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SAT CLASS-26

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SAT CLASS-26

Uploaded by

Devabn Nirmal
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© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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PROBABILITY SAT CLASS-26

CERTAIN EXPERIMENT: - When an experiment is conducted any number of times


and the outcome will be same every time and we can predict which outcome will
occurs certainly before the experiment is conducted is called a 'Certain
Experiment'.
Ex: - Dropping a pen is a certain experiment.

RANDOM EXPERIMENT:- When an experiment is conducted more than once and we


cannot predict which outcome will occurs certainly before the experiment is
conducted and it may or may not occurs every time and each outcome prevents
the occurrence of remaining outcomes is called a 'Random or Probabilistic
Experiment'.
Ex: - Tossing a coin, throwing a six faced dice, picking a card from pack of cards
are some random experiments.

SAMPLE SPACE: - The set of all outcomes of a random experiment is called a


'Sample Space'.
Ex: - 1.The sample space of a random experiment of tossing a coin is S={H ,T }

NOTE

1. When we toss' n ' coins at a time or a coin ' n ' times, then the total number of
outcomes of the sample space 2n .

2. When we throw ' n ' dice at a time or a dice ' n ' times, then the total number of
outcomes of the sample space 6 n.

3. A leap year contains 366 days of which 52 complete weeks and 2 days, hence
the sample space is considered as S= { Su Mo , Mo Tu , Tu We , We Th ,Th Fr , Fr Sa , Sa Su }.

4. A non-leap year contains 365 days of which 52 complete weeks and 1 day,
hence the sample space is considered as S= { Sun , Mon , Tue , Wed , Thu , Fri , Sat }.

5. Total number of cards = 52. Of this two colors Red & Black.

I) Red cards = Black cards = 26.

II) Red color cards divides in to two suits named as Hearts and Diamonds & Black
color cards divides in to two suits named as Clubs and Spades. Number of cards in
each suit = 13.

III) Each suit divides in to number cards and honor cards.

IV) Number of Number cards in each suit = 9 (Numbered from 2 to 10)

V) Number of honor cards in each suit = 4. Honor cards again divided into face
cards and non-face card. King, Queen and Jack are face cards and Ace is a non face
card.

EVENT: - Every sub set of sample space is called an event.


PROBABILITY SAT CLASS-26

NOTE

1. When we toss ' n ' coins at a time or a coin ' n ' times the total number of
outcomes of sample space are2n. Of these outcomes the number of outcomes
having

(I) Exactly 'r' heads/tails is n c . r

(II) At least 'r' heads/tails is n c +nc +n c +…+n c .


r r +1 r+2 n

(III) At most 'r' heads/tails is n c +n c +n c +…+ nc .


0 1 2 r

2. When we throw 2 dice the total number of outcomes of sample space is 36. The
minimum sum is 2 and maximum sum is 12. Of these outcomes the number
outcomes having sum

(I) ‘ k ’ where 2 ≤ k ≤ 7 is (k −1) .

(II) ' k ' where 8 ≤ k ≤12 is (13−k ).

MUTUALLY EXCLUSIVE OR DISJOINT EVENTS: - Two or more events do not have any
common elements are called as 'Mutually Exclusive or Disjoint Events’

PROBABILITY: - The ratio of number of favorable outcomes of an event to that of


total outcomes of sample space is called the 'Probability' of an event and it is
n ( A)
denoted as P( A) and P ( A )= .
n (S )

NOTE
1. Probability of an event always lies between 0 and 1 inclusive. i.e., 0 ≤ P ( A ) ≤ 1.

2. Probability of a certain event is 1. i.e., P( A)=1 ⇔ ‘A’ is certain event.

3. Probability of an impossible event is 0. i.e., P( A)=0 ⇔ ‘A’ is impossible event.

4. If ‘ E ’ is the event of occurrence then ‘ E' is event of non-occurrence & P ( E ) + P ( E )=1

5. Odds in favour of event E is P ( E ) : P ( E ) .

6. Odds against of event E is P ( E ) : P ( E ) .

7.’ A ’ & ‘ B ’ are independent events ⇔ P (A ∩B)=P (A )P(B).

8.‘ A ’ & ‘ B ’ are disjoint or mutually exclusive events ⇔ P (A ∩B)=0 .


PROBABILITY SAT CLASS-26
9.‘ A ’ & ‘ B ’ are any events⇔ P (A ∪B)=P (A )+ P (B)−P (A ∩B).

10.‘ A ’ & ‘ B ’ are any events⇔ 0 ≤ P( A ∩ B)≤ Min {P( A), P (B)}.

PROBLEMS
1) A district police department records driving violations by type and vehicle in the
table below. According to the record, which of the following is closest to the
proportion of stop sign violations committed by truck drivers?

A) 0.137 B) 0.315 C) 0.433 D) 0.567

2) A car manufacturer produces cars in red, blue, black, white and silver. The
incomplete table below shows the percentage of cars it produces in each color. If a
car from the manufacturer is chosen at random, what is the probability that the
car’s color is red or silver?

A) 23% B) 33% C) 37% D) 43%

3) The table below shows the results of baseball team, categorized by whether the
team was considered the favorite (expected to win) in the game or the underdog
(expected to lose). What fraction of the games in which the team was considered
the underdog did the team win?
PROBABILITY SAT CLASS-26

A) 2/5 B) 2/7 C) 2/9 D) 2/15

4) The store manager summarizes the number of box spring and mattress units
sold over four weeks at bedding store in the incomplete table below. Week s 2 and
3 accounted for what fraction of all box spring units sold?

A) 2/15 B) 4/15 C) 2/5 D) 4/5

5) All fish can be categorized as either cartilaginous or bony. The data in the table
below were produced by biologists studying the fish species in the Philippines and
New Caledonia. Assuming that each fish species has an equal chance of being
caught, the probability of catching a cartilaginous fish in the Philippines is how much
greater than the probability of catching one in New Caledonia.

A) 2/15 B) 1/4 C) 3/10 D) 1/3

6) The principal of a school is deciding whether to spend a budget surplus on new


gym equipment or computers. The incomplete table below summarizes the
preferences among junior and senior class students. If a senior from the school is
chosen at random, the probability that the student prefers gym equipment is 1/3.
How many seniors are at the school?
PROBABILITY SAT CLASS-26

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