3D Painting in Construction Work

A SEMINAR REPORT SUBMITTED IN PARTIAL FULFILLMENT OF

REQUIREMENTS FOR THE DEGREE OF

BACHELOR OF TECHNOLOGY
IN
CIVIL ENGINEERING

Submitted By

ANSUMAN ADHIKARI 2321301011

UNDER THE ESTEEMED GUIDANCE OF

Prof. SRADHA SAMANTARA ,

Asst. Prof., Dept Of CIVIL

DEPTARTMENT OF CIVIL
VIGNAN INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY AND MANAGEMENT
BERHAMPUR-761008
 ACKNOWLEDGEMENT

I would like to express my sincere gratitude to all those who have supported and guided
me throughout the preparation of this seminar report on “3D PRINTING IN
CONSTRUCTION WORK” transmission.

First and foremost, I would like to thank my guide Asst. Prof. SRADHA
SAMANTARA, Department of Civil Engineering for her valuable guidance,
continuous support, and encouragement throughout the course of this report. Her expertise
and insightful suggestions have played a pivotal role in shaping this report.

I avail this opportunity to place my profound gratitude to my guide, for her constant
supervision, inspiration and encouragement, right from the beginning of the report. I am
also grateful to Prof. MONIKA DAS, HOD, CIVIL Engineering for her help and
valuable suggestion in completion of this report.

This seminar report would not have been possible without the contribution of all these
individuals, and I am truly grateful for their help.

ANSUMAN ADHIKARI 2321301011

Department of Civil Engineering
\

DECLARATION

I hereby declare that the seminar report titled “3D PRINTING IN CONSTRUCTION WORK "
submitted by me to the Department of Civil Engineering at Vignan Institute of Technology
and Management is my original work. The research, findings, and content presented in this report
have been conducted and compiled by me under the guidance of my seminar supervisor.

This seminar is begin submitted for the partial fulfilment for the award of Bachelor of
Technology in Civil Engineering, affiliated to BPUT.

ANSUMAN ADHIKARI 2321301011

Department of Civil Engineering
 CERTIFICATE

This is to certify that we have examined the seminar entitled “3D PRINTING IN
CONSTRUCTION WORK” has been submitted by ANSUMAN ADHIKARI, bearing
Registration Number 2321301011, under my guidance in partial fulfilment of the degree of
Bachelor of Technology in CIVIL ENGINEERING of Biju Pattnaik University of Technology,
Rourkela during the academic year 2024.

This is for the partial fulfilment of the requirement of the Bachelor of Technology in
CIVIL ENGINEERING, VIGNAN INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY AND
MANAGEMENT, BERHAMPUR under B.P.U.T, Rourkela.

Signature Of Guide Signature Of HOD

Asst. Prof. SRADHA SAMANTARA Prof. MONIKA DAS
VITAM, Berhampur Prof. & Head, CIVIL, VITAM
 ABSTRACT

Nanotechnology, shortened to "nanotech", is the study of thecontrol of matter on an atomic

and molecular scale. Generally, nanotechnology deals with structures of the size 100
nanometers or smaller, and involves developing materials or devices within that size.
Nanotechnology is very diverse, ranging ƒrom extensions of conventional device physics, to
completely new approaches based upon molecularself-assembly, to developing new materials
with dimensions on the nanoscale, even to speculation on whether we can direct control matter
on the atomic scale.

A basic definition: Nanotechnology is the engineering of functional systems at the

molecular scale. This covers both current work and concepts that are more advanced. In its
original sense, 'nanotechnology' refers to the projected ability to construct items from the
bottom up, using techniques and tools being developed today to make complete, high-
performance products. The word 'nanotechnology' defined for building machines onthe scale
of molecules, a few nanometers wide—motors, robot arms, and even whole computers, far
smaller than a cell.
 CONTENTS

SL.NO PAGE NO

1 INTRODUCTION…………………………………………… 7

2 ANTENNA AND ANTENNA SYSTEMS …………… 8

3 SMART ANTENNA………………………………………….. 11

4 TYPES OF SMART ANTENNA …………………. 12

5 WORKING OF SMART ANTENNA………………………… 15

5 APPLICATIONS OF SMART ANTENNA …………... 21

6 ADVANTAGES OF SMART ANTENNA…………………... 23

8 DISADVANTAGES OF SMART ANTENNA ……………… 24

9 CONCLUSION………………………………………………... 25

10 REFERENCE…………………………………………………. 26
 INTRODUCTION

Wireless Communication is growing with a very rapid rate for several years. The progress in radio
technology enables new and improved services. Current wireless services include transmission of
voice, fax and low-speed data. More bandwidth consuming interactive multimedia services like
video-on demand and internet access will be supported in the future. Wireless systems that enable
higher data rates and higher capacities are a pressing need. Wireless networks must provide these
services in a wide range of environments, dense urban, suburban, and rural areas. Because the
available broadcast spectrum is limited, attempts to increase traffic within a fixed bandwidth create
more interference in the system and degrade the signal quality. The solution to this problem is
SMART ANTENNA. Today's modern wireless mobile communications depend on adaptive
"smart" antennas to provide maximum range and clarity. With the recent explosive growth of
wireless applications, smart antenna technology has achieved widespread commercial and military
applications. There is an ever-increasing demand on mobile wireless operators to provide voice
and high-speed data services. At the same time, operators want to support more users per
basestation in order to reduce overall network cost and make the services affordable to subscribers.
As a result, wireless systems that enable higher data rates and higher capacities have become the
need of the hour.
ANTENNA AND ANTENNA SYSTEM

Antenna An antenna (or aerial) is a transducer designed to transmit or receive electromagnetic

waves. In other words, antennas convert electromagnetic waves into electrical currents and vice
versa. Antennas are used in systems such as radio and television broadcasting, point-to-point radio
communication, wireless LAN, radar, and space exploration. Antennas are most commonly
employed in air or outer space, but can also be operated under water or even through soil and rock
at certain frequencies for short distances. Physically, an antenna is simply an arrangement of one
or more conductors, usually called elements in this context. . In transmission, an alternating current
is created in the elements by applying a voltage at the antenna terminals, causing the elements to
radiate an electromagnetic field. In reception, the inverse occurs: an electromagnetic field from
another source induces an alternating current in the elements and a corresponding voltage at the
antenna's terminals. Some receiving antennas (such as parabolic types) incorporate shaped
reflective surfaces to collect EM waves from free space and direct or focus them onto the actual
conductive elements. There are two fundamental types of antenna directional patterns, which, with
reference to a specific three-dimensional (usually horizontal or vertical) plane are either:
1. Omni-directional (radiates equally in all directions), such as a vertical rod.
2. Directional (radiates more in one direction than in the other)

Omnidirectional Antenna
Omni-directional usually refers to all horizontal directions with reception above and below the
antenna being reduced in favor of better reception (and thus range) near the horizon. Since the
early days of wireless communications, there has been the simple dipole antenna, which radiates
and receives equally well in all directions. To find its users, this single-element design broadcasts
omnidirectionally in a pattern resembling ripples radiating outward in a pool of water. While
adequate for simple RF environments where no specific knowledge of the users' whereabouts is
available, this unfocused approach scatters signals, reaching desired users with only a small
percentage of the overall energy sent out into the environment.
 Figure 2.1:- Omnidirectional Antenna and Coverage Patterns

Given this limitation, omnidirectional strategies attempt to overcome environmental challenges by

simply boosting the power level of the signals broadcast. In a setting of numerous users (and
interferers), this makes a bad situation worse in that the signals that miss the intended user become
interference for those in the same or adjoining cells. In uplink applications (user to base station),
omnidirectional antennas offer no preferential gain for the signals of served users.
In other words, Users have to shout over competing signal energy. Also, this single element
approach cannot selectively reject signals interfering with those of served users and has no spatial
multipath mitigation or equalization capabilities. Omnidirectional strategies directly and adversely
impact spectral efficiency, limiting frequency reuse. These limitations force system designers and
network planners to devise increasingly sophisticated and costly remedies. In recent years, the
limitations of broadcast antenna technology on the quality, capacity, and coverage of wireless
systems have prompted an evolution in the fundamental design and role of the antenna in a wireless
system.
Directional Antenna
A "directional" antenna usually refers to one focusing a narrow beam in a single specific direction.
A single antenna can also be constructed to have certain fixed preferential transmission and
reception directions. As an alternative to the brute force method of adding new transmitter sites,
many conventional antenna towers today split, or sectorize cells. A 360° area is often split into
three 120° subdivisions, each of which is covered by a slightly less broadcast method of
transmission. All else being equal, sector antennas provide increased gain over a restricted range
of azimuths as compared to an omnidirectional antenna. This is commonly referred to as antenna
element gain and should not be confused with the processing gains associated with smart antenna
systems. While sectorized antennas multiply the use of channels, they do not overcome the major
disadvantages of standard omnidirectional antenna broadcast such as co-channel interference All
antennas radiate some energy in all directions in free space but careful construction results in
substantial transmission of energy in a preferred direction and negligible energy radiated in other
directions.

Figure 2.2 – Directional Antenna and Coverage Pattern

SMART ANTENNA
Introduction of Smart Antenna Contrary to the name smart antennas consist of more than an
antenna. “A Smart Antenna is an antenna system which dynamically reacts to its environment to
provide better signals and frequency usage for wireless communications”. There are a variety of
smart antennas which utilize different methods to provide improvements in various wireless
applications. This report aims to explain the main types of smart antennas and there advantages
and disadvantages. The concept of using multiple antennas and innovative signal processing to
serve cells more intelligently has existed for many years. In fact, varying degrees of relatively
costly smart antenna systems have already been applied in defense systems. Until recent years,
cost barriers have prevented their use in commercial systems. The advent of powerful low cost
digital signal processors (DSPs), general-purpose processors (and ASICs), as well as innovative
software-based signal-processing techniques (algorithms) have made intelligent antennas practical
for cellular communications systems. Today, when spectrally efficient solutions are increasingly
a business imperative, these systems are providing greater coverage area for each cell site, higher
rejection of interference, and substantial capacity improvements.
History of Smart Antenna Early smart antennas were designed for governmental use in military
applications, which used directed beams to hide transmissions from an enemy. Implementation
required very large antenna structures and time intensive processing and calculation. As personal
wireless communications began to emerge, it was evident that interference in wireless networks
was limiting the total number of simultaneous users the network could handle before unacceptable
call quality and blocking occurred. Since the narrow beams of the early governmental smart
antennas created less overall interference, researchers began to explore the possibility of extending
the use of smart antennas to reduce overall network interference in commercial wireless networks,
thus increasing the total number of users a wireless system could handle in a given block of
spectrum. But the hardware and processing technologies required to perform the complex
calculations in the very small spaces of time available in personal wireless communications would
prove to be a hurdle that was extremely difficult to overcome. A few select companies have
successfully developed and introduced smart antenna technologies into commercial wireless
networks. Antennas were used in 1888 by Heinrich Hertz (1857-1894) to prove the existence of
electromagnetic waves predicted by the theory of James Clerk Maxwell. Hertz placed the emitter
dipole in the focal point of a parabolic reflector. The origin of the word antenna relative to wireless
apparatus is attributed to Guglielmo Marconi. In 1895, while testing early radio apparatus in the
Swiss Alps, Marconi experimented with early wireless equipment. A 2.5-meter-long pole, along
which was carried a wire, was used as a radiating and receiving aerial element. Until then wireless
radiating transmitting and receiving elements were known simply as aerials or terminals. Marconi's
use of the word antenna (Italian for pole) would become a popular term for what today is uniformly
known as the antenna. Smart Antennas Today , smart antennas have been widely deployed in many
of the top wireless networks worldwide to address wireless network capacity and performance
challenges. Several different versions of smart antennas are either in development or available on
the market today. Appliqué smart antenna systems can be added to existing cell sites, enabling
software-controlled pattern changes or software-optimized antenna patterns that have produced
capacity increases of up to 35-94% in some deployments. Appliqué smart antenna systems provide
greater flexibility in controlling and customizing sector antenna pattern beamwidth and azimuthal
orientation over that of standard sector antennas. A second approach, embedded smart antennas,
uses adaptive array processing within the channel elements of a base station. The smart antenna
processing takes place in the base station signal path, using a custom, narrow beam to track each
mobile in the network. Embedded smart antenna system trials have been proven to deliver 2.5-3
times the capacity of current 2-2.5G base stations. 3.3- Types of Smart Antenna The following are
distinctions between the two major categories of smart antennas regarding the choices in transmit
strategy:
1). Adaptive array - an infinite number of patterns (scenario-based) that are adjusted in real time.
2). Switched beam - a finite number of fixed, predefined patterns or combining strategies (sectors)

Adaptive Array
Adaptive antenna technology represents the most advanced smart antenna approach to date. Using
a variety of new signal-processing algorithms, the adaptive system takes advantage of its ability
to effectively locate and track various types of signals to dynamically minimize interference and
maximize intended signal reception. Both systems attempt to increase gain according to the
location of the user; however, only the adaptive system provides optimal gain while
simultaneously identifying, tracking, and minimizing interfering signals.

Figure 3.3:- Adaptive Array System:-

Representative Depiction of a Main Lobe Extending Toward a User.
Switched Beam Switched beam antenna systems form multiple fixed beams with heightened
sensitivity in particular directions. These antenna systems detect signal strength, choose from one
of several predetermined, fixed beams, and switch from one beam to another as the mobile moves
throughout the sector. Instead of shaping the directional antenna pattern with the metallic
properties and physical design of a single element (like a sectorized antenna), switched beam
systems combine the outputs of multiple antennas in such a way as to form finely sectorized
(directional) beams with more spatial selectivity than can be achieved with conventional, single-
element approaches.
Relative Benefits of Switched Beam and Adaptive Array Systems Integration
Switched beam systems are traditionally designed to retrofit widely deployed cellular systems. It
has been commonly implemented as an add on or appliqué technology that intelligently addresses
the needs of mature networks Range/coverage Switched beam systems can increase base station
range from 20 to 200 percent over conventional sectored cells, depending on environmental
circumstances and the hardware/software used. The added coverage can save an operator
substantial infrastructure costs and means lower prices for consumers. Also, the dynamic switching
from beam to beam conserves capacity because the system does not send all signals in all
directions. In comparison, adaptive array systems can cover a broader, more uniform area with the
same power levels as a switched beam system. Interference suppression Switched beam antennas
suppress interference arriving from directions away from the active beam's center. Because beam
patterns are fixed, however, actual interference rejection is often the gain of the selected
communication beam pattern in the interferer's direction. Also, they are normally used only for
reception because of the system's ambiguous perception of the location of the received signal (the
consequences of transmitting in the wrong beam being obvious). Also, because their beams are
predetermined, sensitivity can occasionally vary as the user moves through the sector. Adaptive
array technology currently offers more comprehensive interference rejection. Also, because it
transmits an infinite, rather than finite, number of combinations, its narrower focus creates less
interference to neighboring users than a switched-beam approach.
WORKING OF SMART ANTENNA
Traditional switched beam and adaptive array systems enable a base station to customize the beams
they generate for each remote user effectively by means of internal feedback control. Generally
speaking, each approach forms a main lobe toward individual users and attempts to reject
interference or noise from outside of the main lobe. Listening to the Cell (Uplink Processing) It is
assumed here that a smart antenna is only employed at the base station and not at the handset or
subscriber unit. Such remote radio terminals transmit using omnidirectional antennas, leaving it to
the base station to separate the desired signals from interference selectively. Typically, the
received signal from the spatially distributed antenna elements is multiplied by a weight, a
complex adjustment of an amplitude and a phase. These signals are combined to yield the array
output. An adaptive algorithm controls the weights according to predefined objectives. For a
switched beam system, this may be primarily maximum gain; for an adaptive array system, other
factors may receive equal consideration. These dynamic calculations enable the system to change
its radiation pattern for optimized signal reception. Speaking to the Users (Downlink Processing)
The task of transmitting in a spatially selective manner is the major basis for differentiating
between switched beam and adaptive array systems. As described below, switched beam systems
communicate with users by changing between preset directional patterns, largely on the basis of
signal strength. In comparison, adaptive arrays attempt to understand the RF environment more
comprehensively and transmit more selectively. The type of downlink processing used depends on
whether the communication system uses time division duplex (TDD), which transmits and receives
on the same frequency (e.g., PHS and DECT) or frequency division duplex (FDD), which uses
separate frequencies for transmit and receiving (e.g., GSM). In most FDD systems, the uplink and
downlink fading and other propagation characteristics may be considered independent, whereas in
TDD systems the uplink and downlink channels can be considered reciprocal. Hence, in TDD
systems uplink channel information may be used to achieve spatially selective transmission. In
FDD systems, the uplink channel information cannot be used directly and other types of downlink
processing must be considered.
CATEGORIES OF SMART ANTENNA
A smart antenna is a digital wireless communications antenna system that takes advantage of
diversity effect at the source (transmitter), the destination (receiver), or both. Diversity effect
involves the transmission and/or reception of multiple radio frequency (RF) waves to increase data
speed and reduce the error rate.
In conventional wireless communications, a single antenna is used at the source, and
another single antenna is used at the destination. This is called SISO (single input, single output).
Such systems are vulnerable to problems caused by multipath effects. When an electromagnetic
field (EM field) is met with obstructions such as hills, canyons, buildings, and utility wires, the
wavefronts are scattered, and thus they take many paths to reach the destination. The late arrival
of scattered portions of the signal causes problems such as fading, cut-out (cliff effect), and
intermittent reception (picket fencing). In a digital communications system like the Internet, it can
cause a reduction in data speed and an increase in the number of errors. The use of smart antennas
can reduce or eliminate the trouble caused by multipath wave propagation. Smart antennas fall
into three major categories:--
1. SIMO (single input, multiple output)
2. MISO (multiple input, single output)
3. MIMO (multiple input, multiple output).

SIMO
SIMO (single input, multiple output) is an antenna technology for wireless communications in
which multiple antennas are used at the destination (receiver). The antennas are combined to
minimize errors and optimize data speed. The source (transmitter) has only one antenna. SIMO is
one of several forms of smart antenna technology, the others being MIMO (multiple input, multiple
output) and MISO (multiple input, single output). In digital communications systems such as
wireless Internet, it can cause a reduction in data speed and an increase in the number of errors.
The use of two or more antennas at the destination can reduce the trouble caused by multipath
wave propagation. SIMO technology has widespread applications in digital television (DTV),
wireless local area networks (WLANs), metropolitan area networks MANs), and mobile
communications. An early form of SIMO, known as diversity reception, has been used by military,
commercial, amateur, and shortwave radio operators at frequencies below 30 MHz since the First
World War.
MISO
MISO (multiple input, single output) is an antenna technology for wireless communications in
which multiple antennas are used at the source (transmitter). The antennas are combined to
minimize errors and optimize data speed. The destination (receiver) has only one antenna. MISO
is one of several forms of smart antenna technology, the others being MIMO (multiple input,
multiple output) and SIMO (single input, multiple output). In digital communications systems such
as wireless Internet, it can cause a reduction in data speed and an increase in the number of errors.
The use of two or more antennas, along with the transmission of multiple signals (one for each
antenna) at the source, can reduce the trouble caused by multipath wave propagation. MISO
technology has widespread applications in digital television (DTV), wireless local area networks
(WLANs), metropolitan area networks (MANs), and mobile communications.

MIMO
MIMO (multiple input, multiple output) is an antenna technology for wireless communications in
which multiple antennas are used at both the source (transmitter) and the destination (receiver).
The antennas at each end of the communications circuit are combined to minimize errors and
optimize data speed. MIMO is one of several forms of smart antenna technology, the others being
MISO (multiple input, single output) and SIMO (single input, multiple output). In digital
communications systems such as wireless Internet, it can cause a reduction in data speed and an
increase in the number of errors. The use of two or more antennas, along with the transmission of
multiple signals (one for each antenna) at the source and the destination, eliminates the trouble
caused by multipath wave propagation, and can even take advantage of this effect. MIMO
technology has aroused interest because of its possible applications in digital television (DTV),
wireless local area networks (WLANs), metropolitan area networks (MANs), and mobile
communications.
FUNCTION OF SMART ANTENNA
Smart antennas (also known as adaptive array antennas, multiple antennas and recently MIMO)
are antenna arrays with smart signal processing algorithms used to identify spatial signal signature
such as the direction of arrival (DOA) of the signal, and use it to calculate beamforming vectors,
to track and locate the antenna beam on the mobile/target. Smart antennas have two main
functions: DOA estimation and Beamforming.
• BEAMFORMING
Beamforming is a signal processing technique used with arrays of transmitting or receiving
transducers that control the directionality of, or sensitivity to, a radiation pattern. When receiving
a signal, beamforming can increase the receiver sensitivity in the direction of wanted signals and
decrease the sensitivity in the direction of interference and noise. When transmitting a signal,
beamforming can increase the power in the direction the signal is to be sent. The change compared
with an omnidirectional receiving pattern is known as the receive gain (or loss). The change
compared with an omnidirectional transmission is known as the transmission gain. These changes
are done by creating beams and nulls in the radiation pattern. In electronics, gain is usually taken
as the mean ratio of the signal output of a system to the signal input of the system. Beamforming
can be done with either radio or sound waves, and can also be thought of as spatial filtering. As an
everyday analogy, the human brain uses a form of signal processing on its two sound transducers
(ears) and determines where the sound came from (sound localization). In the comparable
beamforming analogy, digital computers use signal processing on an array of two (or generally
more) electromagnetic sound transducers (microphones) to determine the direction of maximum
signal strength, and thus the likely origin of the sound.
A microphone with a cord A microphone, sometimes called a mic (pronounced mike), is a
device that converts sound into an electrical signal. In telecommunications, and particularly in
radio, signal strength is the measure of how strongly a transmitted signal is being received,
measured, or predicted, at a reference point that is a significant distance from the transmitting
antenna. Beamforming takes advantage of interference to change the directionality of the array.
When transmitting, a beamformer controls the phase and relative amplitude of the signal at each
transmitter, in order to create a pattern of constructive and destructive interference in the
wavefront. When receiving, information from different sensors is combined in such a way that the
expected pattern of radiation is preferentially observed. Interference of two circular waves -
Wavelength (decreasing bottom to top) and Wave centers distance (increasing to the right). In the
receive beamfomer the signal from each antenna may be amplified by a different "weight."
Different weighting patterns (eg Dolph-Chebyshev) can be used to achieve the desired sensitivity
patterns. . A main lobe is main lobe width (the beam) and the sidelobe levels, the position of a null
can be controlled. This is useful to ignore noise or jammers in one particular direction, while
listening for events in other directions. A similar result can be obtained on transmission. Jammer
can refer to: A device used in electronic warfare to inhibit or halt the transmission of signals.
Direction of Arrival (DOA)
Direction of Arrival (DOA) denotes the direction from which usually a propagating wave
arrives at a point, where usually a set of sensors are located. This set of sensors forms what is
called a sensor array. Often there is the associated technique of beamforming which is
estimating the signal from a given direction. Various engineering problems addressed in the
associated literature are as follows: A wave crashing against the shore a wave is a disturbance
that propagates. Beamforming is the process of delaying the outputs of the sensors in an arrays
aperture and adding these together, to reinforce the signal with respect to noise or waves
propagating in different directions. Find the direction relative to the array where the underwater
sound source is located. Directions of different sound sources around you are also located by
you using a process similar to those used by the algorithms in the literature. Radio telescopes
use these techniques to look at a certain location in the sky. Recently beamforming has also
been used in RF applications such as wireless communication. Compared with the spatial
diversity techniques, beamforming is preferred in terms of complexity. On the other hand,
beamforming in general has much lower data rates. In multiple access channel (CDMA,
FDMA, TDMA) beamforming is necessary & sufficient. The smart antenna system estimates
the direction of arrival of the signal, using any of the techniques like MUSIC (Multiple Signal
Classification) or ESPRIT (Estimation of Signal Parameters via Rotational Invariant
Techniques) algorithms, Matrix Pencil method or their derivatives. They involve finding a
spatial spectrum of the antenna/sensor array, and calculating the DOA from the peaks of this
spectrum. MUSIC involves calculation of eigenvalues and eigenvectors of an autocorrelation
matrix of the input vectors from the receiving antenna array. These calculations are
computationally intensive. Matrix Pencil is very efficient in case of real time systems, and
under the correlated sources. In mathematics, a number is called an eigenvalue of a matrix if
there exists a nonzero vector such that the matrix times the vector is equal to the same vector
multiplied by the eigen value. In linear algebra, the eigenvectors (from the German eigen
meaning own) of a linear operator are non-zero vectors which, when operated on by the
operator, result in a scalar multiple of themselves.
 APPLICATION OF SMART ANTENNA SMART
Antenna is used in number of fields. It has number of Applications. Here are some of the fields
where Smart Antenna used: -
1. MOBILE COMMUNICATION.
2. WIRELESS COMMUNICATION.
3. RADAR.
4. SONAR APPLICATION OF SMART ANTENNAS TO MOBILE COMMUNICATIONS
SYSTEMS
• Smart or adaptive antenna arrays can improve the performance of wireless communication
systems. An overview of strategies for achieving coverage, capacity, and other improvements
is presented, and relevant literature is discussed.
• Multipath mitigation and direction-finding applications of arrays are briefly discussed, and
potential paths of evolution for future wireless systems are presented. Requirements and
implementation issues for smart antennas are also considered.
• Smart antennas are most often realized with either switched-beam or fully adaptive array
antennas. An array consists of two or more antennas (the elements of the array) spatially
arranged and electrically interconnected to produce a directional radiation pattern. In a phased
array the phases of the exciting currents in each element antenna of the array are adjusted to
change the pattern of the array, typically to scan a pattern maximum or null to a desired
direction.
• A smart antenna system consists of an antenna array, associated RF hardware, and a computer
controller that changes the array pattern in response to the radio frequency environment, in
order to improve the performance of a communication or radar system. Switched-beam
antenna systems are the simplest form of smart antenna. By selecting among several different
fixed phase shifts in the array feed, several fixed antenna patterns can be formed using the
same array.
• The appropriate pattern is selected for any given set of conditions. An adaptive array controls
its own pattern dynamically, using feedback to vary the phase and/or amplitude of the exciting
current at each element to optimize the received signal. Smart or adaptive antennas are being
considered for use in wireless communication systems. Smart antennas can increase the
coverage and capacity of a system. In multipath channels they can increase the maximum data
rate and mitigate fading due to cancellation of multipath components. Adaptive antennas can
also be used for direction finding, with applications including emergency services and
vehicular traffic monitoring.
• All these enhancements have been proposed in the literature and are discussed in this paper. In
addition, possible paths of evolution, incorporating adaptive antennas into North American
cellular systems, are presented and discussed. Finally, requirements for future adaptive antenna
systems and implementation issues that will influence their design are outlined.
• Range extension In sparsely populated areas, extending coverage is often more important than
increasing capacity. In such areas, the gain provided by adaptive antennas can extend the range
of a cell to cover a larger area and more users than would be possible with omnidirectional or
sector antennas.
• Interference reduction and rejection In populated areas, increasing capacity is of prime
importance. Two related strategies for increasing capacity are interference reduction on the
downlink and interference rejection on the uplink. To reduce interference, directional beams
are steered toward the mobiles.
• Interference to co-channel mobiles occurs only if they are within the narrow beamwidth of the
directional beam. This reduces the probability of co-channel interference compared with a
system using omnidirectional base station antennas. Interference can be rejected using
directional beams and/or by forming nulls in the base station receive antenna pattern in the
direction of interfering co-channel users. Interference reduction and rejection can allow N c
(which is dictated by co-channel interference) to be reduced, increasing the capacity of the
system. Interference reduction can be implemented using an array with steered or switched
beams. By using directional beams to communicate with mobiles on the downlink, a base
station is less likely to interfere with nearby co-channel base stations than if it used an
omnidirectional antenna. There will be a small percentage of time during which co-channel
interference is strong, e.g., when a mobile is within the main beam of a nearby co-channel base
station. This can be overcome by handing off the mobile within its current cell to another
channel that is not experiencing strong co-channel interference.
ADVANTAGES AND DISADVANTAGES OF SMART ANTENNA
Advantages
• Increased number of users Due to the targeted nature of smart antennas frequencies can be
reused allowing an increased number of users. More users on the same frequency space
means that the network provider has lower operating costs in terms of purchasing
frequency space.
• Increased Range As the smart antenna focuses gain on the communicating device, the range
of operation increases. This allows the area serviced by a smart antenna to increase. This
can provide a cost saving to network providers as they will not require as many
antennas/base stations to provide coverage.
• Geographic Information As smart antennas use ‘targeted’ signals the direction in which the
antenna is transmitting and the gain required to communicate with a device can be used to
determine the location of a device relatively accurately. This allows network providers to
offer new services to devices. Some services include, guiding emergency services to your
location, location-based games and locality information.
• Security Smart antennas naturally provide increased security, as the signals are not radiated
in all directions as in a traditional omni-directional antenna. This means that if someone
wished to intercept transmissions they would need to be at the same location or between
the two communicating devices.
• Reduced Interference which is usually caused by transmissions which radiate in all
directions are less likely to occur due to the directionality introduced by the smart antenna.
This aids both the ability to reuse frequencies and achieve greater range.
• Increased bandwidth the bandwidth available increases form the reuse of frequencies and
also in adaptive arrays as they can utilize the many paths which a signal may follow to
reach a device. Easily integrated Smart antennas are not a new protocol or standard so the
antennas can be easily implemented with existing non smart antennas and devices.
Disadvantages
• Complex
A disadvantage of smart antennas is that they are far more complicated than traditional antennas.
This means that faults or problems may be harder to diagnose and more likely to occur.
• More Expensive
As smart antennas are extremely complex, utilizing the latest in processing technology they are
far more expensive than traditional antennas. However this cost must be weighed against the cost
of frequency space.
• Larger Size
Due to the antenna arrays which are utilized by smart antenna systems, they are much larger
in size than traditional systems. This can be a problem in a social context as antennas can be
seen as ugly or unsightly.
• Location
The location of smart antennas needs to be considered for optimal operation. Due to the
directional beam that ‘swings’ from a smart antenna location which are optimal for a traditional
antenna are not for a smart antenna.
For example in a road context, smart antennas are better situated away from the road, unlike
normal antennas which are best situated along the road.
CONCLUSION
This report aims to explain the basic concept of Smart Antenna and some of its application.
First Question arises what is Smart Antenna? A smart antenna combines an antenna array with
a digital signal processing capability to transmit and receive in an adaptive, spatially sensitive
manner. Or In other words Smart Antenna is an Array of antenna which is used to optimize its
reception and transmit pattern. There are two types of Smart Antenna:- 1). Switched Beam
Switched beam antenna systems form multiple fixed beams with heightened sensitivity in
particular directions. These antenna systems detect signal strength, choose from one of several
predetermined, fixed beams, and switch from one beam to another as the mobile moves
throughout the sector. 2). Adaptive Array- Adaptive antenna technology represents the most
advanced smart antenna approach to date. the adaptive system takes advantage of its ability to
effectively locate and track various types of signals to dynamically minimize interference and
maximize intended signal reception. Both systems attempt to increase gain according to the
location of the user; however, only the adaptive system provides optimal gain while
simultaneously identifying, tracking, and minimizing interfering signals.
REFERENCES
1. www.wikipedia.com
2. www.statemaster.com
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York, 1981.
6. D. Johnson and D. Dudgeon, Array Signal Processing, Prentice- Hall, Englewood Cli_s,
NJ, 1993
7. http://www.smartanteenas.googlepages.com
8. Michael Chryssomallis “Smart antennas” IEEE antenna and propagation magazine” Vol
42 No 3 pp 129-138, June 2000.
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