BOTANICAL SURVEY AND PHYTOCHEMICAL SCREENING OF

MEDICINAL PLANTS USED BY TRADITIONAL HEALERS

IN AURORA, ZAMBOANGA DEL SUR, PHILIPPINES

PSYCHOLOGY AND EDUCATION: A MULTIDISCIPLINARY JOURNAL

Volume: 27
Issue 7
Pages: 742-757
Document ID: 2024PEMJ2600
DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.14048332
Manuscript Accepted: 08-12-2024
 Psych Educ, 2024, 27(7): 742-757, Document ID:2024PEMJ2600, doi:10.5281/zenodo.14048332, ISSN 2822-4353
Research Article

Botanical Survey and Phytochemical Screening of Medicinal Plants used by Traditional Healers in
Aurora, Zamboanga Del Sur, Philippines
Jobert A. Labor, * Nikka B. Aradillos
For affiliations and correspondence, see the last page.
Abstract
The documentation of medicinal plants is an important baseline for possible extraction, isolation, characterization,
and chemical modification of important active cellular chemical contents. This study aims to determine the qualitative
phytochemical screening of medicinal plants used by traditional healers in Aurora, Zamboanga del Sur, Philippines.
A total of 34 medicinal plants were mentioned by five traditional healers, who willingly shared their knowledge on
medicinal plants. These plant species were collected and came from 23 families. The greater number of plant species
was represented by families of Poaceae, Euphorbiaceae, Lamiaceae, and Asteraceae with three species each, followed
by Malvaceae, Compositae, and Leguminosae with two species each, and the rest of the families were represented by
only one species each. In this study, qualitative phytochemical analysis of five selected medicinal plants clearly reveals
the medically active cellular phytoconstituents such as terpenoids, anthraquinones, phenols, and saponins that were
present in Stachytarpheta jamaicensis, Jatropha gossypiifolia, Impatiens balsamina, Phyllanthus urinaria, and
Pseudelephantopus spicatus leaves. These medicinal plants appeared to be rich in chemical contents, widely used in
traditional medicine to combat and cure various ailments. The anti-inflammatory, antibacterial, antiviral, antimalarial,
antiparasitic, antianalgesic and antioxidant can be attributed to the high anthraquinones, phenols, terpenoids and
saponins in the leaves of the five medicinal plants. However, the presence of phytoconstituents like terpenoids,
anthraquinones, phenols and saponins should take note importantly by the traditional healers or even community in
order to have a better understanding on how the plants combat and cure the specific ailments. Furthermore, the study
recommends that all medicinal plants should take care of and the future researchers conduct more studies on
phytochemical screening of medicinal plants for better understanding on when and how to use different medicinal
plants to treat different ailments.
Keywords: medicinal plants, qualitative phytochemical screening, active cellular chemical contents, ailments,
phytoconstituents

Introduction
Plants are well known for its importance. The plant kingdom is a treasure trove of potential medications, and there has been a growing
appreciation for medicinal plants in recent years (Yadav and Agarwala, 2011). People employed herbal medicines to treat and prevent
ailments before there were modern therapies (Yaniv, 2014). Suntar (2020) stated that even today, the natural occurring chemicals
identified in these plants are critical to the discovery of new pharmaceutical possibilities.
The chemicals found natural in plants are known as phytochemicals. These phytochemicals are becoming popular as a result of its
numerous medical applications. Phytochemicals are effective against a variety of ailments, including asthma, arthritis, and cancer, and
unlike pharmaceutical chemicals, it has no negative side effects because phytochemicals heal. These can also be considered "man-
friendly medications" because it treats ailments without harming humans (Sahira and Cathrine, 2015). As such, plants are known for
its structural diversity and extensive range of pharmacological actions in the pharmaceutical sector.
Additionally, a recent study by Sharma et al. (2020) stated that the scientific process of examining, extracting, experimenting, and
identifying various classes of phytoconstituents present in various bases for drug discovery is known as phytochemical screening. The
active components from this screening can then be used for further investigation and research.
Medicinal plants, according to the World Health Organization (WHO), are the best source of a wide range of medications. Traditional
medicines, which contain substances derived from medicinal plants, are used by almost 80% of people in developed countries.
Such plants, however, need to be examined in order to have a greater understanding of their qualities, safety, and efficiency (Arunkumar
and Muthuselvam, 2009). In addition, the WHO estimates that roughly 2% of the world's population is currently incapacitated as a
result of cuts and injuries (Dapar et al. 2020). Farnsworth (1994), as cited by Dapar et al. (2020), said that the World Health Organization
also recorded that around 60% of the world’s population relies on herbal medicine.
According to Alduhisa and Demayo (2019), herbal medicines are still commonly utilized to prevent and treat ailments in the
Philippines, particularly in rural Mindanao. Earlier this year, a survey conducted in Aurora, a rural municipality in western Mindanao,
revealed that folk medicine is widely used (Pucot and Demayo, 2021b). As such, when residents have health issues, traditional healers
are frequently contacted and frequently prescribe herbs, either singly or in polyherbal compositions.
In Cebuano culture, a traditional healer is known as a “mananambal” (Del Fierro and Nolasco, 2013). A “mananambal” was a local
medical practitioner who uses traditional healing techniques to treat patients who are in pain or have been enduring various illnesses
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for a long time that have been brought on by supernatural forces.

The researchers conducted this study mainly to conduct qualitative phytochemical screening to determine the active cellular chemical
contents of selected medicinal plants used by traditional healers in Aurora, Zamboanga del Sur. Further, to provide beneficial
information about different medicinal plants as the best remedy to treat various ailments.
Research Objectives
The main objective was to conduct qualitative phytochemical screening, and to determine the active cellular chemical contents of
selected medicinal plants used by traditional healers. Specifically, it also aims to:
1. Survey, collect, and identify different medicinal plants used by traditional healers in Aurora, Zamboanga del Sur;
2. compare the most and least commonly used medicinal plants by traditional healers in Aurora, Zamboanga del Sur; and
3. identify certain illnesses treated with medicinal plants used by traditional healers in Aurora, Zamboanga del Sur.
Methodology
Research Design
The researchers applied a survey research design in which gathered information of the five traditional healers and determined the best
way to answer the questions to attain accurate data about medicinal plants used by traditional healers. However, the collection of data
of medicinal plants were done through semi-structured checklists type and open-ended oral interviews for those traditional healers who
could not read or write. Thus, all participants who volunteered for the study were also assured that taking part or withdrawing would
not affect the informants in any way, and its privacy and anonymity were always maintained, as reflected on the interview consent
form. A purposive sampling method was used in this study. This technique was used to rely on the researchers’ judgment to choose the
members who would be part of the study.
Source
This study was carried out in Aurora, Zamboanga Del Sur, particularly in 5 Barangays, namely, (1) Campo 2, (2) Gubaan, (3) Inasagan,
(4) Lapaz, and (5) Lintugop (Figure 1). The three assessments sampling was conducted in the month of November, 2022. Aurora,
Zamboanga del Sur, is within Region IX in the Zamboanga Peninsula, and a 2nd class municipality in the province of Zamboanga del
Sur, Philippines. Aurora, Zamboanga Del Sur—a rural municipality in western Mindanao, Philippines–has a total land area of 18,095
hectares, which is 2.46% of Zamboanga del Sur Province’s land area of 735,769 hectares (Mondido, 2020). However, the researchers
conducted this study in Aurora, Zamboanga del Sur since the municipality’s vegetation is dominated by perennial trees and vine crops,
followed by grazing pastures or grassland. Thus, due to its high elevation, the municipality has a cooler climate, ranging from 22 to 35
degrees celsius.
Instrument
An opportunistic sampling supported by a semi-constructed ethno medicinal survey was utilized for plant collection. In this study, plant
specimens were collected and photographed during supervise field walks with the help of traditional healers as key informants for
easier identification and classification. In which the researchers take notes on the plants’ families, common names, and local names
that would be recorded. The taxonomic identification of five selected plants were verified at the University Museum of Central
Mindanao University. In addition, the collected medicinal plants were undergoing the wet pressing method of preservation of specimen
as voucher specimens for verification of the samples. Further, the wet method pressed maximum of three medicinal plants that were
collected with its designated parts (leaves, stem, and whole plants). Thus, all scientific names and family classifications were verified
for identification of medicinal plants using The Plant List (2013), World Flora Online (2019), the International Plant Names Index
(2019), Tropicos (2019), and Co's Digital Flora as references.
Procedure
Preparation Techniques for Phytochemical Screening
After plant collection, plants were cleaned properly. Cleaning was done by hand in order to get better results. The cleaning process
may involve the following steps: cleaning, washing, peeling, or stripping leaves from stems (Sahira and Cathrine, 2015). Thus, in
preparing plant specimens, the drying and powdering of plants were applied. The main purpose of drying was to remove the water
content from plants so that the plants could be stored. Plants were dried immediately through the natural process of sun drying as soon
as the plants were collected, or this might lead to spoilage of plant materials. Dried plant parts were grounded into a fine powder using
an electric blender, the powder was kept in small plastic bags with paper labeling. The grinded leaves material of 200 g weighed using
an electronic balance. The plant ethanolic extract of 1:2 ratios in which 200 g of each powdered plant sample was added to 400 mL of
ethanol. The powder extracts obtained were then subjected to phytochemical screening in Research Center, Central Mindanao
University–Bukidnon to detect the chemical constituents present in each extract.
Phytochemical Screening

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Some standard methods for phytochemical screening were utilized in this study. The qualitative phytochemical screening was utilized
to determine the active cellular chemical contents of selected medicinal plants used by traditional healers in Aurora, Zamboanga del
Sur. The standard procedures for phytochemical screening described by Guevarra (2005) were adopted to screen the ethanolic extracts
of the leaves of Impatiens balsamina, Jatropha gossypiifolia, Phyllanthus urinaria, Pseudelephantopus spicatus, and Stachytarpheta
jamaicensis to determine the chemical contents of each plants. All the laboratory activities were performed in the Central Mindanao
University as a service center. The different active cellular chemical contents of each plant parts extract were determined utilizing the
following procedures.
Test for Anthraquinones
To an equivalent of 1g of Impatiens balsamina, Jatropha gossypiifolia, Phyllanthus urinaria, Pseudelephantopus spicatus, and
Stachytarpheta jamaicensis leaves were extracted separately and evaporates to incipient dryness over a steam bath. Then, added 10 mL
0.5 M potassium hydroxide and 1 ml of 5% (H2O2) and stirred. Also heated the resulting mixture over a steam bath for 10 minutes.
Filter and discard the residue. Acidify the filtrate with glacial acetic acid. And then the aqueous filtrate was extracted twice with 5ml
portions of benzene. Combining the benzene extracts divide the combined benzene extracts into 2 portions, reserving one portion as
the control basify the other portion with ammonia and shake (Guevara, 2005).
Test for Terpenoids
Two (2) mL of Impatiens balsamina, Jatropha gossypiifolia, Phyllanthus urinaria, Pseudelephantopus spicatus, and Stachytarpheta
jamaicensis leaves extracts were added to 2 ml of acetic anhydride and concentration of H2SO4. The concentrated sulfuric acid used
in the laboratory is 92% H2SO4 by mass (Guevara, 2005). In which, the formation of blue, green rings indicate the presence of
terpenoids.
Test for Phenolic compounds
To diluted the extract with 100 ml of distilled water and then 2 ml of the ethanolic extract. Took an equivalent of 2g Impatiens
balsamina, Jatropha gossypiifolia, Phyllanthus urinaria, Pseudelephantopus spicatus, and Stachytarpheta jamaicensis leaves extracts
separately and added 2 drops of 3% FeCl3. In which, the formation of green or blue color was indicated the presence of phenolic
(Guevara, 2005).
Test for Saponins
An equivalent of 2g of Impatiens balsamina, Jatropha gossypiifolia, Phyllanthus urinaria, Pseudelephantopus spicatus, and
Stachytarpheta jamaicensis leaves were extracted separately and loaded to a capillary tube by immersing the tube to a height of 10 mm
in the plant extract. (Note: A capillary tube was a tube with a calibrated inside diameter and length used to control the flow of
refrigerant). Likewise, load another capillary with distilled water. Then, lift the capillary tubes and keep both in a vertical position to
allow the liquid inside to flow freely. After sometime, compare the height of the liquids in the two tubes. If the level of the plant extract
in the capillary tube was half or less than the in the other tube containing water, then the presence of saponins may be inferred (Guevara,
2005).
Data Analysis
The collected data of medicinal plant species that were used by traditional healers in Aurora, Zamboanga del Sur were analyzed using
simple descriptive statistics and expressed in the form of graphs and tables. Such as Relative Frequency and Percentage Distribution,
and Use-value (UV) Index. The data was analyzed by the following statistical measures:
Relative Frequency and Percentage Distribution. This was used as a statistical tool in getting frequency distribution of a sources of the
plant, plant part used, mode of preparation and route of administration and ailments treated of medicinal plants.
Use-value (UV) Index. This statistical tool was calculated as: 𝑈𝑣𝑐 = 𝑈𝐼/𝑁 where U is the sum of the total number of use citations by
all informants for a given species, divided by the total number of informants (N). This was used to determine the most and least
commonly used medicinal plants that were used by traditional healers in Aurora, Zamboanga del Sur (Andrade & Adolfo, 2011).
Table 1. Use-value (UV) Index Scale

Ethical Considerations
In the gathering of data, an approved letter was acquired from the Local Government Unit, in which a proper letter that served as prior
informed consent was submitted to the Municipal Mayor of Aurora before the conduct of the study. This was to get permission for the
researcher’s entry and be able to conduct research and collect medicinal plants used by traditional healers in Aurora, Zamboanga del
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Sur. However, in gathering of data of the respondents the interview consent form was administered.
Results and Discussion
Sociodemographic profile of the respondents
A total of five (n=5) traditional healers from Aurora, Zamboanga del Sur, were interviewed about the herbal and other folk medicinal
practices with full consent. Of these respondents, there were more males (3) than females (2) Based on these results, it can be argued
that the majority of traditional healers in Aurora were male. However, it was also revealed by other closely similar ethnobotanical
studies conducted throughout the nation that women were more knowledgeable about therapeutic herbs (Abe and Ohtani 2013; Balinado
and Chan 2017; Tantengco et al. 2018). On the other hand, based on the occupation of informants, majority were farmers (3), while the
other two (2) were healers (“manambalay”). In terms of educational attainment, two (2) of the respondents were never been in school,
while other two (2) were in elementary school level, and one (1) was in high school level. Hence, some studies found out that higher
educational attainment has linked a lower understanding of folk medicine (Morilla et al. 2014).
Additionally, the majority of four (4) key informants were Cebuano, and the other one was Subanen. The three (3) traditional healers
were aged 67-70 years old, while the two (2) were 56-58 years old. Thus, all of the informants were married. Additionally, one
informant got only three (3) children while other two (2) blessed with 6 to 8 children, and other two also got 10 to 11 child ren.
Regardless of being traditional healers, the informant’s annual income was not affected by being a traditional healer as per interviewed
by the researchers. Hence, the informant’s annual income was coming from own sideline and occupation as farmers. The traditional
healers in Campo 2, Gubaan, Inasagan, and La Paz got an income of 50,000 annually, while the healer in Lintugop got an annual
income of 30,000. Further, the four (4) traditional healers were have been tenant of land for years, while only one was owned the land
where many medicinal plants came from. In terms of number of years as an herbalist, majority of four (4) respondents have been
traditional healers for 5-8 years, while only one has been practiced folk medicine for almost 20 years.
Medicinal plants found in Five Barangays of Aurora, Zamboanga del Sur
Table 2 will show the list of medicinal plants used by traditional healers in Aurora, Zamboanga del Sur, to treat different ailments or
diseases. A total of 34 medicinal plant species were collected and came from 23 families. These medicinal plants were all recorded in
the Philippine Medicinal Plants. However, among the collected 34 medicinal plants, three of it including Peperomia pellucida, Psidium
guajava, and Vitex negundo were recorded in the Ten Scientifically Approved Medicinal Plants by the Department of Health in the
Philippines.
Table 2. List of documented medicinal plants used by traditional healers in Aurora, Zamboanga del Sur
Family Local name Scientific name Plant's Ailments treated PP Preparation Route of
location application
Acanthaceae Mandalusa Justicia gendarussa Cultivated Fever, headache, L Extraction Topical
Burm.f. inflammation, eczema
Apiaceae Gotu kola Centella asiatica (L.) Cultivated Wound healing, L Extraction Topical
Urb. stomach ulcers, mental
fatigue, epilepsy,
diarrhea, fever, asthma
Asteraceae Tulay-tulay or Bidens pilosa L. w/in the Relapse, headache, body R Decoction Oral
tuway-tuway vicinity pain, fever, migraine
Gabon Blumea balsamifera Cultivated Cough, chills, common L Decoction Oral
(L.) Dc. cold, fever
Hagonoy Chromalaena odorata L w/in the Diarrhea, dysmenorrhea, R Extraction Topical
vicinity stomach acidity
Balsaminaceae Kamantigue Impatiens balsamina L. Cultivated Diarrhea, stomachache, L Decoction Oral
cough, fever
Boraginaceae Elepanteng Heliotropium indicum w/in the Relapse, headache, R Decoction Oral
Puti L. vicinity fatigue, fever, body pain
Compositae Dila-dila sa Iro Pseudelephantopus w/in the Stomachache, diarrhea, L Decoction Oral
spicatus (B Juss. ex vicinity stomach acidity,
Aubl) dysmenorrhea
Hilbas Artemisia vulgaris L. Cultivated Relapse, headache, body L Decoction Oral
pain, fever, diarrhea
Cyperaceae Busikad Kyllinga nemoralis w/in the Fever, headache, S Infusion Oral
(J.R. Frost) vicinity relapse, body pain
Euphorbiaceae Mangagaw or Euphorbia hirta L. w/in the Fever, dengue fever W Infusion Oral
tawa-tawa vicinity
Tuba-tuba Jatropha gossypiifolia Cultivated Diarrhea, swollen L Decoction Oral
tapol L. breasts, stomachache,
eczema, purgative,
itchiness, fevers, wound
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healing, animal bites

Tuba-tuba Jatropha curcas L. w/in the Nausea, swelling, B Decoction Topical
vicinity muscle pain, animal
bites, sprains, toothache
Fabaceae Makahiya or Mimosa pudica L. w/in the Headache, fever, R Decoction Oral
kipi-kipi vicinity fatigue, migraine,
relapse
Lamiaceae Lagundi Vitex negundo L. Cultivated Cough, fever, chills L Decoction Oral
Kalabo Coleus amboinicus Cultivated Cough, chills, fever, L Decoction Oral
Lour. relieve pain, itching,
aching muscles,
indigestion
Mayana itum Plectranthus Cultivated Dermatitis, skin L Extraction Topical
scutellarioides (L.) R. diseases, toothaches,
Br. itchiness, ringworm
Leguminosae Mani-mani Senna tora (L.) Roxb. w/in the Stomach acidity, L Decoction Oral
vicinity nausea, gastrointestinal
problem
Family Local name Scientific name Plant’s Ailments treated PP Preparation Route of
location application
Monggos Vigna radiata (L.) R. Cultivated Fatigue, relapse, F Infusion Oral
Wilczek headache, body pain,
fever
Lythraceae Banaba Lagerstroemia speciosa Forest Leukemia, diabetes, B Decoction Oral
(L.) Pers. fever, kidney
inflammation, urinary
dysfunction
Malvaceae Scoba nga Sida acuta Burm. f Cultivated Relapse, headache, body L Decoction Oral
mayawis pain, fever
Panigbin Corchorus cordifolius Cultivated Stomachache L Extraction Topical
Salisb.
Moraceae Lagnob Ficus septica Burm. f Forest Nausea, stomach L Decoction Oral
acidity, headache, fever
Family Local name Scientific name Plant’s Ailments treated PP Preparation Route of
location application
Myrtaceae Bayabas Psidium guajava L. Cultivated Diarrhea, stomachache, L Decoction Oral
nausea, stomach acidity
Phyllanthaceae Likod-likod Phyllanthus urinaria L w/in the Sores, swelling, L Extraction Topical
vicinity itchiness
Piperaceae Sinaw-sinaw Peperomia pellucida w/in the Kidney stones, kidney L Decoction Oral
(L.) Kunth vicinity infection, arthritis,
cough, constipation,
edema, dysuria
Poaceae Bila-bila Eleusine indica (L.) w/in the Relapse, headache, S Infusion Oral
Gaertn. vicinity fever, body pain,
migraine, fatigue
Family Local name Scientific name Plant’s Ailments treated PP Preparation Route of
location application
Amorsiko Chrysopogon aciculatus w/in the Hypertension, diarrhea, W Decoction Oral
(Retz.) Trin vicinity liver pain, poison
antidote
Kugon Imperata cylindrica (L.) w/in the Skin infection, diabetes, W Decoction Oral
Raeusch. vicinity wound healing, arthritis,
blood purifier, diuretic,
ringworm, intestinal
infections
Sapotaceae Caymito Chrysophyllum cainito Forest Nausea, stomach L Decoction Oral
L. acidity, stomachache
Family Local name Scientific name Plant’s Ailments treated PP Preparation Route of
location application
Simaroubaceae Macassar Brucea javanica L. w/in the Diarrhea, stomachache Se Decoction Oral
kernels vicinity
Solanaceae Katyubong Datura metel L. Cultivated Stomachache, body L Extraction Topical
pain, arthritis,
rheumatism, headache,

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infection
Verbenaceae Kandikandilaa Stachytarpheta w/in the Fever, asthma, liver L Decoction Oral
n jamaicensis L. vicinity problem, wound healing
Zingiberaceae Luy-a Zingiber officinale Cultivated Swelling, nausea, Rz. Decoction Oral
Roscoe muscle pain, cough
Note: PP: Plant-parts used: B: bark; F: fruit; L: leaves; R: roots; Rz: rhizome; Se: seeds; S: stem; W: whole plant

Most of the medicinal plant species that are used in this study were mainly gathered from the vicinity (49%), some were cultivated
(42%), and others were from forests (9%). Based on interviews with the traditional healer in Gubaan, most of the medicinal plants
grow randomly within the vicinity and backyard. The informants usually do not cut down the growing plants in surroundings because
these plants constitute a source of medicinal plants that can be used to treat common diseases in communities. Since most of the
traditional healers were located in high elevation mountain or near the forest, the informants have an abundance of medicinal plants in
surroundings. However, some of these medicinal plants were also cultivated in which the traditional healers were hands on in planting
various medicinal plants.
In addition, the majority of the collected medicinal plant parts were leaves (67%), followed by roots (13%), whole plants (10%), both
stems and bark (7%), and lastly, rhizomes, fruits, and seeds (3%) of the total number of collected plant parts. As stated by Fiscal (2017),
the leaves were the plant portion that was most frequently used to make medicines. Where the chemical makeup was present, plant
leaves were more plentiful and simpler to use.
Moreover, the roots, fruits, seeds, and stem are also utilized. Similar results on the widespread use of plant leaves were also documented
by certain pertinent ethnobotanical surveys (Abaquita and Buot, 2013; Olowa, et al., 2012). According to Molyneux, et. al, (2007)
stated that in order to protect leaves against rivals, predators, or infections, it had evolved to create chemical compounds. Leaves were
the primary and most important source of energy for plants. Alkaloids, flavonoids, terpenoids, and phenols were examples of secondary
metabolites that were present in most plant parts and have been studied for its therapeutic characteristics and potential as drugs or
medicines (Wink, 2015).
Furthermore, most routes of application of collected medicinal plants were administered orally (i.e., via drinking), which accumulates
(77%), and topically (23%). Plants that were prepared through decoction and infusion were usually taken internally.
However, according to Ghorani-Azam et al. (2018), as cited by Pucot and Demayo (2021), it is advisable that local consumers exercise
caution when administering herbal products orally because the prolonged oral consumption of some herbal medicines was frequently
associated with toxicity and poisoning. Since the majority of diseases affected the internal organs, such as diarrhea, stomach acidity,
gastrointestinal disorders, respiratory illnesses, and diabetes, around 77% of the drugs were taken orally. These treatments have been
used up until the signs of a particular illness or ailment have disappeared. The other part of the medication was typically made as a
poultice and applied topically or directly to the body portion that was affected.
Use Value (UV) Index of most and least commonly used medicinal plants of traditional healers in Aurora, Zamboanga del Sur
Based on how a certain uses of medicinal plants were cited by traditional healers; the use value of the plants was calculated to measure
its significance. Table 3 will show the most and least commonly used medicinal plants of traditional healers in the locals of Aurora.
There were four most commonly used medicinal plants, means got the highest used citations of informants per species including: (1)
Artemisia vulgaris L. (“hilbas”) got the highest value of 5.2, (2) Coleus amboinicus L. (“kalabo”) also got the highest value of 4, while
(3) Mimosa pudica L. (“makahiya”) has also got 3.4 use value index, and (4) Peperomia pellucida L. (“sinaw-sinaw”) got the use value
of 3.2. It was found that Artemisia vulgaris L. based on the data collected, these medicinal plants were commonly used to treat ailments
such as fever, relapse, cough, headache, infection, etc. Further, Coleus amboinicus L. was also recorded to have a potential treat to
various illnesses including cough, chills, fever, itchiness, aching muscles, and even indigestion. While Mimosa pudica L. was used to
treat headache, fever, fatigue, migraine, and relapse. Hence, one of the highest used citations such as Peperomia pellucida L. was
already medically approved by the Department of Health. This plant was used to cure those people who have urinary tract infection,
kidney infections, and many others. On the other hand, there were also medicinal plants collected that were belonging to least commonly
used by the traditional healers. It means got the lowest calculated use value index about its medicinal uses. Nevertheless, there were
seven species least commonly used by traditional healers including: (1) Corchorus cordifolius Salisb. (“panigbin”) which got the lowest
use value of 0.2, it’s because this plant only found in barangay Gubaan due to its unavailability to other barangays. Same with (2)
Brucea javanica L. (“macassar kernels”) also got the lowest use value of 0.4, while (3) Phyllanthus urinaria L. (“likod-likod”) has
lowest use value of 0.6, it means that the traditional healers only cited three uses of this plants such as it could treat to sores, swelling,
and itchiness according to the traditional healer. However, the (4) Stachytarpheta jamaicensis L. (“kandikandilaan”), (5) Impatiens
balsamina L. (“kamantigue”), (6) Euphorbia hirta L. (“mangagaw” or “tawa-tawa”), (7) Sida acuta Burm.f. (“scoba nga mayawis”) got
the lowest use value of 0.8, this probably because these medicinal plants were only available in specific barangays that were conducted
in this study.
However, these plants were said to be least commonly used because only few use citations cited by the traditional healers (see table 3).
Interestingly, some least commonly used medicinal plants including, Impatiens balsamina L. (“kamantigue”), Jatropha gossypiifolia L.
(“tuba-tuba tapol”), Phyllanthus urinaria L. (“likod-likod”), Pseudelephantopus spicatus L. (“dila-dila sa iro”), Stachytarpheta

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jamaicensis L. (“kandikandilaan”) were then subjected to phytochemical screening to determine the active chemical contents of each
plant. Unfortunately, only five species were subjected to phytochemical study because there were no other species' parts readily
available.
Table 3. Use-value (UV) index of medicinal plants used by traditional healers in Aurora, Zamboanga del Sur
Local name English name Family name Scientific name Number of use Total number UV
citations by of informants index
informants (UI) (N)
Amorsiko Golden awn or Poaceae Chrysopogon aciculatus (Retz.) 10 5 2
love grass Trin
Banaba Queen’s crape- Lythraceae Lagerstroemia speciosa (L.) Pers 9 5 1.8
myrtle
Bayabas Guava Myrtaceae Psidium guajava L. 13 5 2.6
Bila-bila Crowfoot grass Poaceae Eleusine indica (L.) Gaertn. 14 5 2.8
Busikad Shortleaf flatsedge Cyperaceae Kyllinga nemoralis (J.R. Frost) 13 5 2.6
Caymito Star apple Sapotaceae Chrysophyllum cainito L. 6 5 1.2
Dila-dila sa iro False elecampane Compositae Pseudelephantopus spicatus (B 9 5 1.8
Juss. ex Aubl)
Elepanteng puti Mangrove apple Boraginaceae Heliotropium indicum L. 14 5 2.8
Gabon Sambong Asteraceae Blumea balsamifera (L.) Dc. 8 5 1.6
Gotu kola Pennywort Apiaceae Centella asiatica (L.) Urb. 10 5 2
Hagonoy Siam weed or Asteraceae Chromalaena odorata L. 7 5 1.4
Christmas bush
Hilbas Mugwort Compositae Artemisia vulgaris L. 26 5 5.2
Kalabo Oregano Lamiaceae Coleus amboinicus Lour. 20 5 4
Kamantigue Balsam or Touch Balsaminaceae Impatiens balsamina L. 4 5 0.8
me not
Kandikandilaan Blue porterweed Verbenaceae Stachytarpheta jamaicensis L. 4 5 0.8
Katyubong Devil’s trumpet Solanaceae Datura metel L. 6 5 1.2
Kugon Cogon grass Poaceae Imperata cylindrica (L.) Raeusch. 14 5 2.8
Lagnob Curtain fig Moraceae Ficus septica Burm. f. 11 5 2.2
Lagundi Five-leaf chaste Lamiaceae Vitex negundo L. 6 5 1.2
tree
Likod-likod Sampasampalukan Phillanthaceae Phillanthus urinaria L. 3 5 0.6
Luy-a Ginger Zingiberaceae Zingiber officinale Roscoe 6 5 1.2
Macassar Macassar kernels Simaroubaceae Brucea javanica L. 2 5 0.4
kernels
Makahiya Touch me not Fabaceae Mimosa pudica L. 17 5 3.4
Mandalusa Gandarusa Acanthaceae Justicia gendarussa L. 5 5 1
Mangagaw Asthma plant Euphorbiaceae Euphorbia hirta L. 4 5 0.8
Mani-mani Peanut plant Leguminosae Senna tora (L.) Roxb. 6 5 1.2
Mayana itum Painted nettle or Lamiaceae Plectranthus scutellarioides (L.) 9 5 1.8
Flame nettle R. Br.
Monggos Mung bean or Leguminosae Vigna radiata (L.) R. Wilczek 11 5 2.2
Green gram
Panigbin Jute mallow or Malvaceae Corchorus cordifolius Salisb. 1 5 0.2
Nalta jute
Scoba nga Common Malvaceae Sida acuta Burm. f 4 5 0.8
mayawis wireweed
Sinaw-sinaw Shiny bush Piperaceae Peperomia pellucida (L.) Kunth 16 5 3.2
Tuba-tuba Physic nut Euphorbiaceae Jatropha curcas L. 10 5 2
Tuba-tuba tapol Bellyache bush Euphorbiaceae Jatropha gossypiifolia L. 9 5 1.8
Tuway-tuway or Spanish needle Asteraceae Bidens pilosa L. 9 5 1.8
tulay-tulay
Legend: (UV=1 and above) Mostly commonly used, (UV=0.99 and below) Least commonly used

Illnesses treated with medicinal plants used by traditional healers in Aurora, Zamboanga del Sur
Based on the findings, out of fifty-four (54) medicinal uses of the collected medicinal plant species, the highest uses were: fever (18
species), headache (11 species), diarrhea (9 species), body pain, relapse, and stomachache (8 species each), cough, nausea, and stomach
acidity (6 species each). Thus, the plant species with the highest number (5 or 6) of various medicinal uses are Eleusine indica,
Heliotropium indicum, Ficus septica, Mimosa pudica, Vigna radiata, and Bidens pilosa. Moreover, these plants were used to treat
ailments and help people overcome the illnesses that caused them. The results coincide with the study of Assefa et al. (2019), stated
that the most widely distributed human disease includes relapse, abdominal pain, common cold, cough, nausea, skin infection,
stomachache and others.

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Based on the study of Pucot and Demayo (2021), as cited by Unilab Incorporated (2019), the majority of people get these ailments,
especially those with compromised immune systems. The symptoms known as bughat or relapse will often occur. Pucot and Demayo
(2021) claimed that because women are more likely to give birth, which happened more likely to develop this illness. However, same
citation claimed that men can develop this illness, particularly those who have loaded jobs that involve physical strength. As a result,
many illnesses will cause the body's immune system to deteriorate, which could cause death if untreated.
In addition, several of the mentioned plant species have been specially utilized to treat a variety of conditions. To treat gastrointestinal
infections such as diarrhea, constipation, stomachache, stomach acidity, nausea, most of the traditional healers cited Chromalaena
odorata L., Impatiens balsamina L., Pseudelephantopus spicatus, Jatropha gossypiifolia L., Senna tora L., Corchorus cordifolius Salisb.,
Ficus septica Burm.f., Psidium guajava L., Chrysophyllum cainito L., Brucea javanica L., and Datura metel L. To treat skin diseases,
most cited medicinal plants were Justicia gendarussa Burm.f., Centella asiatica L., Plectranthus scutellarioides L., Phyllanthus urinaria
L., and Stachytarpheta jamaicensis L. To treat common cold and cough, the traditional healers cited Blumea balsamifera L., Vitex
negundo L., and Coleus amboinicus L. Lastly, to treat fever, relapse, body pain and fatigue, the respondents cited Bidens pilosa L.,
Heliotropium indicum L., Artemisia vulgaris L., Kyllinga nemoralis L., Euphorbia hirta L., Mimosa pudica L., Vigna radiata L., Sida
acuta L., and Eleusine indica L.
However, the traditional healers used various treatment methods and diagnosis depending on the type of ailment occurrence. Based on
the data gathered, some traditional healers were used the method of decoction in which if the patients suffered from certain illnesses
like fever, relapse, and nausea. The decoction method increased the efficacy of the plant by boiling the fresh parts for a longer time to
soften the tougher woody substance and release its active cellular ingredients (Morilla and Demayo, 2019).
Furthermore, some traditional healers also used the extraction of plants through poultice where plant materials, preferably fresh, ground,
crush or pound were topically applied directly to the affected area. Further, the traditional healers also utilized the method of infusion,
in which involved burning or heating the plant portion with flames. In most cases, the infusion method was used in which the warm
water was used as the solvent, and plant components were allowed to steep there like when making tea. According to the information
obtained from traditional healers, the patient or attendants were significantly asked for the signs and symptoms observed and the
duration of the health problem and accordingly the prescription is ordered.
Qualitative phytochemical screening of five medicinal plants used by traditional healers in Aurora, Zamboanga del Sur
The qualitative phytochemical screening of five selected medicinal plants tested showed the presence of terpenoids, anthraquinones,
phenols, and saponins. The results revealed the presence of medically active cellular chemical contents in the five medicinal plants that
were studied.
Table 4. Qualitative Analysis of phytochemical constituents of Ethanol extracts from five medicinal plants collected
from the Municipality of Aurora, Zamboanga del Sur
Phytochemical Plant Extract
Constituents Stachytarpheta Jatropha Impatiens Phyllanthus Pseudelephantopus
jamaicensis gossypiifolia balsamina urinaria spicatus
Terpenoids ++ +++ ++ +++ +
Anthraquinones + ++ +++ - +++
Phenol ++ + + - -
Saponins ++ ++ ++ +++ ++
Legend: (+++) Strongly present, (++) Present, (+) Weakly Present, (-) Absent

Based on the above table, it can be deduced that, terpenoids and saponins were present in all plants. Anthraquinones were absent only
in the leaves of Phyllanthus urinaria. While phenols were absent in the leaves of Phyllanthus urinaria and Pseudelephantopus spicatus.
Additionally, as far as phytochemical screening is concerned, the plants with the most abundant phytochemical constituents were
Stachytarpheta jamaicensis, Jatropha gossypiifolia, and Impatiens balsamina abundant for terpenoids, anthraquinones, phenols as well
as saponins. As such, terpenoids were strongly present in the leaves of Jatropha gossypiifolia and Phyllanthus urinaria. It implied that
these two medicinal plants Jatropha gossypiifolia and Phyllanthus urinaria constitutes higher level of phytoconstituents. As stated in
the study of Rabi (2009), the terpenoids have been found to be useful in the prevention and therapy of several diseases, including
cancer.
Stachytarpheta jamaicencis (kandikandilaan), was an erected and branched half-woody plant, 1 to 1.5 meters high as recorded in the
Philippine Medicinal Plants. This plant was common weed in open and waste places at low and medium altitudes in settled areas
throughout the Philippines. In terms of its chemical constituents, Hoffman and Déciga-Campos (2017), stated that the four chemical
components of Stachytarpheta jamaicencis were terpenoids, anthraquinones, phenols, and saponins. Stachytarpheta jamaicensis was
one of many plant species that frequently include these kinds of secondary metabolites. These substances were known to engage in a
variety of biological processes and contribute significantly to plant defense mechanisms against herbivores, pathogens, and stressors
from the environment. Stachytarpheta jamaicensis likely possesses a variety of defensive mechanisms against potential threats in its
environment given the existence of these substances in the plant. For instance, terpenoids were recognized for its insecticidal qualities
and its ability to stop herbivores from feeding on the plant. Thus, anthraquinones were frequently employed as natural pesticides despite

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being harmful to many insects (Fernández-Pérez, 2019; Lahlou, 2004; Trigo, et. al, 2010). However, according to the study of Cushnie
and Lamb (2005) stated that phenols and saponins have antimicrobial qualities and can protect the plant from bacterial and fungal
infections.
All things considered, the presence of these four chemical substances in Stachytarpheta jamaicensis suggested that the plant has evolved
a sophisticated defense mechanism to protect itself from potential hazards in its surroundings. However, specific effects of these
compounds on the health and survival of the plant will vary depending on several conditions, such as the severity and frequency of
attacks by pathogens and herbivores as well as the availability of resources for the plant to generate these compounds.
Jatropha gossypiifolia (tuba-tuba tapol), was a species of flowering plant in the spurge Family Euphorbiaceae. Based on Philippine
Medicinal Plants, Jatropha gossypiifolia L. was an erected, branched shrub usually less than one-meter high. It was widely distributed
particularly in waste places at low altitudes. It was known to contain a wide range of phytochemicals, including terpenoids,
anthraquinones, saponins, and phenols. Another important medicinal plant also possesses these four chemical contents. The strong
presence of terpenoids in Jatropha gossypiifolia presented several benefits to the plant, including protection against pests and diseases,
as well as serving as a defense against herbivores. Terpenoids have also been shown to have medicinal properties, including anti-
inflammatory and anti-cancer activities (Dinesh Kumar, 2011).
Terpenoids were also known to possess antimicrobial, antifungal, antiparasitic, antiviral, anti-allergenic, antispasmodic,
antihyperglycemic, antiinflammatory and immunomodulatory properties. However, numerous studies have investigated the biological
activities and potential therapeutic applications of various terpenoids. For instance, a study by Singh and Sharma (2020) demonstrated
the potential of monoterpenoids, such as limonene, to inhibit the growth of cancer cells and reduce inflammation. In another study,
Sengul et al. (2018) investigated the antioxidant and antimicrobial properties of sesquiterpenoids extracted from various plants, showing
promising results for its potential as natural preservatives in the food industry.
However, the presence of anthraquinones and saponins in Jatropha gossypiifolia also contributed to its medicinal properties.
Anthraquinones have been shown to have laxative and antimicrobial activities, while saponins have been shown to have anti-
inflammatory and anti-tumor activities (Li, et al., 2015; Olajide, et al., 2000). Thus, the weak presence of phenols in Jatropha
gossypiifolia not have a significant impact on the plant's overall properties, as phenols were known for its antioxidant properties and
may also serve as a defense against herbivores and pathogens (Patil, et al., 2011; Souza, et al., 2013; Vogel and Furniss, 1978).
Impatiens balsamina (kamantigue), was a genus of about 850-1,000 species of flowering plants, and together with the puzzling
Hydrocera triflora, the genus makes up the Family Balsaminaceae. According to Philippine Medicinal Plants, this plant was an annual,
erected, succulent, branched herb, 1-meter-high or less that constitutes four cellular chemical contents. Among the four compounds
anthraquinones got the strong presence in the leaves of Impatiens balsamina. This implies that this plant has medicinal properties due
to its antioxidant and anti-inflammatory effects. As supported by Lin (2005), stated that if anthraquinones were strongly present in this
plant, it has medicinal properties due to its antioxidant and anti-inflammatory effects. Terpenoids and saponins were also present in
Impatiens balsamina, which have various biological activities such as antimicrobial, anti-inflammatory, and anticancer properties.
However, the weak presence of phenols in Impatiens balsamina was not have a significant impact on the plant's overall properties.
Thus, phenols also have antioxidant and anti-inflammatory effects, so its weak presence still contributed to the plant's medicinal
properties to some extent.
Phyllanthus urinaria (Likod-likod), was an erected, branched, slender smooth herb growing 50 to 60 centimeters high. Leaves were
small and oblong, alternate and often imbricated, oblong to elliptic-oblong, 5 to 8 millimeters long, rather pale beneath, and on very
short stalks. According to the Philippine Medicinal Plants, this plants was found commonly on roadside and garden weed throughout
the Philippines. This plant constitutes only two phytoconstituents such as terpenoids and saponins that has strongly presence in its
leaves. This implies that Phyllanthus urinaria possess anti-tumor, anti-inflamatory, antibacterial, antiviral, and antimalarial same with
saponins. This was supported by Liao, et al., (2006), stated that if terpenoids and saponins were strongly present in Phyllanthus urinaria,
this indicate that the plant has developed these compounds as a defense mechanism against herbivores or pathogens. Terpenoids were
known for its antifungal, antibacterial, and insecticidal properties, while saponins were often toxic to various animals, including insects,
fish, and mammals. Therefore, the high concentration of terpenoids and saponins help Phyllanthus urinaria to determine herbivores and
protect itself from infections.
However, the absence of anthraquinones and phenols in Phyllanthus urinaria was suggested that the plant does not rely on these
compounds for its survival or medicinal properties. According to Parekh and Chanda (2007), anthraquinones were known for its
laxative and antimicrobial effects, while phenols have antioxidant and anti-inflammatory properties. However, the absence of these
compounds does not necessarily mean that Phyllanthus urinaria was not useful medicinally, as it also contained other bioactive
compounds that have different pharmacological effects. The study of Parekh and Chanda (2007), examined the phytochemical
composition and antimicrobial activity of several Indian medicinal plants, including Phyllanthus urinaria. The researchers found that
if the plant did not contain anthraquinones or phenols, it did contain other bioactive compounds such as tannins, flavonoids, and
alkaloids. The researchers also observed significant antimicrobial activity against several bacterial strains. To sum it up, the absence
of anthraquinones and phenols in Phyllanthus urinaria was suggested that the plant does not rely on these compounds for its survival
or medicinal properties, but it still contains other bioactive compounds that contribute to its therapeutic potential.
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Pseudelephantopus spicatus (Dila-dila sa iro), was an erected, much branched, hairy or nearly smooth, rather stiff herb, 20 to 80
centimeters in height. Leaves are oblong-obovate and 9 to 14 centimeters long, with a blunt tip and narrowed base; those of the upper
part of the stem were smaller. Based on the Philippine Medicinal Plants, this plant commonly found in waste places generally. This
plant was screened and found that constitutes anthraquinones which was accumulates the strongest presence found in its leaves. Both
terpenoids and saponins compounds were also present yet not that strong enough like anthraquinones. This implies that the presence
of different chemical compounds in this plant can have various effects on its physiology and interactions with other organisms.
Anthraquinones were organic compounds that were commonly found in many plant species and have been shown to have a range of
biological activities, including antimicrobial, antifungal, and antiviral properties.
The strong presence of anthraquinones in Pseudelephantopus spicatus indicated that the plant has developed these compounds as a
defense mechanism against pests and pathogens (Akinyemi, et. al., 2010). However, saponins were another class of organic compounds
that were often found in plants, and it has been shown to have a range of biological activities, including anti-inflammatory,
antimicrobial, and antifungal properties. The presence of saponins in Pseudelephantopus spicatus also suggested that the plant has
developed these compounds as a defense mechanism (Santos, et al. 2013). As stated by Sánchez-Medina, et al. (2012), the weak
presence of terpenoids in Pseudelephantopus spicatus suggested that this plant species was not heavily rely on these compounds for its
survival or defense against predators. However, the absence of phenols in Pseudelephantopus spicatus indicated that this plant species
may have evolved other mechanisms to protect itself against oxidative stress and microbial infections (Gutiérrez and Mitchell, 2011).
Conclusions
In this study, qualitative phytochemical analysis of five selected medicinal plants clearly reveals the medically active cellular
phytoconstituents such as terpenoids, anthraquinones, phenols, and saponins that were present in Stachytarpheta jamaicensis, Jatropha
gossypiifolia, Impatiens balsamina, Phyllanthus urinaria, and Pseudelephantopus spicatus leaves. These medicinal plants appeared to
be rich in chemical contents, widely used in traditional medicine to combat and cure various ailments. The anti-inflammatory,
antibacterial, antiviral, antimalarial, antiparasitic, antianalgesic and antioxidant can be attributed to the high anthraquinones, phenols,
terpenoids and saponins in the leaves of the five medicinal plants.
Therefore, this study has shown that many plants used in traditional medicine in the Philippines especially in the Municipality of Aurora
have very potent different activities like antibacterial, antiviral, antimalarial, etc. and bioactive components of the plant may vary. The
characterization of the active cellular components of these plants may lead to full utilization by the local folks particularly for
Stachytarpheta jamaicensis, Jatropha gossypiifolia, Impatiens balsamina, Phyllanthus urinaria, and Pseudelephantopus spicatus leaves.
The findings of this study may also be of commercial interest to research institutes and pharmaceutical industries in the development
of new drugs.
Based on the findings of this study, the qualitative phytochemical analysis of selected medicinal plants used by traditional healers in
Aurora, Zamboanga del Sur is highly recommended to future research as reference method to determine the different active cellular
chemical contents in the leaves of five medicinal plants. However, the presence of phytoconstituents like terpenoids, anthraquinones,
phenols and saponins should take note importantly by the traditional healers or even community in order to have a better understanding
on how the plants combat and cure the specific ailments. Furthermore, the study recommends that all medicinal plants should take care
of and the future researchers conduct more studies on phytochemical screening of medicinal plants for better understanding on when
and how to use different medicinal plants to treat different ailments. Lastly, the study also suggests to future research that instead of
focusing only on traditional healers as respondents, it is recommendable that the researcher should involves those people who are
knowledgeable enough about administering folk medicine as part of the study.
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Affiliations and Corresponding Information
Jobert A. Labor
Zamboanga Del Sur Provincial Government College – Philippines

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Nikka B. Aradillos
Zamboanga Del Sur Provincial Government College – Philippines

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