DEPARTMENT OF MECHANICAL ENGINERING

EXPERIMENT NO: 5
NAME OF EXPERIMENT: Programs to study Operators,
Byte and byte arrays and Sets
DATE OF PERFORMANCE: 10/02/2025
DATE OF SUBMISSION: 24/02/2025

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Experiment No. 5

Programs to study Operators, byte and byte arrays and

Sets
Aim: a) To study Python Operators
b) To study Python bytes ()
c) To study Python byte arrays
d) To study Python Sets

Theory:
a) Python Operators: Arithmetic, Logical, Comparison, Assignment,
Bitwise & Precedence

• Arithmetic Operators
Arithmetic Operators perform various arithmetic calculations like addition, subtraction,
multiplication, division, %modulus, exponent, etc. There are various methods for arithmetic
calculation in Python like you can use the eval function, declare variable & calculate, or call
functions.

Example: For arithmetic operators we will take simple example of addition where we will
add two-digit 4+5=9
x= 4
y= 5
print(x + y)

Similarly, you can use other arithmetic operators like for multiplication(*), division (/),
substraction (-), etc. %

• Comparison Operators
Comparison Operators In Python compares the values on either side of the operand and
determines the relation between them. It is also referred to as relational operators. Various
comparison operators in python are ( ==, != , <>, >,<=, etc.)

Example: For comparison operators we will compare the value of x to the value of y and
print the result in true or false. Here in example, our value of x = 4 which is smaller than y =
5, so when we print the value as x>y, it actually compares the value of x to y and since it is
not correct, it returns false.

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x=4
y=5
print(('x > y is',x>y)) Likewise, you can try other comparison operators (x < y, x==y, x!=y, etc.)
• Python Assignment Operators

Assignment Operators in Python are used for assigning the value of the right operand to
the left operand. Various assignment operators used in Python are (+=, - = , *=, /= , etc.).

Example: Python assignment operators is simply to assign the value, for example
num1 = 4
num2 = 5
print(("Line 1 - Value of num1 : ", num1))
print(("Line 2 - Value of num2 : ", num2))

Example of compound assignment operator

We can also use a compound assignment operator, where you can add, subtract, multiply
right operand to left and assign addition (or any other arithmetic function) to the left
operand.

• Step 1: Assign value to num1 and num2

• Step 2: Add value of num1 and num2 (4+5=9)
• Step 3: To this result add num1 to the output of Step 2 ( 9+4)
• Step 4: It will print the final result as 13
num1 = 4 num2 =
5 res = num1 +
num2
res += num1
print(("Line 1 - Result of + is ", res))

• Logical Operators
Logical operators in Python are used for conditional statements are true or false. Logical operators
in Python are AND, OR and NOT. For logical operators following condition are applied.

• For AND operator – It returns TRUE if both the operands (right side and left side) are
true
• For OR operator- It returns TRUE if either of the operand (right side or left side) is
true
• For NOT operator- returns TRUE if operand is false

Example: Here in example we get true or false based on the value of a and b
a = True b = False print(('a
and b is',a and b)) print(('a
or b is',a or b)) print(('not
a is',not a))

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• Membership Operators
These operators test for membership in a sequence such as lists, strings or tuples. There are
two membership operators that are used in Python. (in, not in). It gives the result based on
the variable present in specified sequence or string

Example: For example here we check whether the value of x=4 and value of y=8 is available
in list or not, by using in and not in operators.
x = 4 y = 8 list = [1,
2, 3, 4, 5 ]; if ( x in
list ):
print("Line 1 - x is available in the given list")
else: print("Line 1 - x is not available in the given
list") if ( y not in list ):
print("Line 2 - y is not available in the given list")
else: print("Line 2 - y is available in the given
list")

• Declare the value for x and y

• Declare the value of list
• Use the "in" operator in code with if statement to check the value of x existing in the
list and print the result accordingly
• Use the "not in" operator in code with if statement to check the value of y exist in the
list and print the result accordingly
• Run the code- When the code run it gives the desired output

Identity Operators
Identity Operators in Python are used to compare the memory location of two objects. The
two identity operators used in Python are (is, is not).

• Operator is: It returns true if two variables point the same object and false otherwise
• Operator is not: It returns false if two variables point the same object and true
otherwise

Following operands are in decreasing order of precedence.

Operators in the same box evaluate left to right

Operators (Decreasing order of precedence) Meaning

** Exponent

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*, /, //, % Multiplication, Division, Floor
division, Modulus

+, - Addition, Subtraction

<= < > >= Comparison operators

= %= /= //= -= += *= **= Assignment Operators

is is not Identity operators

in not in Membership operators

not or and Logical operators

Example:
x = 20 y =
20 if ( x is
y ):
print("x & y SAME identity")
y=30 if ( x is not y ):
print("x & y have DIFFERENT identity")

• Declare the value for variable x and y

• Use the operator "is" in code to check if value of x is same as y
• Next we use the operator "is not" in code if value of x is not same as y
• Run the code- The output of the result is as expected

Operator precedence
The operator precedence determines which operators need to be evaluated first. To avoid
ambiguity in values, precedence operators are necessary. Just like in normal multiplication
method, multiplication has a higher precedence than addition. For example in 3+ 4*5, the
answer is 23, to change the order of precedence we use a parentheses (3+4)*5, now the
answer is 35. Precedence operator used in Python are (unary + - ~, **, * / %, + - , &) etc.

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The source parameter can be used to initialize the byte array in the following ways:

Different source parameters

Type Description

Converts the string to bytes using str.encode() Must also

String
provide encoding and optionally errors

Integer Creates an array of provided size, all initialized to null

Different source parameters

Type Description

A read-only buffer of the object will be used to initialize the

Object
byte array

Creates an array of size equal to the iterable count and

Iterable initialized to the iterable elements Must be iterable of integers
between 0 <= x < 256

No source
Creates an array of size 0
(arguments)

Return value from bytes():

The bytes() method returns a bytes object of the given size and initialization values.

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Program b.2) Create a byte of given integer size

INPUT:

OUTPUT:

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c) Python bytearray()

The bytearray() method returns a bytearray object which is an array of the given bytes.

syntax :
bytearray([source[, encoding[, errors]]])

bytearray() method returns a bytearray object (i.e. array of bytes) which is mutable (can be
modified) sequence of integers in the range 0 <= x < 256.

If you want the immutable version, use bytes() method.

bytearray() Parameters

bytearray() takes three optional parameters:

• source (Optional) - source to initialize the array of bytes.

• encoding (Optional) - if the source is a string, the encoding of the string.
• errors (Optional) - if the source is a string, the action to take when the encoding
conversion fails (Read more: String encoding)
The source parameter can be used to initialize the byte array in the following ways:

Different source parameters

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Type Description

Converts the string to bytes using str.encode() Must also provide

String
encoding and optionally errors

Creates an array of provided size, all initialized to

Integer
null

A read-only buffer of the object will be used to initialize the byte

Object
array

Creates an array of size equal to the iterable count and initialized

Iterable to the iterable elements Must be iterable of integers between 0 <=
x < 256

No source
(arguments) Creates an array of size 0.

Return value from bytearray() bytearray() method returns an array of bytes of the
given size and initialization values.

Program c.1): Array of bytes from a string

INPUT:

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OUTPUT:

Program c.2): Array of bytes of given integer size

INPUT:

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We cannot access or change an element of a set using indexing or slicing. Set data type does
not support it.

We can add a single element using the add() method, and multiple elements using the update()
method. The update() method can take tuples, lists, strings or other sets as its argument. In all
cases, duplicates are avoided.
• Removing elements from a set
A particular item can be removed from a set using the methods discard() and remove().

The only difference between the two is that the discard() function leaves a set unchanged if
the element is not present in the set. On the other hand, the remove() function will raise an
error in such a condition (if element is not present in the set).

Similarly, we can remove and return an item using the pop() method.

Since set is an unordered data type, there is no way of determining which item will be
popped. It is completely arbitrary.

We can also remove all the items from a set using the clear() method.

Python Set Operations

Sets can be used to carry out mathematical set operations like union, intersection, difference
and symmetric difference. We can do this with operators or methods.

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Difference of the set B from set A(A - B) is a set of elements that are only in A but not in B.
Similarly, B - A is a set of elements in B but not in A. Difference is performed using - operator.
Same can be accomplished using the difference() method.

Program code

Program d.1) Creating python sets

INPUT:

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Program d.2) Modifying a set in Python

INPUT:

OUTPUT:

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Program d.4) Removing elements from set using pop(), clear()

INPUT:

OUTPUT:

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Program d.5) Set Operations: Union, Intersection, difference

INPUT:

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OUTPUT:

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