Spectrum for the
above accelerogram for 5% damping
(Fig. from Seed and Idriss, 1982)
Hemant B. Kaushik, IIT Guwahati Slide 14

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 Smooth Response Spectrum

◼ Real spectrum has somewhat irregular shape

with local peaks and valleys
◼ For design purpose, local peaks and valleys
should be ignored
◼ Since natural period cannot be calculated with
that much accuracy.
◼ Design specification should not very sensitive to
a small change in natural period.
◼ Hence, smooth or average response spectrum is
used for design purposes

Hemant B. Kaushik, IIT Guwahati Slide 15

Smooth Response Spectrum

Period (sec) Period (sec) Period (sec)

Acceleration Spectra Velocity Spectra Displacement Spectra

Shown here are typical smooth spectra used in design

for different values of damping
(Fig. from Housner, 1970)

Hemant B. Kaushik, IIT Guwahati Slide 16

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 Design Spectrum

◼ Seismic Design Force can be specified in terms

of Response Spectrum:
◼ Termed as Design Spectrum

◼ Some damage is expected in the structure

during strong shaking, design spectrum is
developed considering the overstrength,
redundancy, and ductility in the structure.

Hemant B. Kaushik, IIT Guwahati Slide 17

Design Spectrum

◼ Design Spectrum must be accompanied by:

◼ Load factors or permissible stresses that must be

used
◼ Different choice of load factors will give different seismic safety
◼ Damping to be used in design
◼ Variation in damping value used will affect the design force.
◼ Method of calculation of natural period
◼ Depending on modeling assumptions, one can get different
values of natural period.
◼ Type of detailing for ductility
◼ Design force can be lowered if structure has higher ductility.

Hemant B. Kaushik, IIT Guwahati Slide 18

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 Elastic Design Spectrum

Construction of elastic design spectrum for ground

motions with ζ = 1, 2, 5, 10, and 20%.
19

IS1893: 2016 Design Response Spectra

Hemant B. Kaushik, IIT Guwahati Slide 20

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 Design Acceleration Spectrum

◼ Effects of design earthquake loads applied on structures can be

considered in two ways:
◼ Equivalent Static Method
In this standard the methods adopted
For regular structures,
are:
Time period Ta < 0.4 s
• Equivalent Static method
◼ Dynamic Analysis Method • Response Spectrum method
◼ Response Spectrum Method • Time History method
◼ Modal Time History Method
◼ Time History Method
◼ For structural analysis, the moment of inertia shall be taken as:
◼ RC and Masonry structures
◼ 70% of Igross of columns and 35% of Igross of beams
◼ Steel structures
◼ Igross of both beams and columns

Hemant B. Kaushik, IIT Guwahati Slide 21

Design Response Spectra

For equivalent static For response spectrum
method method

Hemant B. Kaushik, IIT Guwahati Slide 22

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 Tripartite Plots: Combined D-V-A Spectra
◼ 4-way log scale

Hemant B. Kaushik, IIT Guwahati Slide 23

Indian Seismic Code – IS1893 – The Magic Equation

Design Base Shear:: VB = Ah W S 

Z  a  I
Ah =  
g
Ah = Design horizontal seismic coefficient
W = Seismic weight → Mass M 2R
Z = Seismic Zone Factor → Location
Sa/g = Design acceleration coefficient normalized with PGA →
Tn (M, K)
I = Importance Factor → Function of building
R = Response Reduction Factor → Material, Section,
Reinforcement

→ Design Base Shear is only a fraction of Seismic Weight of the

structure

Hemant B. Kaushik, IIT Guwahati Slide 24

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 Design Lateral Force Calculation
S 
◼ IS1893 Z  a  I
Ah =  
Design Horizontal Acceleration g
Spectrum::
2R
Design Seismic Base Shear::
VB = Ah×W

Sa/g: Spectral Acceleration Coefficient

Z: Seismic Zone Factor
I: Importance Factor
R: Response Reduction Factor
W: Seismic Weight of Building
VB

Hemant B. Kaushik, IIT Guwahati Slide 25

Classification of Types of Soils for determining the

Spectrum (Clause 6.4.2.1)

Hemant B. Kaushik, IIT Guwahati Slide 26

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 BUILDINGS
◼ Equivalent Static Method
Fundamental Translational Natural Period (Ta) of Oscillation
Bare MRF buildings (without any masonry infills)
h is the height (in m) of building. This excludes
the basement storeys, where basement storey
walls are connected with the ground floor deck or
fitted between the building columns, but includes
the basement storeys, when they are not so
connected

Hemant B. Kaushik, IIT Guwahati Slide 27

BUILDINGS
◼ Equivalent Static Method
Fundamental Translational Natural Period (Ta) of Oscillation
Buildings with RC structural walls

where Aw is total effective area (m2)

of walls in the first storey of building
given by:
2

The value of Lwi/h shall

not exceed 0.9

Hemant B. Kaushik, IIT Guwahati Slide 28

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 BUILDINGS

◼ Equivalent Static Method

Fundamental Translational Natural Period (Ta) of Oscillation
All other buildings

h is the height (in m) of building.

d is the base dimension of the building at the plinth level along the
considered direction of earthquake shaking, in m.

Hemant B. Kaushik, IIT Guwahati Slide 29

BUILDINGS

◼ Equivalent Static Method

◼ The design base shear VB shall be computed for the building as a whole.
◼ VB shall be distributed to the various floor levels at the corresponding centres of
mass.
◼ The design seismic force at each floor level shall be distributed to individual
lateral load resisting element through structural analysis considering the floor
diaphragm action.
◼ This method shall be applicable for regular buildings with height less than 15m in
Seismic Zone II.
The design base shear along any principal direction of building shall be
determined as,
VB = Ah W

where Ah is the design horizontal coefficient value as per 6.4.2, using fundamental
natural period Ta along the considered direction of shaking, and
W is the seismic weight of building.

Hemant B. Kaushik, IIT Guwahati Slide 30

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 Design Lateral Force Calculation S 
Z  a  I
Ah =  
g
2R
◼ IS1893
Z: Seismic Zone Factor

Seismic
II III IV V
Zone

Z 0.10 0.16 0.24 0.36

Hemant B. Kaushik, IIT Guwahati Slide 31

Design Lateral Force Calculation S 

Z  a  I
Ah =  
g
◼ IS1893 2R

R: Response Reduction Factor

Lateral H, D
Force

Maximum Elastic
Elastic Force

Actual Elastic Force

reduced by R

Design Force
Lateral
Deflection
Hemant B. Kaushik, IIT Guwahati Slide 32

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 Response Reduction Factor, R (Clause 7.2.6)

Hemant B. Kaushik, IIT Guwahati Slide 33

Response Reduction Factor, R (Clause 7.2.6)

Hemant B. Kaushik, IIT Guwahati Slide 34

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 Importance Factor, I (Clause 7.2.3)

Hemant B. Kaushik, IIT Guwahati Slide 35

Design Lateral Force Calculation S 

Z  a  I
Ah =  
g
◼ IS1893 2R

W: Seismic Weight of Building

Dead Load + Imposed Loads (Partial)

Imposed Uniformly Distributed % of Imposed Load to

Floor Loads (kN/m2) be considered
Up to and including 3.0 25%
Above 3.0 50%

Hemant B. Kaushik, IIT Guwahati Slide 36

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 BUILDINGS
◼ Lateral Force
Design Lateral Force Minimum Design Lateral Force

Buildings shall be designed for design

lateral force given by,
VB = Ah W

Buildings Shall have lateral load

resisting systems capable of resisting
a horizontal force not less than
(VB)min as per Table 7
ρ = Ah in percentage
Example: (VB)min = 1.6% of Seismic
Weight for zone IV

Hemant B. Kaushik, IIT Guwahati Slide 37

Design Lateral Force Calculation

Q4
◼ IS1893
Q3
Distribution of Design Lateral Force
Along height to different floor levels Q2

Wi hi2 Q1
Qi = VB N
 W j h 2j VB
j =1

At each floor level to different lateral force resisting elements

If rigid floor diaphragm, in proportion to their stiffnesses

If floor diaphragm flexible, considering in-plane flexibility of
diaphragm
Hemant B. Kaushik, IIT Guwahati Slide 38

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 Design Acceleration Spectrum (Vertical)

◼ The vertical seismic acceleration spectral value Av or

vertical motion shall be taken as:

The value of Sa/g shall be

based on T corresponding to
the first vertical mode of
oscillation.

Hemant B. Kaushik, IIT Guwahati Slide 39

Site Specific Design Criteria

◼ Seismic design codes meant for ordinary projects

◼ For important projects, such as nuclear power plants,
dams and major bridges site-specific seismic design
criteria are developed
◼ These take into account geology, seismicity, geotechnical
conditions and nature of project
◼ Site specific criteria are developed by experts and
usually reviewed by independent peers
◼ A good reference to read on this:
◼ Housner and Jennings, “Seismic Design Criteria”,
Earthquake Engineering Research Institute, USA, 1982.

Hemant B. Kaushik, IIT Guwahati Slide 40

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 Thank You
Hemant B. Kaushik, IIT Guwahati Slide 41

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