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Ch.11 Slides - Part 3

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4 views

Ch.11 Slides - Part 3

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hstofer24
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Colligative Properties

of Solutions
Colligative Properties
• Physical properties of solutions that depend on the concentration
(more than the identity) of solute particles dissolved in solution:
• Osmotic pressure (increases)
• Boiling point (elevates)
• Freezing point (decreases)
• Vapor pressure (decreases)
Osmosis & Osmotic Pressure
“. . . water, water every where, nor any drop to drink . . .”
-Rime of the Ancient Mariner
• Why will a thirsty sailor die if he drinks from the ocean?
• Difference in salinity compared to living cells’ cytoplasm
• e.g., Red Blood Cells dehydrate, shrivel, and die. Why?
• Osmosis (Greek “push”)
• Spontaneous diffusion of H2O through a semipermeable
membrane (e.g., cell walls)
• Water diffuses from higher to lower concentration of H2O
(i.e., water crosses from lower to higher concentration of solutes,
which are unable to pass through the membrane) 3
Osmosis (cont.)
The movement of solvent through a semi-permeable membrane from
higher to lower concentration of solvent (lower to higher solute conc’n.)
Osmosis (cont.)
Direction of osmosis depends on relative H2O concentrations
(opposite of solute concentrations) on either side of the membrane:

Consider living cells in an outer solution:


Hypertonic: an outer solution with a higher concentration of solutes
(i.e., lower concentration of H2O) than inside the cell

Isotonic: an outer solution with an equal concentration of solutes as


inside the cell (i.e., same concentration of H2O on both sides)

Hypotonic: an outer solution with a lower concentration of solutes (i.e.,


higher concentration of H2O) as inside the cell
Osmotic Pressure
Osmotic pressure (Π) is the opposing pressure required
(across a semipermeable membrane) in order to equalize
and stop net osmotic flow of H2O
Π = 𝑖𝑖MRT
M is the molar concentration of the solute, R = 0.08206 L•atm/mol•K,
T is the temperature (Kelvin), and 𝑖𝑖 is the van ’t Hoff factor. That
factor is the number of moles of free ions formed from one mole of
an electrolyte solute:
e.g., NaCl(aq) → Na+(aq) + Cl-(aq); 1 mol solute → 2 mol free ions, so 𝒊𝒊=2
𝑖𝑖M thus provides the number of total free solute particles (mol/L)
Osmotic Pressure (cont.)
van ’t Hoff Factor (𝑖𝑖)
• Weak or strong electrolytes produce more than one mole of
particles in solution, since they dissociate.
• The concentration of dissolved particles is greater than molar
concentration of the solute itself.
• The inclusion of 𝑖𝑖 in the osmotic pressure equation allows for the
calculation of Π based upon just the molar concentration of the solute as
a whole.

Π = 𝑖𝑖MRT
Graph of 𝑖𝑖 values:
Sample Exercise 11.1: Calculating Osmotic Pressure
If the total concentration of solute particles in the fluid inside a red blood
cell is 0.310 M, what is the osmotic pressure of this fluid at 37°C? The
membrane surrounding the cell is semipermeable.

mol 0.08206 L � atm


Π = 𝑀𝑀𝑀𝑀𝑀𝑀 = 0.310 × × 310 K = 𝟕𝟕. 𝟖𝟖𝟖𝟖 𝐚𝐚𝐚𝐚𝐚𝐚
L mol � K

The calculated osmotic pressure is nearly 8 atm. That is a lot of pressure—


comparable to that in high-performance bicycle tires. In the absence of this
opposing pressure, water would migrate across the semipermeable
membrane of the red blood cell if it were immersed in distilled water, causing
the cell to swell up and eventually burst.
Using Osmotic Pressure to Determine
Molar Mass
Dilute solutions produce large, easily measured osmotic pressures.
This allows us to determine the molar mass of small samples
of substances that have large molar masses.
Sample Exercise 11.3: Using Osmotic Pressure to Determine
Molar Mass
A 47 mg sample of a non-electrolyte compound is isolated from a tree. The
sample is dissolved in water to make 2.50 mL of solution, with an osmotic
pressure of 0.489 atm at 25°C. What is the molar mass of the compound?

Rearranging Equation 11.2 to solve for M and substituting the relevant known values:
Π 0.489 atm
𝑀𝑀 = =
𝑖𝑖𝑖𝑖𝑖𝑖 1 × 0.08206 L � atm × 25 + 273 K
mol � K
= 2.00 × 10−2 mol/L
The sample concentration is:
47 mg
= 18.8 mg/mL = 18.8 g/L
2.50 mL

To calculate molar mass we divide the g/L concentration value by the mol/L concentration value,
which gives us g/mol:
18.8 g/L 𝟐𝟐 𝐠𝐠/𝒎𝒎𝒎𝒎𝒎𝒎 = M
= 𝟗𝟗. 𝟒𝟒 × 𝟏𝟏𝟏𝟏
2.00 × 10−2 mol/L
Boiling Point and Freezing Point
Changes
The presence of a nonvolatile solute lowers the vapor pressure of the
solvent in a solution, as compared to the pure solvent alone.

• The boiling point of a solution is raised relative to that of the pure solvent.

• The freezing point of a solution is lowered relative to that of the pure solvent.
Boiling Point Elevation and Freezing Point Depression
Boiling point elevation (ΔTb) and freezing point depression (ΔTf)
are colligative properties:
• They depend on the molal concentration, but not on the identity,
of the solute.
∆𝑇𝑇𝑏𝑏 = K b 𝑖𝑖𝑖𝑖 and Tb = Tbo + ∆𝑇𝑇b
∆𝑇𝑇f = K f 𝑖𝑖𝑖𝑖 and Tf = Tfo + ∆𝑇𝑇 f

• When performing calculations, it is important to remember that


• Each solvent has unique K b or K f .
• The van ’t Hoff factor (𝑖𝑖) may need to be used.
Sample Exercise 11.8: Calculating the Boiling Point Elevation of an
Aqueous Solution
What is the boiling point of seawater in which the concentration of sea salts is
equivalent to 0.560 mol NaCl/kg seawater, and the van ’t Hoff factor of NaCl is 1.85?

Mass of H2O in one kilogram of seawater:


1000 g 58.44 g NaCl
1.000 kg solution × − 0.560 mol NaCl × = 967 g = 0.967 kg
1 kg 1 mol NaCl
0.560 mol NaCl
Concentration of NaCl: = 0.579 𝑚𝑚 NaCl
0.967 kg H2O
Boiling point elevation:
℃
∆𝑇𝑇b = 𝐾𝐾b 𝑖𝑖 𝑚𝑚 = 0.52 × 1.85 × 0.579 m = 0.56°C
𝑚𝑚
To calculate the boiling point of seawater, we add the ΔTb to the boiling point of pure water
𝑇𝑇b,seawater = 𝑇𝑇b,solvent + ∆𝑇𝑇𝑏𝑏 = 100.0 + 0.56 ℃ = 𝟏𝟏𝟏𝟏𝟏𝟏. 𝟔𝟔𝟔
Sample Exercise 11.11: Using Freezing Point Depression to
Determine Molar Mass
Eicosene is a molecular non-electrolyte with the empirical formula CH2. It is used
in sunscreens. The freezing point of a solution prepared by dissolving 100 mg of
eicosene in 1.00 g of benzene was 1.75°C lower than the freezing point of pure
benzene. What is the molar mass of eicosene? (Kf for benzene is 4.90°C/m.)
The molality of the eicosene solution is
∆𝑇𝑇f 1.75℃
𝑚𝑚 = = = 0.357 𝑚𝑚 eicosene
𝑖𝑖𝐾𝐾f 1 × 4.90℃/𝑚𝑚
This means that 0.357 mole of eicosene dissolved per kg of solvent. Only 1.00 g (1.00 × 10−3 kg) was
used in this sample. Calculating the moles of eicosene in the sample:
moles of eicosene
0.357𝑚𝑚 =
1.00 × 10−3 kg benzene
0.357 mol eicosene
Moles of eicosene = × 1.00 × 10−3 kg benzene = 3.57 × 10−4 mol eicosene
1 kg benzene
Because the molar mass is the mass of 1 mole of eicosene, and 100 mg of eicosene was used to prepare
the solution,
0.100 g eicosene
Molar mass = −4
= 𝟐𝟐𝟐𝟐𝟐𝟐 𝒈𝒈/𝒎𝒎𝒎𝒎𝒎𝒎
3.57 × 10 mol

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