NEXUS INSTITUTE OF INFORMATION TECHNOLOGY Advance Basic Courses

Unit: 1 Introduction to Computer

➢ Introduction of Computer.
o What is computer?
o Advantage & Disadvantage of Computer?
o Characteristics of Computer?
o Application of Computer?
➢ Main Part of Computer.
➢ Component of Computer (Input/ Output Processing & Storage).
➢ Memory unit (MU).
➢ Storage Capability.
➢ Computer System?
o Hardware & Software.

Unit: 2 Classification of Computer

➢ CLASSIFICATION OF COMPUTER.
o Types of computers on the basis of working principle.
o Types of computers on the basis of size
o Types of computers on the basis of brand
o Types of Computer on the Basis of Model.

Unit:3 Generations of Computer & History

➢ Introduction to Generation of Computer.
o First generation.
o Second generation.
o Third generation.
o Fourth generation.
o Fifth generation.
➢ Introduction to History of Computer.

Unit: 4 Windows Operating System

➢ What is Windows Operating System.
➢ Types of Windows Operating System.
➢ What is Microsoft DOS

Unit : 5 Desktop Management

➢ How to open the Computer
➢ How to Turn off the Computer
➢ How to refresh the computer
➢ How to change Task bar Location on screen.
➢ How to Hide-Unhide Task bar.
➢ How to set any picture at our desktop background
➢ How to change the Date & Time
➢ How to get/Display the Gadgets on Desktop? (E.g. Calendar or Clock)
➢ How to change icons size/View
➢ How to Hide-Unhide the Desktop Icons
➢ How to Hide / Unhide User, My Computer, My Network, Control panel &
Recycle-Bin?
➢ How to set the name of screensaver
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➢ How to make Folder

➢ How to Rename Folder.
➢ How to change Folder icon
➢ How to delete Folder (Temporary & Permanently).
➢ How to restore deleted Folder from Recycle bin?
➢ How to copy File & Folder
➢ How to paste the File
➢ How to the change mouse pointer and courser.
➢ How to delete Temp file
➢ How to delete the %Temp% use file
➢ How to the disk cleanup computer
➢ How to the disk defragment of computer
➢ How to delete the recently use file
➢ How to delete the Prefetch use file
➢ Special Key of Keyboard.

Unit : 6 Microsoft Paint

➢ What is MS-Paint.
➢ How to open the Paint Brush.
➢ Introduction of Tools
➢ FILE MENU

Unit: 7 Notepad, Calculator & Word-Pad

➢ What is notepad?
➢ How to open Notepad
➢ How to save file
➢ How to open Saved file
➢ How to open new file
➢ How do I cut, copy, paste, or delete text
➢ How do I change the font style and size?
➢ Introduction to Word-Pad.
➢ How to create a WordPad document
➢ How to Open a WordPad document
➢ How to print a document
➢ How to open Calculator
➢ How to change Calculator

Unit: 8 Microsoft word 2010

➢ Microsoft office word 2010
➢ Microsoft office word 2010 top 20 secret features:
➢ Microsoft office word 2010 top 10 benefits:
➢ How to open Microsoft word 2010?
➢ Menu of MS-Word
o File Menu
o Home Tab
o Inert Tab
o page layout tab

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o Reference tab
o Mailings tab
o Review tab
o View tab

Unit: 9 Microsoft Excel 2010

➢ What is ms excel 2010?
➢ Top 10 features of Ms-excel 2010
➢ Key points
➢ How to start MS-Excel 2010
➢ How to insert, delete & rename new worksheet
➢ How to save Ms excel.
➢ Example of Formula, Goal Seek, Data Table, Chart & Pivot Table.
➢ Class work -practical uses for excel

Unit: 10 Microsoft PowerPoint 2010

➢ Introduction
➢ What is PowerPoint?
➢ Window of Microsoft PowerPoint 2010
➢ New features of PowerPoint 2010
➢ To start Microsoft PowerPoint
➢ Creating new presentation
➢ Saving your presentation
➢ Starting your slide show
➢ Office themes
➢ Duplicate selected slides
➢ Theme
➢ Adding video clips.,
➢ Adding audio
➢ Adding a pictures
➢ Adding clip art
➢ Adding shapes
➢ How to format the shapes?
➢ Slide transition
➢ Printing
➢ Class Lab work

Unit :11 MS-Access 2010

➢ What is MS-Access 2010?
➢ Features of Microsoft Access 2010.
➢ How to open MS-Access 2010.
➢ How to Create New Database.
➢ Create a Blank Table in Database.
➢ How to Create a Query, Form.
➢ How to Create a Report

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➢ Unit: 12 Basic HTML

➢ What do you mean by HTML?
➢ Features of HTML.
➢ Structure of HTML.
➢ HTML Tag
o Heading tag
o Paragraph tag
o Font setting tag
➢ Image tag.
➢ Basic Listing tag.
➢ Basic Table Tag.

Unit :13 Email and Internet

➢ Definitions
➢ URL/URI
➢ Domain name
➢ Some important sites

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Unit: 1 Introduction to computer

Introduction of Computer: -
The term ‘Computer’ is derived from the Latin word. “Computere” this means to
calculate. Computer is an advanced electronic/modern device which takes raw data
as input from the user then process these data as per given instruction then gives
output (result) and store it for future use. It is a data processing machine, which can
process any kind of numerical (arithmetic & Logic function) operation under the control
of sequential instructions called program.

What is computer?
Computer is an electronics device which takes input from the user with the help of
input devices processed under processing devices produced output through output
devices.

Full form of computer:

C = Commonly
O = Operated
M = Machine
P = Particularly
U = Used for
T =Trade
E = Education and
R = Research

Advantages& Disadvantages of computer

➢ Stores huge amount of data
➢ Online trading
➢ Online education | Distance Learning
➢ Research
➢ Forecasting weather, and predicting earthquakes, volcano eruptions
➢ Produce Employment
➢ Internet
➢ In Business

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Disadvantages of computers
➢ Health Issues.
➢ Spread of pornography
➢ Virus and hacking attacks
➢ Computer cannot take their own decision NO IQ
➢ Negative effect on Environment
➢ Crashed networks
➢ Computer cannot work on itself
➢ Spread of violence, hatred
➢ Online Cyber Crimes
➢ Data and Information violation

Characteristics of computer
1. Speed
2. Storage
3. Accuracy
4. Versatile
5. Reliability
6. Automatic
7. Diligence
1. Speed: - computer can perform its work at a very high speed which is
measured in the terms of fractions of second. such as millisecond,
microsecond, nanosecond, and picoseconds. It works with electronic pulses
at the speed of the light

2. Storage: - it can store very large amount of data which can be used in the
future by the help of secondary devices like floppy disk, hard disk, compact
disk and pen drive.

3. Accuracy: - It does not make mistake, if you give correct information .so it
has 100% accuracy. The error in the calculation may be due to the error in
the logic of the human but not due to the computer.

4. Versatile: -computer is a versatile machine because several applications

can be run at a time. for instance, Ms-paint, Ms-word, Adobe Photoshop and
VLC media player can be run at a time.

5. Reliability: - It is more reliable than human as it performs its work very fast,
without making any mistakes and without taking rest.

6. Automatic: - It is a modern automatic machine because instruction is

carried out obediently though no question asked.

7. Diligence: -it is machine .it never gets bored and tired. if five million
calculations have to be performed, a computer can perform the five millionth
calculations with the same accuracy and speed as it performed the first
calculations.
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Application of Computer: -
The various applications of computers in today's are:
1.Business
2.Education
3.Marketing
4.Banking
5.Insurance
6.Communication
7. Health Care
8.Military
9. Engineering Design
› Business
Computer is used in business organizations for: Payroll calculations, Sales
analysis, Budgeting, Financial forecasting, managing employee's database and
Maintenance of stocks etc.
› Education
Computers have its dominant use in the education field which can significantly
enhance performance in learning. Even distance learning is made productive and
effective through internet and video-based classes.
› Marketing
Computers are used, Advertising professionals create art and graphics, write and
revise copy, and print and disseminate ads with the goal of selling more products.
It is also used Home shopping has been made possible through use of
computerized catalogues that provide access to product information and permit
direct entry of orders to be filled by the customers.
› Banking
Today banking is almost totally dependent on computer. Banks provide the
facilities of:
Banks provide online accounting facility, which includes current balances,
deposits, overdrafts, interest charges, shares, and trustee records.
ATM machines are making it even easier for customers to deal with banks.
› Insurance
Insurance companies are keeping all records up-to-date with the help of
computers. The insurance companies, finance houses and stock broking firms
are widely using computers for their concerns.
› Communication
Communication means to convey a message, an idea, a picture or speech that is
received and understood clearly and correctly by the person for whom it is meant
for. Some main areas in this category are: Chatting, E-mail, Usenet, FTP, Video-
conferencing and Telnet.
› Health Care
Most of the medical information can now be digitized from the prescription to
reports. Computation in the field of medicine allows us to offer varied miraculous
therapies to the patients. ECG’s, radiotherapy wasn’t possible without computers.
› Military
Computers are the main tools which help in developing missiles and other
equipment in the deference system. Designing and the maintenance are possible
only through computers. Computer builds the links between the soldiers and

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commanders through the satellite. Construction of weapons and controlling their

function is not possible without the aid of computers.
› Engineering Design
As per the title, computers aid in designing buildings, magazines, prints,
newspapers, books and many others. The construction layouts are designed
beautifully on system using different tools and software’s.

Main Parts of Computer

➢ Casing box (Cabinet)
➢ Mother Board (Main Board)
➢ CPU => (Central Processing Unit)
➢ Ram (Random Access Memory)
➢ Hard disk
➢ Keyboard
➢ LAN Card (Nic Card) => (Local Area Network)
➢ Sound Card (VGA Card) => (Video Graphic Array)
➢ Mouse
➢ Monitor
➢ Data Cable
➢ Printer
➢ Scanner
➢ Web Cam
➢ Modem

Monitor
Monitor is the most important peripheral of all the components within a computer
system. It is the most important output device. It is also known as screen or visual
display unit (VDU). All information display on the Monitor.

Keyboard
This is the most popular data entry system use in all modern computers. The most
important thing to watch out for the keyboard connector.

Mouse
The mouse is a pointing input device that is used with video (Visual) Display Unit
(VDU) at computer System. It is a small box with a round ball on the button and
more than one button on the top. It is hold in one hand and moved across flat
surface. There are three types of Mouse
- Mechanical mouse
- Wireless mouse

Hard Disk
It is the main storage device. It consists of the entire computer item. As well as
document created by using all software's. It lies inside the system board (CPU box).
Fixed disk has much greater capacity than floppy disks. Today’s hard disk
capacities are measured in gigabytes.

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Component of Computer: -

Input Processing Output

[Input Device] [Processing Device] [Output Device]
- Mouse -CPU (Central Processing Unit)
- Monitor
- Keyboard - [ALU + CU]
- Printer
- Web Cam. - ALU-Arithmetic & Logic Unit -Speaker
- Scanner - CU-Control Unit
- Digital Camera
- Touch Screen
- Joystick, track ball etc.

Input:-
Input data is raw information. It is the collection of latter, number, image etc. given
to the computer to produce the result.
Process:-
Process is the action on data as per given instruction. It is totally inner process of
the computer system.
Output: -
Output is the final data given by computer after data processing. It is also called
Result. We can save the result for our future use.

Input devices
The device through which computer gets data, information and instructions are
called input devices. The following are the examples of input devices.
a) Keyboard
b) Mouse
c) Scanner
d) Trackball
e) Microphone
f) Digital camera
The input devices are briefly explained below:
a) Keyboard: -
It is a common input device which is used to feed data and instruction to the
computer like a typewriter. There are alphabet keys, number keys, functions
keys and special keys. Keyboard may have 101,104,106,112 keys.
b) Mouse: -
It is also a common device, which is specially used for giving the instruction to
the computer. It has a pointing device called mouse pointer. We move the
mouse on the surface of mouse pad to point on the required command and
icons etc. there are three types of mouse. they are mechanical mouse, optical
mouse, and wireless mouse.

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c) Scanner: - scanner is an input device whose main work is to convert the

pictures, graphics; symbols etc. to a binary form and send it to system where it
is again converted in to the readable forms to the user.

d) Trackball: -
Trackball is a pointing device. Essentially a trackball is a mouse lying on its
back .to move the pointer; you rotate the ball with your thumb, your fingers or
the palm of your hand. There are usually one to three buttons next to the ball
which you see just like mouse buttons.

CPU (Central Processing Unit)

The main unit inside the computer is the CPU. This unit is responsible for all events
inside the computer. It controls all internal and external devices, perform arithmetic
and logic operation. The CPU is the divided that interprets and excites.

Output devices
The devices through which we can see output or result after the processing are known
as output devices. These are connected to the main computer system. The common
output devices are:
a) Monitor
b) Printer
c) LCD
d) Speakers
They are briefly explained below:
a) Monitor: -
Monitor is an output device. It is also called VDU (Visual Display Unit).
Whatever we give input data by using input devices, we can see it in the
monitor. The quality of monitor depends on the types of monitor. There are
three types of monitor based on technology.
1. CRT (Cathode Ray Tube) monitors.
2. LCD (Liquid Crystal Display) monitors.
3. LED (Light Emitting Diode) monitor.
b) Printer: -
Printer is a hard output device. It is used to print the documents, programs,
drawings, pictures etc. for permanent use on paper sheet. There are different
types of printer such as: dot matrix printer, inkjet printer, laser printer, daisy
wheel printer, ball printer etc.
c) Speaker: -
Speaker produces sound output. we can listen recorded voices, sounds or
music with the help of speakers. A speaker produces sound output with the help
of sound card. It is soft copy output devices.

Memory unit (MU): -

The Memory Unit is the part of the computer that holds data and instructions for
processing. Although it is closely associated with the CPU, in actual fact it is separate
from it. Memory associated with the CPU is also called primary storage, primary
memory, main storage, internal storage and main memory. When we load software
from a floppy disk, hard disk or CD-ROM, it is stored in the Main Memory.

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There are two types of computer memory inside the computer:

Primary Memory
Primary storage, presently known as main memory, is the only one directly accessible
to the CPU. The CPU continuously reads instructions stored there and executes them
as required. Also, it has limited storage capacity because it is very expensive. It is
made up of semiconductor devices.

Types of primary memory

RAM (Random Access Memory): - The RAM is a volatile memory; it means
information written to it can be accessed as long as power is on. As soon as the power
is off, it cannot be accessed. So, this mean RAM computer memory essentially empty.
RAM holds data and processing instructions temporarily until the CPU needs it.

There are two basic types of RAM:

(i) Dynamic Ram
(ii) Static RAM

Dynamic RAM: - Loses its stored information in a very short time (for mile sec.), even
when power supply is on. D-RAM’s are cheaper & slower. Similar to a microprocessor
chip is an Integrated Circuit (IC) made of millions of transistors and capacitors.
Static RAM: -Uses a completely different technology. S-RAM retains stored
information only as long as the power supply is on. Static RAM’s are costlier and
consume more power. They have higher speed than D-RAMs. They store information
in Hip-Hope.

ROM(Read Only Memory)

ROM :- Read only memory: Its non-volatile memory, i.e., the information stored in it,
is not lost even if the power supply goes off. It’s used for the permanent storage of
information. It also possesses random access property. Information cannot be written
into a ROM by the users/programmers. In other words, the contents of ROMs are
decided by the manufactures.
The following types of ROMs are listed below:
• (i) PROM: - It’s programmable ROM. Its contents are decided by the user. The
user can store permanent programs, data etc in a PROM. The data is fed into
it using a PROM programs.
• (ii) EPROM: - An EPROM is an erasable PROM. The stored data in EPROM’s
can be erased by exposing it to UV light for about 20 min. It’s not easy to erase
it because the EPROM IC has to be removed from the computer and exposed
to UV light. The entire data is erased and not selected portions by the user.
EPROM’s are cheap and reliable.

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• (iii) EEPROM (Electrically Erasable PROM): - The chip can be erased &
reprogrammed on the board easily byte by byte. It can be erased within a few
milliseconds. There is a limit on the number of times the EEPROM’s can be
reprogrammed, i.e.; usually around 10,000 times.
Secondary Memory
Secondary storage, sometimes called auxiliary storage, is all data storage that is not
currently in a computer's primary storage or memory. This is computer memory that is
not directly accessible to the processor but uses the I/O channels. It is for storing data
not in active use and preserves data even without power, meaning it is non-volatile. In
a personal computer, secondary storage typically consists of storage on the hard disk
and on any removable media, if present, such as a CD or DVD.
Types of secondary memory
Secondary Memory
i. Punching Devices
ii. Magnetic Tape
iii. Floppy Disk
iv. Optical Discs (CD/DVD)
v. Hard Disk Drives
vi. Flash Drives
Storage Capability
The storage character of a computer has made it distinct from a calculator because
calculator cannot store the data; it only processes the given data and produces output.
0, 1 = Bit
4 Bits = 1 Nibble
8 Bits (2 Nibble) = 1 Byte
1 Byte = 1 Character
1024 Byte = 1 KB (Kilo Byte)
1024 KB = 1 MB (Mega Byte)
1024 MB = 1 GB (Giga Byte)
1024 GB = 1 TB (Tera Byte)
1024 TB = 1 PT (Peta Byte)
1024 PT = 1 EB (Exabyte)
1024 EB = 1 ZB (Zetta Byte)
➢ Millisecond [1ms] – A thousand of a second or 10-3
➢ Micro seconds [1ms] – A millionth of a second or 10-6
➢ Nano seconds [1ns] – A thousand millionth of a second or 10-9
➢ Pico second [1ps] – A million millionth of a second or 10-12
➢ The speed of computers is also measured in terms of instructions per second.
There are two such measures.
Computer System
Computer system divided into two types. They are:

1. Hardware
The physical complaint of a computer system which can be seen and touched,
such as the computer itself, its modules and peripherals (the input/output
device and auxiliary storage units) are called Hardware. It is just a mechanism
of the computer system like: Mouse, Keyboard, Monitor, CPU, Motherboard
Hard Disk etc.

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2. Software
Software is nothing but the computer programs. Software is the set of
programs, which, are used for different purposes software basically the set of
instructions grouped into program from that make electronic device in the
computer to function in the desired. Software are divided into three types. They
are:
a. System software
b. Application software
c. Utility software
a. System software: - it is the software used to manage and control the
hardware components and which allow interaction between the hardware
and the other types of software. The most obvious type of system software
is the computer's operating system but device drivers are also included
within this category.

b. Applications software (also known as 'apps') are designed to allow the

user of the system complete a specific task or set of tasks. They include
programs such as web browsers, office software, games and so on. They
are usually the reason you bought the computer system in the first place
and aren't concerned with the management or maintenance of the system
itself.

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c. Utility software is software such as anti-virus software, firewalls, disk

defragmenters and so on which helps to maintain and protect the computer
system but does not directly interface with the hardware.

d. Live ware: -Person who operates (handles) computer its periphery, is

known as human ware. A computer, as we know, is a machine which
processes into a useful from information but it required a set of sequenced
instructions to do so. A computer cannot provide its own input. It but cannot
decide how it can be programmed; it cannot implement any decision on its
own; It cannot think.

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Unit: 2 Classification of computer

Up to now there is no clear-cut classification of computer. However, Computer are
classified on the basis of different groups. These are as follows.
CLASSIFICATION OF COMPUTER
On the basis of working principle
a) Analog Computer
b) Digital Computer
c) Hybrid Computer
On the basis of size
a) Mini Computer
b) Micro Computer
c) Mainframe computer
d) Super computer
On the basis of Brand
a) IBM PC computer
b) IBM Compatible
c) Apple/Macintosh
On the basis of Model
a) XT
b) AT
c) PS/2
Types of computers on the basis of working principle
a. Analog Computers
An analog computer is a type of computer that uses the continuously changeable aspects
of physical phenomena such as electrical, mechanical, or hydraulic quantities to model the
problem being solved
Features of Analog Computer: -
• Operates by measuring voltages and currents.
• The accuracy of this computer is poor.
• It has limited memory space.
• It is not versatile.
b. Digital computers
The digital computers work upon discontinuous data. They convert the data into
digits (binary digits 0 and 1) and all operations are carried out on this digit at
extremely fast rate. A digital computer basically knows how to count the digits
and add them. Digital computers are much faster than analog computers and
far more accurate. These computers are multipurpose machines i.e. many
problems oriented. They are used for business and scientific application.
Features of digital computer: -
• It works by counting numbers.
• The accuracy of this machine is very high.
• It has large memory capacity.
• It is versatile in nature.
c. Hybrid computers
Hybrid computer is developed in such a way that it can perform the task of
digital as well as analog computer. These computers utilize the best qualities
of both the digital and analog computers. It helps the user to process both
continuous and discrete data. In these computers, some calculations take place
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in analog manner and rest of them takes place in digital manner. In hybrid
computer, a converter is fixed to convert the analog signals into digital signals
and digital signals into analog signals.

Types of computers on the basis of size

a. Microcomputers
These are single-user computers based on microprocessor. A microprocessor
is a processor whose all components are on a single integrated-circuit chip. It
requires a smaller space and can be placed on the table. It uses a keyboard as
a general input device and monitors as output device.
b. Minicomputers
These computers are more powerful and more expensive than microcomputer.
These are mainly multi-user systems where many users simultaneously work
on the system. Minicomputers possess greater storage capacity and larger
memory as compared to microcomputers. These are even capable of handling
more input-output devices. PDP-11 is an example of minicomputer. These
computers are mainly used in universities, industrial establishments,
telecommunication, police headquarters, banks etc.
c. Mainframe Computers
These computers are designed to handle huge volumes of data and
information. These can support more than 100 users at same time. These are
very large and expensive. Mainframe computers have great processing speed
and very large storage capacity, memory as compared to minicomputers.
These computers even possess and work with more than one processor at the
same time. These are costly and they have big capacity of processing task and
mainly used by big industries, engineering, universities, banks, and for scientific
calculations.
d. Supercomputers
Super computers are extremely fast computer that can perform hundreds of
millions of instructions per seconds. They are most expensive and the most
powerful computers made to process complex and time-consuming
calculations. They are designed to process complex scientific jobs. These
consist of several processors running together thereby making them immensely
faster and powerful. These computers are capable of handling huge amounts
of calculations that are beyond human capabilities. Supercomputers can
perform billions of instructions per second. Some of the today’s supercomputers
have the computing capability equal to that of 40000 microprocessors. These
are normally 64-bits machines. They execute about 100 million instructions per
seconds (MIPS). These are very fast and have large main memories.
The applications are weather forecasting, nuclear science research,
aerodynamic modeling, seismology, analysis of geological data, graphics and
metrology. Examples of supercomputers are Cray-1, Cyber-205.

Types of computers on the basis of brand

a. IBM PC
IBM PC stands for International Business Machine Personal Computer. The
IBM is the one of the largest computers and other electronic equipment
manufacturing company in the world. It was established in USA in 1924. IBM

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PC is a microcomputer produced by IBM companies. The computers produced

by this company are reliable, durable and have high capability.
b. IBM Compatible
Many companies make clones of IBM’s Personal Computers which are often
called compatibles. IBM compatible can use hardware and software designed
for the IBM PC. The internal architecture of IBM compatible is similar to IBM
PC. The example of IBM compatible computers is EPSON, ASER, etc.
c. Apple/Macintosh
Apple/Macintosh company is also one of the largest personal computers
manufactures, located in California. It was established in 1976. The internal
architecture of these computers is totally different from that of IBM. They have
their own software. Apple Company manufactured a new brand of computer
popularly known as Macintosh in 1984. Macintosh became notable for
popularizing the graphical user interface. The operating system produced by
Apple Company for their Macintosh is called Mac OS.

On the basis of Model:

a. XT Computer (Extra Technology): It cannot support GUI based operating

system. Its processing speed is 4.77 MHz and Intel 8080, 8086, 8088 series of
microprocessors is used.

b. AT Computer (Advance Technology): It supports GUI based operating

systems. Its speed is 2 G Hz and word length64 bits. Its processors are Intel
series of 80286, 80386, 80486, Pentium I, Pentium II etc.

c. PS/2 Computer: It is a laptop computer with rechargeable and battery-based

system. It is operated with OS/2 operating system.

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Unit: 3 Generations of computer

Introduction
Computer generation’s classification is mainly based on the basic devices used.
Also, the considerations are the architecture, languages, modes of operation, etc.
The functions performed by the computers and the speed of their operations have
been changing since the olden days to the most modern computers. There have
been great variations in size and cost of the computers. Technological break-
through in hardware and software resulted into more and advanced computer
systems. It has been identified that there are four major stages in the continuous
development process of the computers. These stages are called computer
generations. In fact, computer system belonging to one particular technological
class is said to belong to a particular computer generation. Generation of computer
are classified by five Categories. They are: -
o First generation (1946-1955)
The first-generation computers operated on the principle of thermionic
emission. They used thermionic valves also known as vacuum tubes, and
machine language was used for giving instructions. The first-generation
computers used ‘stored program concept’. The computers of this generation
were very large in size called mainframe or room sized computers. Their
programming was a difficult and time consuming. First, the programming of first-
generation computers was done in machine language (instructions were written
in binary digits 0s and 1s). Afterwards assembly language (programs were
written in mnemonics) was developed and used in first generation computers.
John Von Neuman designed a Computer called EDVAC with architecture of
CPU, which allowed all computer functions to be coordinated through a single
source.
Features of the first-generation computers were:
➢ The electronic circuitry was based on thermionic valves and vacuum tubes.
➢ Occupied very large space, slow, inefficient, and unreliable due to low
accuracy.
➢ The power consumption was very high and generated much heat.
➢ Electrostatic tubes (internal), paper tape, punched cards, magnetic tapes.
➢ Programming mainly at the hardware level.
➢ Low label programming languages were used.

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o Second generation (1956-1965)

The second generation of electronic computers began with the development of
the transistor (electronic switching device). A transistor transfers electric signals
across a resister. The three Bell Lab scientists, John Burdeen, Walter Brattain,
and William Schockley, working for Bell Labs invented the transistor in 1947
which won Nobel Prize in 1956.
Features of the second-generation computers were:
➢ They were compact and hence occupied less space.
➢ Because of the absence of heating, the power required to operate them was
low.
➢ The operating speed was much higher.
➢ Transistor reduced the size – 1/200th the size of vacuum tubes
➢ Magnetic core, Magnetic drums – (main memory and storage device)
➢ Much faster, more reliable, better speed and could handle enormous
amount of data
➢ The example of second-generation computers is: IBM 1620, Honeywell 400
series, LEO Mark III, IBM 7094, etc.

o Third generation (1966-1975): =

The development of Integrated Circuits (IC) signaled the beginning of the third
generation. Transistors were replaced with ‘integrated circuit’ known popularly
as chips. Scientists managed to fit many components on a single chip; as a
result, computers became ever smaller as more components were squeezed
on the chip.
Features of the third-generation computers were:
• Transistors were replaced by Integrated Circuits in their electronic circuitry.
• Magnetic disks were used for auxiliary memory.
• Monitors and keyboards were introduced for data input and output respectively.
• They had larger storage capacity.
• About ten times faster than the first generation.
• Multiprogramming and multiprocessing facility were developed with computer.
• Database Management System was developed.

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o Fourth generation (1976-present): -

The invention of microprocessor chip marked the beginning of the fourth-
generation computers. Medium scale integrated circuit (MSI, within 10 to 100
transistors) yielded to large scale integrated (LSI, within 100-1000 transistors),
very large scale integrated (VLSI, more than 1000 transistors) and ultra large
scale integrated (ULSI, could fit millions of components (transistors) on to single
chip). Semiconductor memories replaced magnetic core memories. The
invention of microprocessors led to the development of microcomputer or the
personal computer. The development of chips diminishes the size and price of
computers. The first microprocessor called Intel 4004 was developed by
American Intel Corporation in 1971.
Features of the fourth-generation computers are: -
• In mid of 1970’s minicomputers came complete with user friendly software
• In 1981 IBM introduced its personal computer (PC) for use in homes, offices
and schools.
• Computer size changed from desktop to laptop and from laptop to palmtop.
• More advance operating system such as window 95 and NT were developed.
• Computers could be linked together and share information. Electronic mail and
internet were developed.

o Fifth generation (Coming Generation): -

These computers are incomplete. Researchers are going on the development
of these computers. These computers will have been developed that will be
able to converse with people and will be able to mimic human sense, manual
skills, and intelligence. For this, the concept of Artificial Intelligence (AI) is being
used. Researchers are planning to produce biochips that are to be used in fifth
generation computers. While a truly fifth generation computer is not available,
the computer scientists are implementing fifth generation concept on fourth
generation computer.

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Introduction to History of Computer: • It is too expensive

-
Earliest Computer
• Originally calculations were computed by
humans, whose job title was computers.
• These human computers were typically
Stepped Reckoner
engaged in the calculation of a mathematical
• Invented by Gottfried Wilhelm Leibniz in1672.
expression.
• The machine that can add, subtract, multiply
• The calculations of this period were
and divide automatically.
specialized and expensive, requiring years of
training in mathematics.
• The first use of the word "computer" was
recorded in 1613, referring to a person who
carried out calculations, or computations, and
the word continued to be used in that sense
until the middle of the 20th century.
Tally Sticks Jacquard Loom
• A tally stick was an ancient memory aid • The Jacquard Loom is a mechanical loom,
device to record and document numbers, invented by Joseph-Marie Jacquard in 1881.
quantities, or even messages. • It’s an automatic loom controlled by
Arithmometer
• A mechanical calculator invented by Thomas
de Colmar in 1820.
Abacus • The first reliable, useful and commercially
• An abacus is a mechanical device used to successful calculating machine.
aid an individual in performing mathematical • The machine could perform the four basic
calculations. mathematic functions.
• The first mass-produced calculating machine
• The abacus was invented in Babylonia in
2400 B.C.
• The abacus in the form we are most familiar
with was first used in China in around 500 B.C.
• It used to perform basic arithmetic
operations.

Napier’s Bones Difference Engine and Analytical Engine

• Invented by John Napier in 1614. • It’s an automatic, mechanical calculator
• Allowed the operator to multiply, divide and designed to tabulate polynomial functions.
calculate square and cube roots by moving the • Invented by Charles Babbage (Father of
rods around and placing them in specially Computer) in 1822 and 1834.
constructed boards • It is the first mechanical computer.

Slide Rule
• Invented by William Ought red in1622.
• Based on Napier's idea about logarithms.
• Used primarily for:
– multiplication
– division
– roots
– logarithm First Computer Programmer
– Trigonometry • In 1840, Augusta Ada Byron suggests to
• Not normally used for addition or subtraction. Babbage that he uses the binary system.
Pascaline • She writes programs for the Analytical
• Invented by Blaise Pascal in1642. Engine
• It was its limitation to addition and subtraction.
Schutzian Calculation Engine
• Invented by Per Georg Scheutz in 1843.
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• Based on Charles Babbage's difference • The First Stored Program Computer

engine. • Designed by Von Neumann in 1952.
• The first printing calculator. • It has a memory to hold both a stored
program as well as data.
Osborne 1
• The first portable computer.
• Released in 1981 by the Osborne Computer
Corporation
The First Computer Company
Tabulating Machine • The first computer company was the
• Invented by Herman Hollerith in 1890. Electronic Controls Company.
• To assist in summarizing information and • Founded in 1949 by J. Presper Eckert and
accounting John Mauchly.

Harvard Mark 1
• Also known as IBM Automatic
Sequence Controlled
Calculator (ASCC).
• Invented by Howard H. Aiken in 1943.
• The first electro-mechanical computer.
Z1
• The first programmable computer.
• Created by Konrad Zusi in Germany from
1936 to 1938.
• To program the Z1 required that the user
insert punch tape into a punch tape reader and
all output was also generated through punch
tape.
Atanasoff-Berry Computer (ABC)
• It was the first electronic digital computing
device.
• Invented by Professor John Atanasoff and
graduate student Clifford Berry at Iowa State
University between 1939 and 1942.
ENIAC
• ENIAC stands for Electronic Numerical
Integrator and
Computer.
• It was the first electronic general-purpose
computer.
• Completed in 1946.
• Developed by John Presper Eckert and John
W. Mauchly.
UNIVAC 1
• The UNIVAC I (Universal Automatic
Computer 1) was the first commercial
computer.
• Designed by J. Presper Eckert and John
Mauchly.
EDVAC
• EDVAC stands for Electronic Discrete
Variable
Automatic Computer.

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Un.it: 4 Windows Operating System

What is Windows Operating System: -
Windows OS, computer operating system (OS) developed by Microsoft
Corporation to run personal computers (PCs). Featuring the first graphical user
interface (GUI) for IBM-compatible PCs, the Windows OS soon dominated the PC
market. Approximately 90 percent of PCs run some version of Windows.
The first version of Windows, released in 1985, was simply a GUI offered as
an extension of Microsoft’s existing disk operating system, or MS-DOS. Based in part
on licensed concepts that Apple Inc. had used for its Macintosh System Software,
Windows for the first time allowed DOS users to visually navigate a virtual desktop,
opening graphical “windows” displaying the contents of electronic folders and files with
the click of a mouse button, rather than typing commands and directory paths at a text
prompt.
Types of Windows Operating System: -
• MS-DOS
• Windows 1.0 - 2.0, 3.0-3.1
• Windows 95, 98
• Windows ME - Millennium Edition
• Windows NT 31. - 4.0
• Windows 2000, XP, Vista
• Windows 7-10 etc.
Windows XP: -
This is an operating system (OS). This program was developed by Microsoft Company
in 2002 A.D. The old version is windows 3.1, windows 95, windows 98 etc.

Windows 7: - It is an operating system produced by Microsoft for use on personal

computers, including home and business desktops, laptops, net books, tablet PCs,
and media center PCs. It was released to manufacturing on July 22, 2009 and became
generally available retail worldwide on October 22, 2009less than three years after the
release of its predecessor, Windows Vista.
Parts of Windows:
➢ Desktop: - Whole area of screen is called is desktop.
➢ Taskbar: - The below of screen where Start bottom Situated.
➢ Recycle bin: - All the deleted files & folder are inside Recycle bin.
➢ My Computer: - All the Data storage devices are open from My Computer.
➢ Folder: - This is yellow color box, where you can store your files, Pictures,
Text Document, Audio Songs & Videos Songs etc.
What is Data?
The collection of information is called Data. There are four kinds of Data.
➢ Text Data
➢ Graphic Data
➢ Audio Data
Text Data: - The collection of alphabets (A-Z) & number (0-9) is called Text
Data.
Graphic Data: - The collection of constant pictures is called Graphic Data.
Audio Data: - The collection of voice or sound is called Audio Data.
Video Data: - The collection of movie or video is called Video Data.
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Disk Operating system: -

DOS stands for Microsoft stands for Disk Operating System.MS –DOS was developed
by Microsoft Corporation for IBM (International Business Machine) computers .MS
DOS is a program that manages the flow of information to and from various parts of
your computer system. It enables us to communicate with our computer and its
peripheral devices.

What is Computer booting?

The process of starting our computer is called booting. The process of loading dos
system files into the computer’s memory (RAM) from a disc is known as booting.

Types of booting.
1. Cold booting: when a computer is turned on the computer reads the RAM
space and searches for DOS system files from the disc drive. As soon as it
finds the system files, those files are brought into the computer memory form
disc drive. This is known as cold booting.
2. Warm booting: It is also known as reboot. If we are working with your computer
and wishes to reboot the computer, we should press CTRL, ALT and DEL key
at the same time, computer stays powered ON during the process and searches
for Dos system files and load these files into RAM. This is known as warm
booting or reboot.

Ms dos command
A command is an instruction used for specifying an operation to be performed. in other
words, MS dos command are short programs that we use to talk to Ms dos to perform
certain task. They are divided into two groups.
Internal commands
Internal commands are commands that are a part of the Ms dos command interpreter.
They are small routines are stored within the command.com file. Internal commands
can use as soon as we boot the computer. The examples are TIME, DATE, DIR, CLS,
COPY, TYPE, REN, DEL, VER, VOL, MD, CD ETC.
External command
External commands are commands that are stored in a disk as program files. They
are not a part of command.com file. They must be read from the disk before they are
executed. External commands need their own file having the extension .com or .exe
or .bat. The examples are EDT, CHKDSK, DISKCOPY, FORMAT, SCOPY, BACKUP,
DELTREE, MOVE etc. Staining with Ms commands
To clear the screen
Type, CLS and press enter key
C:\CLS
Dir command
To display page wise
Type DIR/P and press enter key
C:\DIR\P
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To display with width wise.

Type DIR/W and press enter key.
C:\>DIR/W
To display file with specific attributes (directories)
Type DIR/AD and press enter key.
C:\>DIR/AD
Display lower case
Type DIR/L and press enter key.
C:\>DIR/L
To see the versions of the operating system.
Type VER and press enter key.
C:\>VER
To change the labels of drive.
Type LABEL and press enter key.
C:\>LABEL
To change the date.
Type DATE and press enter key.
C:\>DATE
To change the time.
Type TIME and press enter key.
C:\>TIME

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Unit: 5 Desktop management

Desktop management is a comprehensive approach to managing all the computers
within an organization. Despite its name, desktop management includes overseeing
laptops and other computing devices as well as desktop computers

How to open the Computer?

To open the computer follows the following instructions.
➢ First Press the Switch Button.
➢ Then Press the Power Button on CPU
➢ Switch on CPU and Monitor.
➢ Press F1 key in asked any Information. Power Button
➢ Click on user name & Type the password.
➢ Wait some Seconds or Minutes.

How to Turn off the Computers?

To turn off the computer follow the following
instructions.
1. Click on Start menu.
2. Click on Shutdown Option.
3. Turn off Computer.

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How to refresh the computer?

Procedures:
➢ Right click on desktop.
➢ Click on Refresh. OR
➢ Press F5 for continues Refresh.
How to change Task-Bar Location on Screen?
➢ Right click on Task-bar.
➢ Click of properties.
➢ Chose Task-bar location on screen
➢ Select Left, or Right, or Top, or Button.
➢ Click Apply
➢ Click ok
How to Hide-unhide Task-bar?
➢ Right click on task-bar.
➢ Click on properties.
➢ Click Auto-Hide Task-bar or
➢ Again, click Auto-Hide Task-bar Unhide.
➢ Click on apply
➢ Click ok.
How to set any picture at our desktop background?
Procedures:
➢ Open picture
➢ Right click on picture.
➢ Click on “Set as desktop background” OR
➢ Right Click on desktop empty area.
➢ Click on personalize.
➢ Click on Desktop Background.
➢ Chose required Picture
➢ Click save change option.
How to change the Date & Time?
Procedures:
➢ Click on date & time option from Taskbar.
➢ Click on “Change the date & time setting”
➢ Again, click on change date and time button
➢ Now you can change the date and time
➢ Click on ok button.
How to get/Display the Gadgets on Desktop? (E.g., Calendar or Clock)
Procedures:
➢ Right click on Desktop area.
➢ Select the “Gadgets” option
➢ Now you can choose the required gadgets (just select & drag on Desktop)
How to change icons size/View?
Procedures:
➢ Right click on Desktop area.
➢ Now Select the View
➢ Click on “Large icons” or “Medium icons” or “Small Icons”
How to Hide-Unhide the Desktop Icons?
Procedures:

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➢ Right click on Desktop.

➢ Click on View.
➢ Click on Show Desktop Icons. And
➢ Right click on Desktop.
➢ Click on View.
➢ Click on Show Desktop Icons (Unhide)
How to Hide / Unhide My User, My Computer, My Network, Control Panel &
Recycle-Bin?
Procedures:
➢ Right Click on Desktop.
➢ Click on Personalize
➢ Click on Change Desktop Icon.
➢ Click on My User, My Computer, My Network place, Control Panel &
Recycle-Bin
➢ Click on Apply
➢ Click on ok.
How to set the name of screensaver?
Procedures:
➢ Right click on Desktop.
➢ Click on Personalize.
➢ Click on Screensaver
➢ Choose the any screensaver (3D Text or, Marquee)
➢ Choose the waiting time (1-60min).
➢ Click on Apply.
➢ Click on Ok.
➢ For result wait some minutes.

How to make Folder?

Procedures:
➢ Right click on empty area.
➢ . Click on New.
➢ Type the Folder name.
➢ Click on empty area.
OR
CTRL+SHIFT+N = Make New Folder

How to Rename Folder?

Procedures:
➢ Right click on Required Folder.
➢ Click on Rename.
➢ Type the new name.
➢ Click on Empty Area
➢ OR
➢ Select Required Folder
➢ Press F2
➢ Change Name
How to change Folder icon?
Procedures:
➢ Right click on required folder.

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➢ Click on properties.
➢ Click on customize.
➢ Click on change icon.
➢ Choose icon folder style.
➢ Click on ok.
➢ Click on Apply.
➢ Click on ok.

How to delete Folder Temporary?

Procedures:
➢ Right click on Required Folder.
➢ Click on Delete.
➢ Click on Yes.
➢ Note: - When you delete anything then it goes inside the Recycle bin.
How to delete Folder Permanently?
➢ Right click on Required Folder.
➢ Click on Shift + Delete.
➢ Click on Yes
How to restore deleted Folder from Recycle bin?
Procedures:
➢ Double click on Recycle bin.
➢ Right click on required Folder.
➢ Click on Restore.
How to copy File & Folder?
Procedures:
➢ Right click on Required File or Folder.
➢ Click on Copy.
How to paste the File?
Procedures:
➢ Right Click on Required Folder where you want to paste.
➢ Click on Paste.
How to the change mouse?
Procedures:
➢ Right on desktop empty area
➢ Click on personalization
➢ Click on Change mouse pointers
➢ Click on browse option.
➢ Choose Mouse Pointer
➢ Click on ok and Apply.
How to delete Temp file?
Procedures:
➢ Click on Start. OR Press Win + R
➢ Click on Run.
➢ Type the Temp.
➢ Click on ok.
➢ Select all file.
➢ Click on delete.
➢ Click on yes.

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How to delete the %Temp% use file?

Procedures:
➢ Click on Start
➢ Click on Run
➢ Type the %Temp%
➢ Click on ok
➢ Select all file
➢ Click on delete
➢ Click on yes
How to the disk cleanup computer?
Procedures:
➢ Click on start button
➢ Click on all program
➢ Click on accessories
➢ Click on system tools
➢ Click on disk cleanup.
How to the disk defragment of computer?
Procedures:
➢ Click on start button
➢ Click on all program
➢ Click on accessories
➢ Click on system tool
➢ Click on disk defragment
How to delete the recently use file?
Procedures:
➢ Click on stat
➢ Click on Run
➢ Type the recent
➢ Click on ok
➢ Select the all file and click on delete
How to delete the Prefetch use file?
Procedures:
➢ Click on start
➢ Click on Run
➢ Type the prefetch
➢ Click on ok
➢ Select all file
➢ Click on delete
➢ Click on yes

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Special key of keyboard

~ - Tilde
Esc –Escape
F1-F12 –Functional key
# - Hash
* - Star or multiply or asterisk
^ - Exponent
& - And
$ - Dollar
/ - Slash
\ - Back slash
: - colon
; - Semi colon
> - Greater than
< - Smaller than
Ctrl – Control
Alt – Alternate

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Unit: 6 Microsoft paint

Microsoft Paint (formerly Paintbrush) is a simple raster graphics editor that has
been included with all versions of Microsoft Windows. The program opens and saves
files in Windows bitmap (BMP), JPEG, GIF, PNG, and single-page TIFF formats

How to open the Paint Brush?

Procedures:
First Method:
➢ Click on Start.
➢ Click on Program.
➢ Click on Accessories.
➢ Click on Paint.
Second Method:
➢ Click on Start.
➢ Click on Run.
➢ Type misprint.
➢ Click on Ok.
Introduction of Tools: -
❖ Line: - This tool helps to draw the straight line.
❖ Rectangle: - This tool helps to draw the rectangle or square.
❖ Ellipse: - This option helps to draw the circle.
❖ Rounded Rectangle: -This option helps to draw the round corner
rectangle.
❖ Pencil: - This option helps to draw the line as like pencil.
❖ Brush: - This option helps to draw the thick line as like brush.
❖ Eraser: - This option helps to erase the picture.
❖ Fill with color: - This option helps to fill the color inside rectangle or
circle.
❖ Air Brush: - This option helps to spray the color.

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❖ Text: - This option helps to type the text.

❖ Magnifier: - This option helps to zoom the picture.
❖ Selection: - This option helps to select the picture.
FILE MENU
Save
Save as
New
Open
Set picture in wallpaper
How to save the picture?
Procedures:
➢ Click on File Menu.
➢ Click on Save.
➢ Type the file name.
➢ Click on save.
How to make the duplicate File?
Procedures:
➢ Click on File Menu.
➢ Click on save as.
➢ Type the File name.
➢ Click on Save.
How to create new page?
Procedures:
➢ Click on File Menu.
➢ Click on new
➢ Click on Ok.
How to open the save File?
Procedures:
➢ Click on File Menu.
➢ Click on Open.
➢ Choose the file from list.
➢ Click on Open.
How to set picture in wallpaper?
Procedures:

➢ Draw the picture.

➢ Save the picture.
➢ Click on File Menu.
➢ Click on set picture in wallpaper (Tiled or, Centered.)
How to hide/ Unhide Toolbox & color?
Procedures:
➢ Click on View Menu.
➢ Click on color box.

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Unit:7 Notepad, Calculator & Word-Pad

What is notepad?
Notepad is a basic text-editing program and its most commonly used to view or edit
text files. A text file is a file type typically identified by the .txt file name extension.
Following is the window of notepad. Study the window given below.

How to open Notepad?

Procedures:
➢ Click on start button
➢ Click on all programs
➢ Click on accessories
➢ Click on notepad
OR
➢ Open Run (Win+R)
➢ Type notepad
➢ Click on ok
How to save file?
Procedures:
➢ Click on file menu
➢ Click on save
➢ Choose the location, type the file name
➢ Click on save
OR
➢ Press (Ctrl+S)
➢ Type the file name
➢ Click on save
How to open Saved file?
Procedures:
➢ Click on file menu
➢ Click on open
➢ Choose the file
➢ Click on Open
Or,
➢ Press (Ctrl+O)
How to open new file?

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Procedures:
➢ Click on file menu
➢ Click on New
Or,
➢ Press (Ctrl+N)
How do I cut, copy, paste, or delete text?
Procedures:
➢ Select on Required Text
➢ Click on Edit Menu
➢ Click on Copy, Cut, the Paste on Required Place.
➢ Again, Click on Edit menu Delete as your choice text.
How do I change the font style and size?
➢ Click of Format menu
➢ Click on Font option
➢ Select Font, Font Style, and Size.
➢ Click ok
Introduction to Word-Pad.
WordPad, always handy for basic word-processing, just got better. In Windows 7,
it has a new ribbon—the strip across the top of the window that shows what a
program can do—with choices displayed out in the open rather than in menus.
More formatting options, such as highlighting, bullets, line breaks, and new
colors—along with picture insertion and zoom—make WordPad a surprisingly
powerful tool.

How to open Word-Pad?

Procedures:
➢ Click on start button
➢ Click on all programs
➢ Click on accessories

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➢ Click on Word-pad
OR
➢ Open Run (Win + R)
➢ Type WordPad
➢ Click on ok
Calculator: -
This Program helps to solve the mathematical problems. Generally, two type of
calculator.

How to open Calculator?

Procedures:
➢ Click on Start.
➢ Click on Program.
➢ Click on Accessories.
➢ Click on Calculator.
How to change Calculator?
Procedures:
➢ Click on View Menu.
➢ Click on Standard
or,
➢ Click on Scientific.

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Unit: 8 Microsoft word 2010

Microsoft Word is a word processing software package. You can use it to type letters,
reports, research papers, announcements, newsletters, envelops, labels and many
more. It is a full featured program that provides a wide variety of editing and formatting
features as well as sophisticated visual elements. We can also insert pictures, charts
and tables. Its extension is .DOCX. This lesson will introduce you to the Word window.
You use this window to interact with Word. To begin this lesson, open Microsoft Word
2010. The Microsoft Word window appears and your screen looks similar to the one
shown here.

Microsoft office word 2010 top 20 secret features:

❖ Select similar formatting
❖ Clipboard panel
❖ Translate
❖ Kerning
❖ Insert chart
❖ Smart Art
❖ Insert screenshot
❖ Insert quick parts
❖ Hyphenation
❖ Line numbers

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❖ Digital signature
❖ Watermark
❖ Citations
❖ Macros
❖ Outline view
❖ Page color
❖ Insert index
❖ Combine and compare documents
❖ Document inspector
❖ Customize ribbon

Microsoft office word 2010 top 10 benefits:

Microsoft office word 2010 helps people create and share professional looking
content by combining a comprehensive set of writing tools with the easy-to-use
Microsoft office fluent user interface. here are top 10 ways office word 2010 can help
you create professional looking content faster.

❖ spend more time writing and less time formatting

❖ Communicate more effectively with smart Art diagrams and new charting tools.
❖ Quickly assemble documents using building blocks.
❖ Save as PDF or XPS directly from office word 2010.
❖ Publish and maintain blogs directly from office word 2010.
❖ Master your document review processes using office word 2010 and Microsoft
office SharePoint server 2010.
❖ Connect your documents to business information.
❖ Remove tracked changes, comments and hidden text from your documents.
❖ User the tri-pane review panel to compare and combine documents.
❖ Reduce your file sizes and improve corrupt file recovery.

How to open Microsoft word 2010?

Procedures:
A. First Method: -
➢ Click on Start.
➢ Click on Programs.
➢ Click on Microsoft office.
➢ Click on Microsoft office word.2010.
B. Second Method: -
➢ Click on Start.
➢ Click on Run.
➢ Type the WinWord.
➢ Click on Ok.

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Menu of MS-Word: -
➢ File Menu (office button)
➢ Home Tab
➢ Insert Tab
➢ Page layout Tab
➢ References
➢ Mailings
➢ Review
➢ View
New (CTRL+N)
This option is used to create the new document on your required document.
Procedures:
➢ Click on office button.
➢ Select new.
➢
➢ The new document dialogue box appears.
➢ From the blank and recent section, click blank document.
➢ Click on create new blank document appears.
Open (CTRL+O)
This option is used to open the file or document which we have saved.
Procedures:
➢ Click on office button.
➢ Select open.
➢ The open dialogue box appears.
➢ Select the file /document or type the file name.
➢ Click on OK.
Save (CTRL+S)
This option is used to save the file or document.
Procedures:
➢ Click on office button.
➢ Click on save.
➢ A dialogue box will appear.
➢ Type the file name which you want to save., Click on save.
Save as (F12)
This option is used to save the file or document by different name.
Procedures:
➢ Click on office button.
➢ Click on save as.
➢ A dialogue box will display.
➢ Type the file name which you want to save.
➢ Click on save.
Print preview
Procedures:
➢ Click on office button.
➢ Click on print.
➢ Click on print preview.
➢ Click on close print preview to close the print preview.

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Print (CTRL+P)
This option is used to print the document.
Procedures:
➢ Click on office button.
➢ Click on print.
➢ A dialogue box will display.
➢ Specify the page to be print.
➢ Click on ok.
Prepare: -
How to protect the document with password?
Procedures:
➢ Click on office button.
➢ Click on prepare.
➢ Click on encrypt document.
➢ Type the password in encrypt document box.
➢ Retype the same password.
➢ Click on ok.
How to remove password from the file?
Procedures:
➢ Click on office button.
➢ Click on prepare.
➢ Click on encrypt document.
➢ Select & remove the password.
➢ Click on ok.

Close (CTRL+F4)
This option is used to close current file of document screen.
Procedures:
➢ Click on office button.
➢ Click on close.
OR
➢ Press ctrl+f4.
Exit
This option is used to close the Ms-word.
Procedures:
➢ Click on office button.
➢ Click on exit word.
OR
➢ Press alt +f4.

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HOME TAB

Clipboard Group.

Cut (CTRL+X) &Paste (CTRL+V)

Procedures:
➢ Select the text which you want to cut.
➢ Click on home.
➢ Click on cut.
➢ Place the mouse cursor in desired place.
➢ Go to home.
➢ Click on paste.
Copy (CTRL+C) & Paste (CTRL+V)
Procedures:
➢ Select the text which you want to copy.
➢ Click on home.
➢ Click on copy.
➢ Place the mouse cursor on the desired place.
➢ Go to home.
➢ Click on paste.

Font Group

To make text bold, italic, underline.

Bold (CTRL+B)
Procedures:
➢ Select the text that you want to make bold.
➢ Click on bold.
➢ Click bold again to unbold the text that you have selected.
Italic (CTRL+I)
Procedures:
➢ Select the text that you want to make italic.
➢ Click italic.
➢ Click italic again to unitalic the text that you have selected.
Underline (CTRL+U)
Procedures:
➢ Select the text that you want to underline.
➢ Click on underline.
➢ Click underline again to remove underline the text that you have selected.

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Superscript (CTRL+SHIFT++) & subscript (CTRL+=)

Procedures: Vs
➢ Select the text that you want to format as superscript and subscript.
➢ Do one of the following.
1. On the home tab, in the font group, click superscript.
2. On the home tab, in the font group, click subscript.
Change case
This option is used to change the text into upper case, lower case, title case etc.
Procedures:
➢ Select the text that you want to change.
➢ On the home tab, in the font group, click on change case.
➢ Click on required option such as upper case or lower case.

Strike through
This option is used to draw a line though the middle of the selected text.
Procedures:
➢ Select the text that you want to strike through into it.
➢ Click on home tab then in font group.
➢ Select strike through.
Grow Font (CTRL+>) & Shrink Font (CTRL+<) Vs
Procedures:
➢ Select the text that you want to change.
➢ To make the text larger, click grow font.
➢ To make the text smaller, click shrink font.

To Change Font
Procedures:
➢ Select the text of which you want to change font.
➢ Click on font dropdown arrow.
OR
➢ press CTRL+D key and click on dropdown arrow of font.
➢ Choose the required font.
➢ Click on ok button.
To change font size
This option is used to change the font size.
Procedures:
➢ In the home tab, in the font group.
➢ Select the font size option.
Text highlight color
This option is used to make a text look like it was marked with a highlighter pen.
Procedures:
➢ In the home tab, in the font group.
➢ Select the text highlight color option.

Change font color

Procedures:
➢ Select the text of which you want to change color.
➢ Click on font color.
OR

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➢ Press CTRL+D key.

➢ Click on drop down arrow of font color and choose the required color.
➢ Click on ok button.

Paragraph Group

Align the text Left, Right, Center and Justify.

Procedures:
➢ Select the text that you want to align.
➢ On the home tab, in the paragraph group.
➢ Click align left or align right or center or justify as per your need.
Add bullets or numbering to a list
Procedures:
➢ Select the items that you want to add bullets or numbering to.
➢ Click on the home tab, in the paragraph group.
➢ Click bullets or numbering.
Choose a multi-level list style
Procedures:
➢ Click on item in the list.
➢ On the home tab, n the paragraph group.
➢ Click the arrow next to multi-level list.
➢ Click the multi-level list style as your need.

Choose the line spacing

Procedures:
➢ Select the paragraph for which you want to change the line spacing.
➢ On the home tab, in the paragraph group.
➢ Click line spacing.
➢ Click the number of line spaces that you want.
Increase indent
This option is used to increase the indent level of the paragraph.
Procedures:
➢ Select the paragraph or text.
➢ In the home tab, in the paragraph group.
➢ Select the increase indent option.

Decrease indent
This option is used to decrease the indent level of the paragraph.
Procedures:
➢ Select the text or paragraph.
➢ In the home tab, in the paragraph group.
➢ Select the decrease indent option.

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Shading
This option is used to color the background behind the selected text or paragraph.
Procedures:
➢ Select the text or paragraph.
➢ In the home tab, in the paragraph group.
➢ Select the shading option.

Bottom border
This option is used to border the text or paragraph.
Procedures:
➢ Select the text or paragraph.
➢ In the home tab, in the paragraph group.
➢ Select the bottom border option.

Editing Group

Find (ctrl+F)
This option is used to search the particular word or alphabet or
number from the document.
Procedures:
➢ Click on home tab.
➢ In the editing group, click on find.
➢ In the find what box, type the text that you want to search for.
➢ Click on find.
Replace (CTRL+H)
This option is used to replace any word or alphabet or number from the document.
Procedures:
➢ Click on home tab.
➢ In the editing group, click on replace.
➢ In the find and replace box, type the text that you want to replace with.
➢ Click on replace all.
Inert Tab

Pages group
Cover page
This option is used to insert a cover page in your page.
Procedures:
➢ Click on insert tab.
➢ Click on cover page.
➢ Select cover page and click it.
(Note: click remove cover page to remove cover page.)
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Blank page
This option is used to inert blank page wherever you are required.
Procedures:
➢ Place the cursor where you want to insert blank page.
➢ Click on insert tab.
➢ Click on blank page.
Page break
This option is used to break the page.
Procedures:
➢ Click where you want to start a new page.
➢ On the insert tab, in the pages group, click page break.
Working with table
Insert a table
Procedures:
➢ Click where you want to insert the table.
➢ On the insert tab, in the table group, click table.
➢ Click on insert table.
➢ Under table size, enter the number of columns and rows.
➢ Under auto fit behavior, choose options to adjust the table.
Add a row above or below
Procedures:
➢ Click in a cell above or below where you want to add a row.
➢ Under table tools, on the layout tab, do one of the following.
I. To add a row above the cell, click insert above in the rows and
columns group.
II. To add a row below the cell, click insert below in the rows and
columns group.
Add a column to the left or right
Procedures:
➢ Click in a cell to the left or right of where you want to add a column.
➢ Under table tools, on the layout tab, do one of the following.
I. To add a column to the left of the cell, click insert left in the rows
and column group.
II. To add a column to the right of the cell, click insert right in the
rows and columns group.
Delete a row or column
Procedures:
➢ Select the row or column that you want to delete.
➢ Under table tools, click the layout tab.
➢ In the rows & column group, click delete and then click delete rows or click
delete columns.
Merge cells
You can combine two or more table cells located in the same row or column in to a
single cell.
Procedures:
➢ Select the cells that you want to merge by clicking the left edge of a cell and
then dragging across the other cells that you want.
➢ Under table tools, on the layout tab, in the merge group, click merge cells.

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Split cells
Procedures:
➢ Click in a cell, or select multiple cells that you want to split.
➢ Under table tools, on the layout tab, in the merge group, click split cells.
➢ Enter the number of column or rows that you want to split the selected cells
into.

Illustration group

Insert a picture from a file

Procedures:
➢ Click where you want to insert the picture.
➢ On the insert tab, in the illustrations group, click picture.
➢ Locate the picture that you want to insert.
➢ Double click the picture that you want to insert.

Clip art
This option is used to insert clip art into the documProcedures:
➢ Click on insert tab.
➢ In the illustration group, click clip art.
➢ Insert the drawing, sounds, movies or photography as per your need.

Shapes
This option is used to insert reaProcedures:
➢ Choose insert tab.
➢ In the illustration group, click on shapes option.
➢ Choose from different types of readymade shapes as per your need.

Smart art
Procedures:
➢ Choose insert tab from the given tabs.
➢ In the illustration group, click the smart art option.
➢ Choose smart art as per your requirement.

Chart
Procedures:
➢ Choose insert tab from the given tabs.
➢ In the illustration group, click on the chart option.
➢ Choose chart from the different types of chart as per your requirement.

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Header and footer

Procedures:
➢ On the insert tab, in the header and footer group,
➢ click header or footer.
➢ Click the header or footer design that you want.
➢ The headers or footer is inserted on every page of the document.
Remove the header and footer from the first page
Procedures:
➢ on the print layout tab,
➢ click the page layout dialogue box launcher and then click the layout tab.
➢ Select the different first page check box under headers and footers.
➢ Headers and footers are removed from the first page of the document.
Insert page numbers.
Procedures:
➢ On the insert tab, in the header and footer group, click page
numbers.
➢ Click top of page, bottom of page or page margins,
depending on where you want page numbers to appear in
your document.
➢ Choose a page numbering design from the gallery of designs.

Change the page-number format

Procedures:
➢ Double click the header or footer of one of your document pages.
➢ Under header and footer tools, on the design tab, in the header and footer
group, click page number and then click format page numbers.
➢ In the number format box, click a numbering style and then click ok.

Text group

Text box
This option is used to insert the preformatted text boxes.
Procedures:
➢ Select the area where you want to insert the text box.
➢ Select the insert tab from the given tabs.
➢ In the text group, click on text box option.
➢ Choose the text box design as per your requirement.
Word art
This option is used to insert the decorative text in your document.
Procedures:
➢ Select the area where you want to insert the word art.
➢ Select the insert tab from the given tabs.
➢ In the text group, click on word art option.
➢ Choose the word art design as your desire.

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Symbol group

Symbol
Procedures:
➢ Click where you want to insert the symbol.
➢ On the insert tab, in the symbols group, click symbol.
➢ Do one of the following.
I. Click the symbol that you want in the drop-down list.
II. If the symbol that you want to insert is not in the list, click more symbols.
In the font box, click the font that you want, click the symbol that you
want to insert and then click insert.
➢ Click close.
Equation
This option is used to insert common mathematical equations or built up your own
equation using a library of math symbols.
Procedures:
➢ Select the area.
➢ Select insert tab from the given tabs.
➢ In the sybbol group,choose symbol option.
➢ Select the equation as per your desire.
page layout tab

Margins
This option is used to set page margins
Procedures:
➢ On the page layout tab, in the page setup group, click margins.
➢ Click the margins type that you want, for the most common margin
width, click normal.
➢ When you click the margin type that you want, your entire document
automatically changes to the margin type that you have selected.

Set gutter margins for bound document

Procedures:
➢ On the page layout lab, in the page setup group, click margins.
➢ Click custom margins.
➢ In the multiple pages list, click normal.
➢ In the gutter box, enter a width for the gutter margin.
➢ In the gutter position box, click left or top.
(Note: the gutter position box is not available when you use the mirror margins,
two pages per sheet, or book fold option. for those option, the gutter position is
determined automatically.)

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Change the orientation of your entire document.

Procedures:
➢ On the page layout tab, in the page setup group, click orientation.
➢ Click portrait or landscape.
Add a border to a page.
Procedures:
➢ On the page layout tab, in the page background group, click page borders.
➢ Make sure you are on the page border tab in the border and shading dialogue
box.
➢ Click one of the border options under settings.
➢ To specify that the border appears on a particular side of a page, such as only
at the top, click custom under setting. under preview, click where you want the
border to appear.
➢ Select the style, color, and width of the border.
➢ To specify an artistic border such as stress select an option in the
art box.
➢ Do any one of the followings.
I. To specify a particular page or section for the border to appear in click the
option that you want under apply to.
II. To specify the exact position of the border on the page, click option and then
select the option that you want.
Remove a border from a page.
Procedures:
➢ On the page layout tab in the page background group click page borders.
➢ Make sure you are on the page border tab in the borders and shading dialogue
box.
➢ Under setting click none.
Watermark
Procedures:
➢ Select the document page.
➢ In the page layout tab, in the page background group.
➢ Click on watermark option.
➢ Then choose your design.
Remove watermark
Procedures:
➢ Click on page layout tab.
➢ In the page background group, click on watermark option.
➢ Then click on remove watermark.
Column
This option is used to split the text into two or more column.
Procedures:
➢ Select the text document.
➢ In the page layout tab, in the page setup group.
➢ Select the column option.
➢ Choose the two column or three columns as per your need.
Size
This option is used to choose a paper size for the current section.
Procedures:
➢ Select the document.

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➢ In the page layout tab, in the page setup group.

➢ Choose size from the given option.
➢ Then choose letter size, A3 size, A4 size or A5 size as per your need.

Page color
This option is used to choose a color for the background of the page.
Procedures:
➢ Select the document.
➢ In the page layout tab, in the page background group.
➢ Choose page color.
➢ Again, choose the required color for the current document.
Reference tab

Table of contents
This option is used to add a table of contents of the document.
Procedures:
➢ Mark entries for a table of contents.
➢ The easiest way to create a table of contents is to use the built-
in-heading style (Microsoft word has nine different built-in-
heading styles such as heading1, heading2, heading3 and so on.)
Make entries by using built-in-heading style
Procedures:
➢ Select the heading to which you want to apply a heading style.
➢ On the home tab in the styles group click the style that you want.
Create a table of contents form built-in-heading styles
Procedures:
➢ Create these procedures if you create a document by using heading styles.
➢ Click where you want to insert the table of contents usually at the beginning
document.
➢ On the reference tab in the table of contents group click table of contents and
click the table of contents style that you want.
Insert a footnote or an endnote
Procedures:
➢ In print layout view click where you want to insert the note
references.
➢ On the reference tab, in the footnote group click insert footnote.
➢ By default, word places footnotes at the end of each page and endnote at the
end of the document.
➢ To make changes to the format of the footnote or endnotes click the references
dialogue box launcher and do one of the following:
I. In the number format box click the format that you want.
II. To use a custom mark instead of a traditional number format, click style
next to custom mark and then choose mark form the available symbols.
➢ Click insert.

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➢ Word inserts the note number and places the insertion point next to the note
number.
➢ Type the note text.
➢ Double click the footnote or endnote number to return to the reference mark in
the document.

Delete a footnote or an endnote

Procedures:
➢ In the document select the note reference mark of the footnote or endnote that
you want to delete and then press delete.

Bibliography
Procedures:
➢ Click where you want to insert a bibliography usually at the end of the
document.
➢ On the references tab in the citations and bibliography group click bibliography.
➢ Click a predesigned bibliography format to insert the bibliography into the
document.
Mailings tab

Using mail merge features

Setup the main document
Procedures:
➢ Go to mailings.
➢ Click start Mail Merge option
➢ Click on step by step by step Mail merge Wizard.
➢ Click on Starting Document, Click select recipients
➢ Tick Type a new list, Click Create new list
➢ Click customize column
➢ Delete all data, add new data, then ok, save data.
➢ Click write your letter.
➢ Click more items, add required data, click ok.
➢ Then click preview your letters.
➢ Click complete the merge, Click edit individual letter.
Review tab

Spelling and grammar(F7)

This option is used to check spelling and grammar mistake of the document
Procedures:
➢ Click on review tab.
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➢ Click on spelling and grammar.

Thesaurus
Using the research feature, you can look up synonyms (different words with the same
meaning) and antonyms (words with the opposite meaning) in the document.
Procedures:
➢ On the review tab click thesaurus or press shift+ f7.
➢ Then appear the research task pane.
➢ Type the word in search for box and then click on arrow.
➢ To use one of the words in the list of results or to search for more words, do
one of the following.
a. To use one of the words, point to it, click the down arrow, and then click
insert or copy.
b. To look up additional related words, click a word in the list of results.
Insert a comment
Procedures:
➢ Select the text or item that you want to comment on, or click at the end of the
text.
➢ On the review tab, in the comments group, click new comment.
➢ Type the comment text in the comment balloon or in the reviewing pane.
➢ To respond to a comment, click its balloon, and then click new comment in the
comment group. type your response in the new comment balloon.
Delete a comment
Procedures:
➢ To quickly delete a single comment, right click the comment and then click
delete comment.
➢ To quickly delete all comment in a document, click a comment in the document.
On the review tab, in the comment group, click the arrow below delete and then
click delete all comments in document.

Track changes while you edit

Procedures:
➢ Open the document that you want to revise.
➢ On the review tab, in the tracking group, click the track changes image.
➢ Make the changes that you want by inserting, deleting, moving or formatting
text or graphics. You can also add comment as your requirement.
Turn off change tracking
Procedures:
➢ On the review tab,
➢ in the tracking group,
➢ click the track changes image.

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View tab
Reading view and zoom of document

Full screen reading a document

Procedures:
➢ On the view tab in the document views group click full screen reading
➢ Click close in the upper-right corner of the screen or press ESC.
➢ You can zoom into get a close up view of you document or zoom out to see
more of the page at a reduced size.
Quickly zoom in or out of a document.
Procedures:
➢ On the status bar click the zoom slider.
➢ Slide to the percentage zoom setting that you want.
Choose a particular zoom setting
You can choose how much of a document you view on the screen .do one of the
following.
➢ On the view tab in the zoom group click zoom 100%.
➢ On the view tab in the zoom group click one page, two pages or page width.
➢ On the view tab in the zoom group click zoom and then enter a percentage or
choose any other setting that you want.
Compare documents side by side
Procedure:
➢ On the view tab in the window group click view side by side.
➢ To scroll both documents at the same time, click synchronous scrolling in the
window synchronous scrolling.
➢ To close side by side view click view side by side in the window group on the
view tab.
➢ If you don’t see view side by side click window on the view tab and then click
view side by side.

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Unit: 9 Microsoft excel 2010

What is Ms excel?
A spreadsheet is a genetic term for a software package that simulates a paper
worksheet often used by people in management .it support fast calculation, what if
analysis, charts (also known as graphs), automatic recalculation, and has other
powerful features.

Top 10 features of Ms-excel 2010.

❖ Excel formulas
❖ VBA, Macros and automation
❖ Pivot tables
❖ Lookup formulas
❖ Excel charts
❖ Sorting and filtering data
❖ Conditional formatting
❖ Drop down validation and form controls.
❖ Excel tables and structural references.
❖ Power pivot, data explorer and data analysis features.
Key points
The full form of Ms excel is Microsoft excel which is developed by Microsoft
corporation of U.S.A. It is a popular spreadsheet data-based program. It is used to
prepare different types of sheets such as salary sheet, budget sheet, mark sheet,
bill preparation, pie chart, column chart, line chart, bar chart etc.…
The application file of this program is excel.exe and the file created in this program
extension is. xlx.
Worksheet: A grid of rows and columns is called worksheet. The large working
area of workbook is called worksheet. there are 108576 rows and 16384 columns
a worksheet.
Workbook: workbook is containers that hold one or more worksheet. Keeping al l
sheets that are related to a project in one file reduces the need to maintain different
files.
Rows: the rows in a worksheet are number from top to bottom along the left column
of worksheet.
Column: the columns are labeled from left to right with letters.
Cell: the intersection between rows and column is called cell.
Cell reference: it is the address of the cell denoted to using the column label
followed by the row number in a spreadsheet terminology a cells column
coordination is called the cell reference, for example A2, B2, C2….
Cell range: it is an area or collection of number of defines cells into a worksheet.
For example, A1:A10.

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Active cell: when you select a cell by clicking it with the mouse, a moving to it using
the keyboard, it becomes the active cell. The name box, on the left of the formula
bar displays the reference of the active cell.

How to start Ms excel 2010

Procedures:
- Click on start.
- Click on all programs.
-Click on Microsoft office.
-click on Microsoft excel 2010.
Or
-Click on start.
-Click on run.
-Type excels on the box.
-Click on ok or press enter key.

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How to insert new worksheet.

✓ To quickly insert a new worksheet at the end of the existing worksheet; click
the insert worksheet tab at the bottom of the screen.
✓ to insert a new worksheet before an existing worksheet, select that
worksheet, and then on home tab, in the cells group, click on insert and then
click insert sheet.
✓ you can also right click the tab of an existing worksheet, and then click insert.
on the general tab, click worksheet and then click ok
How to Save the MS-Excel?
✓ Go to File menu.
✓ Click on the Save.
✓ Choose the Save Location.
✓ Type the File Name.
✓ The click Ok or Enter.

How to rename a worksheet?

✓ on the sheet tab bar, right click the sheet tab that you want to rename, and
then click rename.
✓ How to delete worksheet
✓ on the home tab in the cells group click the arrow next to delete, and then
click delete sheet.
✓ You can also right click the sheet tab of the worksheet that you want to
delete and then click delete.

Formula examples
Equals
=
AVERAGE
=AVERAGE(X:X)
COUNT
=COUNT(X:X)
MIN AND MAX
=MIN/MAX(X:X)
=SUM(X:X)
=SUM(A1+A2)
=SUM (A1:A5)
=SUM (A1, A2, A5)
=SUM(A2-A1)
=SUM(A1*A2)
=TODAY ()

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=TODAY() // current date

=TODAY()-7 // one week ago
=TODAY()+7 // one week later
Some Lab Practical Work
Lab Work
1) Create a series of 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, …………., 30.
2) Create a series of 0, 2, 4, 8, 10, 12……40.
3)Create a series of 01/04/2014,02/04/2014,03/04/2014,04/04/2014, ……….,
30/04/2014.
4) Create a series of months.
5) Create a series of days.

Lab Work-One
1. Records of Purchase Bill.

Amba Stationery Ghantaghar, Birgunj, Nepal

Phone No: 051-691050
Bill No: … Date:
S. N Item Name Quantity Rate Amount
1 Copy 250 50 ?
2 Book 200 350 ?
3 Notebook 300 125 ?
4 Pen 100 20 ?
5 Pencil 120 10 ?
Total ?
Discount 10% ?
Amount after Discount ?
VAT 13% ?
Net Total ?

Formula:
Amount =Quantity*Rate
Total =Sum (First Value: Last Value)
Discount 10% =Total*10%
Amount after discount =Total-Discount 10%
VAT 13% =Amount after discount*13%
Net Total =Amount after discount +VAT 13%

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2. Basic Salary Sheet of Employees for the monthly

SURYA NEPAL PVT.LTD.

Simra, Bara, Nepal
Phone No: 9805176514
Bill No: … Date:.

EID ENAME POST BS TA HA MA GS IT PF NS

00001 Ramkishor yadav Manager 50000 ? ? ? ? ? ? ?
00002 Hariom sharma CEO 65000 ? ? ? ? ? ? ?
00003 Abdul Ansari Acc 35000 ? ? ? ? ? ? ?
00004 Pawan kumar SUP 25000 ? ? ? ? ? ? ?
00005 Shyam chaudhary OPE 23000 ? ? ? ? ? ? ?
00006 Surendra jaishwal MAC 20000 ? ? ? ? ? ? ?
00007 Bikash sharma Staff 15000 ? ? ? ? ? ? ?
00008 Bindo yadav Guard 15000 ? ? ? ? ? ? ?
00009 Rajkishor sahani Er 35000 ? ? ? ? ? ? ?
00010 Anil jaishwal Over 30000 ? ? ? ? ? ? ?

Full form of the shortcut name:

BS: Basic Salary, TA: Travelling Allowance, HA: House Allowance
MA: Medical Allowance, GS: Gross Salary, IT: Income Tax
PF: Provident Funds, NS: Net Salary
Use full Formula for the above basic salary sheet:
TA=BS*10%(let)
HA=BS*12%(let)
MA=BS*15%(let)
GS=sum (BS:MA) OR =(BS+TA+HA+MA)
Condition for IT:
BS>=80000 10%*BS
BS<80000, BS>=50000 5%*BS
BS<50000, BS>=20000 2%*BS
BS<20000 0
=if(and(BS>=80000),BS*10%,if(and(BS<80000,BS>=50000),BS*5%,if(a
nd(BS<50000,BS>=20000),BS*2%,0)))
PF=BS*10%
NS=GS-IT-PF

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Lab Work-Three
Nepal Electricity Authority (NEA)
Simra brach ,bara ,Nepal
Bill no.:…………………………………….
Customer id.:……………………………
Address:………………………………….

Theory Class assignment

Useful formula for the above electricity bill
-total unit =current unit-previous unit
-excess unit =total unit-minimum unit
-excess charges= excess unit*7.50(let the excess unit charge be Rs.7.50)
-total charges=if(total unit>=20,total unit-20,0)*7.50+80
Lab Work-four
Nepal Tele-communication
Birgunj Branch ,Parsa,Nepal
Bill No……………………………………………………
Customer Name…………………………………….
Customer ID………………………………………….

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Theory Class assignment

Useful formula for the above telephone bill
-total call =current call –previous call
-Excess call =total call –minimum call
-Excess charge =Excess call*2(let the excess call charge be Rs.2 per call)
-Total charges= if (total call >=275,total call –minimum call,0)*2+300
-Vat 13%=total charges*13%
-Net charge=Total charge+vat13%

Lab Work-Five
Result sheet of class Ten
Motherland secondary school, chhapkaiya , Birgunj ,Nepal

Theory Class assignment

Useful formula for the above table
Total=sum(First mark:last Mark)
Percentage=Total/Number of Subject Or (=Total/8)
Result=if(min(first mark:last mark)>=32,"pass","Fail")
Division=if(and(result="pass",percentage>=80),"Disctinction",if(and(resul
t="pass",percentage>=65),"First",if(and(result="pass",percentage>=45),"
Second",if(and(result="pass",percentage>=35),"Third","***"))))
Remark=if(division="Disctinction","Excelent",if(Division="First","Very
Good",if(division="second","Good",if(division="Third","Satisfactory","Try
Again"))))

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Lab Work-Six

S.N Custemer Name

Day Book Recived Payment Amount
1 Shayam Mahto 25,000.00 - 25,000.00 First
2 Hariom Kumar - 5,000.00 20,000.00 Second
3 Omprakash Yadav - 4,500.00 15,500.00
4 Deepak Kushwaha 20,000.00 - 35,500.00
5 Bikesh Patel - 30,000.00 5,500.00
6 Manoj Shah 3,000.00 - 8,500.00
7 Rita Kumari - 2,000.00 6,500.00
8 Babita Gupa 2,500.00 - 9,000.00
9 Lish Gupta 2,000.00 - 11,000.00
10 Pragya Karn 1,500.00 - 12,500.00
11 Total 54,000.00 41,500.00 25,000.00
Given Formula
First Amount=Recived-Payment
Then
Second Amount=Amount+(Recived-Payment)
And Drag To End

Lab Work-Seven
Example of Column chart

Fruit Sales-cost Year

S. Mo App Bana Oran Kiwif Pe Gra Peac Necta
N nth les nas ges ruit ers pes hes rines
1 Janu $2,500 $2,000.0 $2,500.0 $2,200. $2,50 $2,500 $2,000.0 $2,000.00
ary .00 0 0 00 0.00 .00 0
2 Febru $2,000 $2,500.0 $2,500.0 $2,050. $2,00 $2,000 $1,500.0 $2,500.00
ary .00 0 0 00 0.00 .00 0
3 Marc $1,800 $1,800.0 $2,000.0 $2,500. $3,50 $1,800 $1,800.0 $1,550.00
h .00 0 0 00 0.00 .00 0
4 April $1,500 $1,750.0 $3,000.0 $3,250. $1,50 $1,500 $3,500.0 $1,800.00
.00 0 0 00 0.00 .00 0
5 May $3,000 $1,600.0 $1,800.0 $2,000. $2,20 $2,000 $2,500.0 $1,750.00
.00 0 0 00 0.00 .00 0
6 June $1,700 $1,300.0 $1,450.0 $1,800. $3,50 $3,500 $1,050.0 $1,650.00
.00 0 0 00 0.00 .00 0
7 July $2,200 $1,250.0 $2,500.0 $2,000. $4,00 $2,000 $1,450.0 $1,250.00
.00 0 0 00 0.00 .00 0

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Chart Title
$4,500.00
$4,000.00
$3,500.00
$3,000.00
$2,500.00
$2,000.00
$1,500.00
$1,000.00
$500.00
$0.00

Apples Bananas Oranges Kiwifruit Peers Graps Peaches Nectarines

Steps for the above column chart

Procedures: select the data with its heading.
: click on insert menu.
: click on column chart.
: click on required chart.

Lab Work-Eight
Example of pie chart.

Theory Class assignment

Steps for the above pie chart
Procedures: select the data with its heading.
: click on insert menu.
: click on pie chart.
: select the required pie chart style.
: click on chart layout to view.

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Lab-Work Nine
Examples of line chart

Steps for the above line chart

Procedures: select the data
with its heading.
: click on insert
menu.
: click on line chart.
: click on required line chart as your desire.

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Unit: 10 Microsoft PowerPoint 2010

Introduction
Ms-PowerPoint stands for Microsoft PowerPoint developed by Microsoft Corporation
of U.S.A.... it is a popular presentation program. It is used to prepare different types of
slides to show in seminar, conference, meetings or teaching hall. Different kinds of
graphics, charts, and sounds can also be added in to the slides. You can also transition
or movement between your slides. it has the extension .ppt
What is PowerPoint?
PowerPoint is a presentation graphics package that lets you create formatted
presentations which can be used in a number of ways. You can produce projects such
as overheads for a team briefing, slides for a business meeting or interactive onscreen
presentations on your company’s products. It allows you to produce:
❖ Animated presentation shown on a monitor or overhead screen.
❖ Overhead projector transparencies.
❖ Paper printouts of you slides.
❖ Notes for the speaker.
❖ Handouts for the audience.
Window of Microsoft PowerPoint 2010

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New features of PowerPoint 2010

❖ Interface
❖ Like Preview
❖ Office Themes
❖ Smart Art Graphics
❖ Custom Slide Layout
❖ Text Effects
❖ Charting Improvements
❖ Picture Effects
❖ Selection and Visibility Task Pane
❖ Shape Styles and shape Effects
❖ Non-modal dialogue boxes
❖ Better tables
❖ Save as PDF and XPS formats
❖ New XML file formats
❖ Slide libraries
❖ Compatibility checker
❖ Presenter view improvements
❖ Mark as final
Practical uses of Microsoft PowerPoint 2010
PowerPoint 2010 provides you with the tools needed to generate slide show
presentations that appear customized and professional. Many people find these
presentations beneficial for business, educational and personal purposes. Using
PowerPoint 2010, you can create a slide show presentation for just about any
occasion.
❖ Photo slide show presentations
❖ Overhead projector presentations
❖ Business presentations
❖ Educational presentations
For example:
To start Microsoft PowerPoint?
Procedures: - click on start button.
- Click on all programs.
- Click on Microsoft office.
- Click on Microsoft office PowerPoint 2010.
OR
- Click on start button.
- Click on Run.
-Type powerpnt.
-click on ok or press enter key.
Creating new presentation
Procedures:
- click on office button.
-click on new.
- A new presentation window will appear, with blank presentation highlighted.
- Click create on the button right side of the window and your new blank
Presentation appears.
-Click on design menu bar tab to expose the design ribbon.

NIIT Link Road Ghantaghar

E-mail: [email protected]
Web: - https://niitbirgunj.com.np/
Phone No.: +977-051-520101/9845231999 Page 65
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Saving your presentation

Procedures: - click on Microsoft office button.
-click on save.

Starting your slide show

Procedures: -
- Choose your beginning to start your show from the beginnings.
- Choose from current slide to begin the slide show from the slide that is
being displayed on the slide pane.

Office themes
Procedures: - select the slide immediately before where you want the new the
slide.
- Click the new slide button on the home tab.
- Click the slide choice that fits your material.

Duplicate selected slides

Procedures: - select the slide to duplicate.
- Click the new slide button on the home tab.
- Click duplicate selected slides.
Theme: -
Procedures: - click on design tab.
- Choose one of the displayed themes.

Apply color theme

Procedures: - click the colors drop down arrow.
- Choose a color set or click create new.
- Theme color.

Background theme.
Procedures: -- click the background.
- Choose from style button on the ribbon.

Adding video clips.,

Procedures: - click the movies button on the insert tab.
- Choose movies from the file or movies from clip organizer.

Adding audio.
Procedures: - click the audio button on the insert tab.
- Choose sound from file, sound from clip.
- Organizer, play CD audio track, or record sound.
Adding a pictures
Procedures: - click on the insert tab.
- Click on the pictures button.
- Browse to the picture from your files.
- Select the pictures you want to insert in PowerPoint.
- Click on insert.

NIIT Link Road Ghantaghar

E-mail: [email protected]
Web: - https://niitbirgunj.com.np/
Phone No.: +977-051-520101/9845231999 Page 66
NEXUS INSTITUTE OF INFORMATION TECHNOLOGY Advance Basic Courses

Adding clip art

Procedures: - click the insert tab.
- Click the clip art button.
- Search for the clip art using the search clips art dialogue box.
- Select the graphic you would like to add.
- To move the graphic, click it and drag it to where you want it.
Adding shapes
Procedures: - click on insert tab.
- Click the shapes button.
- Click the shape you want to choose.
How to format the shapes?
Procedures: - click on you shape (object).
- Click the format tab.

Slide transition: -slide transitions are effects that are in place when you switch from
one slide to the next slide.
Procedures: - select the slide that you want to transition.
- Click the animation tab.
- Choose the appropriate animation or click transition dialogue box
(a.)To add transition sound. -add sound by clicking the arrow next to transition
sound.
Slide show options:
-preview the slide show from the beginning.
-preview the slide show from current slide.
-set up slide show.
Printing
Procedures: -click Microsoft office button.
- Click print.
- Fill up the print dialogue box.
(a). slides:
These are slides that you would see if you were showing the
presentation, one slide per page.
(b) Handouts:
This option allows for more slides per page (3, 5, 6, 4, 7, 9).
(c) notes page:
This includes the slides and the speaker’s notes.
(d) Outline view:
This will print out the outline of the presentation.

NIIT Link Road Ghantaghar

E-mail: [email protected]
Web: - https://niitbirgunj.com.np/
Phone No.: +977-051-520101/9845231999 Page 67
NEXUS INSTITUTE OF INFORMATION TECHNOLOGY Advance Basic Courses

Class Lab work

(1) Prepare an effective presentation on introduction to computer with its
characteristics, advantages and disadvantages.
(2) Prepare effective presentation slides on types of computer and its generation.
(3) Prepare presentation slides on importance of computer and application of
computer.
(4) Show an inspirational presentation with video using Microsoft PowerPoint.
(5) Prepare a presentation of Branches Company and marketing policies.

NIIT Link Road Ghantaghar

E-mail: [email protected]
Web: - https://niitbirgunj.com.np/
Phone No.: +977-051-520101/9845231999 Page 68
NEXUS INSTITUTE OF INFORMATION TECHNOLOGY Advance Basic Courses

Unit :11 MS-Access 2010

What is MS-Access 2010?
Access 2010 is a database application design and deployment tool that you can use
to keep track of important information. You can keep your data on your computer, or
you can publish to the Web - so others can use your database with a web browser.
Features of Microsoft Access: -
1. Ideal for individual users and smaller teams
2. Easier than client-server database to understand and use
3. Import and export to other Microsoft Office and other applications
4. Ready templates for regular users to create and publish data
5. Allows building and publishing Web databases effortlessly
6. A User, friendly feature ‘Tell Me’ for assistance
7. Allows developers to create custom solutions using VBA code
8. Hide/Show option for Ribbon
9. Allows users to Report View Eliminates Extra Reports
10. Allows output Reports in PDF format

How to open MS-Access 2010

➢ Click on start button.
➢ Click ok all program.
➢ Click on Microsoft office 2010
➢ Click on Microsoft Access 2010
OR

NIIT Link Road Ghantaghar

E-mail: [email protected]
Web: - https://niitbirgunj.com.np/
Phone No.: +977-051-520101/9845231999 Page 69
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➢ Press Win + R – open Run Command

➢ Type msaccess
➢ Click ok
How to Create New Database
➢ Start Access.
➢ Click on Blank Database or Blank Web Database.
➢ On the right, type a name for your database in the File Name box.
➢ To change the location in which you create the file, click Browse next to
the File Name box, browse to and select the new location, and then click OK.
➢ Click Create.
➢ Access puts the cursor in the first empty cell in the Click to Add column of the
new table.
Create a blank table in Datasheet view
In Datasheet view, you can enter data immediately, and let Access build the table
structure behind the scenes. Field names are assigned numerically (Field1, Field2,
and so on), and Access sets the field data type, based on the type of data that you
enter.
➢ On the Create tab, in the Tables group, click Table .
➢ Right click on Table option, and click on Design View.
➢ Open Table Design View type field name and it's data types.
➢ Then click on view option.

How to Create a Form: -

➢ Select on Required Above Table.
➢ Click on Create Tab, on the Form Group.
➢ Click on Wizard, Select As your Required Field, Click Next, then Finish.

NIIT Link Road Ghantaghar

E-mail: [email protected]
Web: - https://niitbirgunj.com.np/
Phone No.: +977-051-520101/9845231999 Page 70
NEXUS INSTITUTE OF INFORMATION TECHNOLOGY Advance Basic Courses

How to Create a Report: -

➢ Select on Required Above Table.
➢ Click on Create Tab, on the Report Group.
➢ Click on Report option, Arrange all data field.
➢ Then Right click of open Report click on save.

NIIT Link Road Ghantaghar

E-mail: [email protected]
Web: - https://niitbirgunj.com.np/
Phone No.: +977-051-520101/9845231999 Page 71
NEXUS INSTITUTE OF INFORMATION TECHNOLOGY Advance Basic Courses

Unit :12 HTML

What do you mean by HTML?
Hypertext Markup Language is the standard markup language for documents
designed to be displayed in a web browser. It can be assisted by technologies such
as Cascading Style Sheets and scripting languages such as JavaScript.
Features of HTML
➢ It is a very easy and simple language. It can be easily understood and modified.
➢ It is very easy to make an effective presentation with HTML because it has a
lot of formatting tags.
➢ It is a markup language, so it provides a flexible way to design web pages along
with the text.
Structure of an HTML

HTML Tags: -
1. Heading Tags: -
The Heading tags are used to display heading on the web page in various
sizes.HTML Document supports 6 levels of heading tags <H1> to <H6>.
Syntax: <h1> NIIT Birgunj</h1>

The Heading displayed in the browser window are normally left aligned. The
heading can be aligned right or center by setting the ALIGN attribute for the
Heading Tag.
Syntax: <H1 ALIGN="….">NIIT Birgunj</H1>

Values for this Attribute are:

❖ Center
❖ Left
❖ Right

NIIT Link Road Ghantaghar

E-mail: [email protected]
Web: - https://niitbirgunj.com.np/
Phone No.: +977-051-520101/9845231999 Page 72
NEXUS INSTITUTE OF INFORMATION TECHNOLOGY Advance Basic Courses

2. Paragraph Tag: -
Whenever we are interested in organizing the text into paragraphs then
paragraph HTML tag <p>…………</p>.
Syntax: <p> Welcome to NIIT Birginj. Safe our life to join this institute and
make better life<br>
NIIT is a best institute of Computer Training </p>
[ <br> tag are used break the line.]

"ALIGN" attribute of <p> tag is used to align the paragraph on the web page.
Syntax: <p ALIGN="value">
❖ Center
❖ Left
❖ Right
3. Font setting tag: -
This tab can be used for text style specifications. The tag is
<FONT>……</FONT>. The attributes are as follows:
❖ Face attribute of the <FONT> tag is used set the font of the text.
Syntax: <FONT FACE="value">text</FONT>
FACE
i. Times New Roman
ii. Arial
iii. Impact
iv. Courier
v. Elephant
vi. Footlight MT Light
❖ SIZE attributes of the <FONT> is used to specify the size of the text.
Syntax: <FONT SIZE="value">text</FONT>
SI ZE: 1,2,3,4,5……
❖ COLOR attributes of the <FONT> is used to specify the color of the text.
Syntax: <FONT COLOR="value>text</FONT>
COLOR:
COLOR Red Gree Blue While Black Gray Yello Mage cyan
n w nta
Hexade #FF0 #00F #000 #FFF #000 #808 #FFF #FF0 #00F
cimal 000 F00 0FF FFF 000 080 F00 0FF FFF
value

<HTML>
<HEAD>
<TITLE> HELLO</TITLE>
<HEAD>
<BODY>
<H1 ALIGN="CENTER"> INTRODUCTION TO COMPUTER</H1>

NIIT Link Road Ghantaghar

E-mail: [email protected]
Web: - https://niitbirgunj.com.np/
Phone No.: +977-051-520101/9845231999 Page 73
NEXUS INSTITUTE OF INFORMATION TECHNOLOGY Advance Basic Courses

<P>
<FONT FACE="Arial" SIZE=12 COLOR="BLUE">
Computer Is An Electronic Device Which Takes Input Data From Input
device with the help of user……………………….</br>
It is used in different field like education, office , business etC.
</FONT></P>
</BODY>
</HTML>
IMAGE Tag of HTML: -
<IMG> tag are used insert image.
<IMG SRC="value" ALIGN="value" BORDER="value">
SRC are used to specify the name of the image. Eg image.jpeg.

BASIC LISTING TAG: -

HTML are supports two types of lists:
1. Bulleting List (Unorder list).
Bulleted list display group of items by adding a bullet to the group of
items in the order in which the items are created <UL> and</UL> tag is
used to create such bulleting list of items.
Syntax: <html>
<UL TYPE=VALUE> <body>
<LI>KEYBOARD</LI> <h1 align="center">Parts of
<LI>MOUSE</LI> Computer</h1>
<ul type=disc>
</UL> <li>Keyboard</li>
TYPE: <li>mouse</li>
❖ CIRCLE <li>HDD</li>
❖ DISC </ul>
</body>
❖ SQUARE </html>
2. Numbered List (Order list).
This format of listing is used when the user wants the list to be
Numbered. <OL>and</OL> tag is used to create a Numbered List.
Syntax:
<OL START="VALUE" TYPE="VALUE"> <html>
<LI>PENDRIVE</LI> <body>
<h1 align="center">Parts of
<LI>HDD</LI> Computer</h1>
</OL> <ol start=1 type=A>
START: Like 1,2,3,……. <li>Keyboard</li>
TYPE: like A, a, I, i, etc <li>mouse</li>
<li>HDD</li>
</ol>
</body>
</html>

NIIT Link Road Ghantaghar

E-mail: [email protected]
Web: - https://niitbirgunj.com.np/
Phone No.: +977-051-520101/9845231999 Page 74
NEXUS INSTITUTE OF INFORMATION TECHNOLOGY Advance Basic Courses

BASIC TABLE TAG:

The HTML tags for creating a table are:
<TABLE>………</TABLE> this is the tag that marks the beginning and end of the table.
Syntax:
<TABLE ALIGN="……" BORDER="……">
<TR BGCOLOR="……….." >
<TD ALIGN="…….."
COLSPAN="….."
ROWSPAN="……">Text</TD>
</TR>
</TABLE>
<html>
<head>
<title>table</title>
</head>
<body>
<h1 align="center> student Table</h1>
<table border="1" align="center">
<tr>
<th>Roll No</th>
<th>Name</th>
<th>Adress</th>
<th>Phone No</th>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>1</td>
<td>Kumar Jaishwal</td>
<td>Kalaiya</td>
<td>9807176514</td>
</tr>
</table>
</body>
</html>

NIIT Link Road Ghantaghar

E-mail: [email protected]
Web: - https://niitbirgunj.com.np/
Phone No.: +977-051-520101/9845231999 Page 75
NEXUS INSTITUTE OF INFORMATION TECHNOLOGY Advance Basic Courses

Unit :13 Email and Internet

Internet: -
The Internet, sometimes called simply "the Net," is a worldwide system of computer
networks .-- a network of networks in which users at any one computer can, if they
have permission, get information from any other computer (and sometimes talk directly
to users at other computers). It was conceived by the Advanced Research Projects
Agency (ARPA) of the U.S. government in 1969 and was first known as the ARPANet.
The original aim was to create a network that would allow users of a research computer
at one university to "talk to" research computers at other universities. A side benefit of
ARPANet's design was that, because messages could be routed or rerouted in more
than one direction, the network could continue to function even if parts of it were
destroyed in the event of a military attack or other disaster.
Benefits of the Internet include: -
• Access to endless information, knowledge and education.
• An increased ability to communicate, connect and share.
• The ability to work from home, collaborate and access a global workforce.
• The chance to sell and make money as a business or individual.
• Access to an unlimited supply of entertainment sources, such as movies, music,
videos and games.
• The ability to amplify the impact of a message, allowing charities and other
organizations to reach a wider audience and increase the total amount of
donations.
• Access to the internet of things (IoT), which allows home appliances and devices
to connect and be controlled from a computer or smartphone.
• The ability to save data and easily share files with cloud storage.
• The ability to monitor and control personal accounts instantly, such as bank
accounts or credit card bills
Some Question: -
1. World Wide Web (WWW)
2. Electronic Mail (E-Mail)
3. Health Information Access
4. E-Commerce
5. Negative Impact of the Internet.

URL/URI
Uniform Resource Location/Uniform Resource Identifier
(A webpage address such as “http:/learnhtmlcode.com”) A URL is basically a
human readable address for a web page (and other internet resources). The term
URL and URIs are used interchangeably (although there is a convoluted technical
explanation for why they shouldn’t be).

NIIT Link Road Ghantaghar

E-mail: [email protected]
Web: - https://niitbirgunj.com.np/
Phone No.: +977-051-520101/9845231999 Page 76
NEXUS INSTITUTE OF INFORMATION TECHNOLOGY Advance Basic Courses

Domain name
A domain name consists of two parts, a root and an extension.
Learnhtmlcode.com is a domain name as opposed to a URL
(http://learnhtmlcode.com),
“Learnhtmlcode” is the domain root (as in root word)
“.com” is the domain extension.
There are many domain name extensions the most popular (and oldest domain)
extensions are:-
.com, .org, .net, .gov.
.com stands for “commercial” as is generally used by business.
.net stands for “network” and is generally used when a .com is unavailable.
.org stands for organizational and is generally used by non-profit groups, but such as
domain name can be registered by anyone .
.gov stands for government.
Additionally, every country around the world has been assigned a domain name
extension such “.ca” for Canada and “.in” for India. Generally, country –specific domain
extensions suggest the target audience of the website is the country that the domain
extension belongs to.
.tv for example belongs to the island of Tuvalu and is often used for website related to
television and video..fm belongs to the Federated States of Micronesia and is often
used for websites related to radio, broadcasting and or music.

Discussion class with practical assignment.

(1) Uses of internet and it’s importance.
(2) E-mail id (Send, Receive, Forward)
(3) Online Charting, Video calling, Audio calling using Hangout.
(4) Face book
(5) You tube
(6) Online shopping
(7) Online ticketing
(8) Online examination, online study.

❖ www.educationsansar.com :-to view result of SLC,+2,Bachelor,Degree etc.

❖ www.slc.ntc.net.np :- to see the result of SLC.
❖ www.hseb.ntc.net.np :- to see the result of higher secondary board.
❖ www.psc.gov.np:-Lok Sewa Aayog site
❖ www.dynamic.net.np :- Dynamic Technology site.
❖ www.ekantipur.com :- kantipur news.
❖ www.google.com :- to search anything {search engine}
❖ www.yahoo.com :-create id,sent and receive mail.
❖ www.hotmail.com :-to create id,sent and receive mail.
❖ www.facebook.com :-chatting and calling.
❖ www.gmail.com :-create id ,sent & received mail, chatting.
❖ www.orkut.com :-to create id ,send and receive ,chatting.

NIIT Link Road Ghantaghar

E-mail: [email protected]
Web: - https://niitbirgunj.com.np/
Phone No.: +977-051-520101/9845231999 Page 77
NEXUS INSTITUTE OF INFORMATION TECHNOLOGY Advance Basic Courses

❖ www.googleearth.com :- to see the map.

❖ www.ncell.com.np :-Nell site
❖ www.songs.pk :- to download audio songs .
❖ www.photofunia.com :-to design photos.
❖ www.w3schools.com :-educational site.
❖ www.youtube.com :-to watch and download songs and movies.
❖ www.blogspot.com :-to create free web site.
❖ www.mos.com.np :-to download softwares from mercantile web site.

NIIT Link Road Ghantaghar

E-mail: [email protected]
Web: - https://niitbirgunj.com.np/
Phone No.: +977-051-520101/9845231999 Page 78