Computer Network unit 4&5
Computer Network unit 4&5
English Notes:
Network protocols are sets of rules and procedures that govern how data is transmitted and
received over a network. They ensure that devices can communicate effectively, regardless of
their underlying hardware or software. Here are some fundamental network protocols:
● Ethernet: A set of network technologies and protocols used primarily in local area
networks (LANs). It defines the physical and data link layers, specifying how devices on a
network access the transmission medium and format data for transmission.
○ Function: Defines how devices share a common communication medium (initially
bus topology, now primarily star topology with switches). Uses MAC addressing for
local communication.
○ Layer in OSI Model: Physical and Data Link Layers.
○ Example: Connecting computers, printers, and servers within an office using
Ethernet cables and switches.
● TCP (Transmission Control Protocol): A reliable, connection-oriented protocol used at
the Transport Layer of the TCP/IP model (and Transport Layer of OSI).
○ Function: Establishes a connection between source and destination, divides data
into segments, ensures reliable delivery through sequencing, acknowledgements,
and retransmission of lost packets. Provides flow control to prevent overwhelming
the receiver.
○ Layer in OSI Model: Transport Layer.
○ Example: Used by applications like web browsers (HTTP/HTTPS), email (SMTP,
POP3, IMAP), and file transfer (FTP) that require reliable data delivery.
● UDP (User Datagram Protocol): An unreliable, connectionless protocol also used at the
Transport Layer.
○ Function: Provides a simple way to send datagrams (packets) without establishing
a connection or guaranteeing delivery. Faster than TCP due to the lack of overhead
for connection establishment and reliability mechanisms.
○ Layer in OSI Model: Transport Layer.
○ Example: Used by applications where speed is critical and occasional data loss is
acceptable, such as streaming video and audio, online gaming, and DNS queries.
● HTTP (Hypertext Transfer Protocol): An application-layer protocol used for transferring
files (primarily web pages) on the World Wide Web.
○ Function: Defines how web browsers and web servers communicate. It uses
requests (from the client/browser) and responses (from the server).
○ Layer in OSI Model: Application Layer (in TCP/IP model, encompasses
Application, Presentation, and Session).
○ Example: When you type a website address in your browser, HTTP is used to
request the web page from the server.
● FTP (File Transfer Protocol): An application-layer protocol used for transferring files
between a client and a server.
○ Function: Allows users to upload, download, delete, rename, and manage files on
a remote server.
○ Layer in OSI Model: Application Layer (in TCP/IP model, encompasses
Application, Presentation, and Session).
○ Example: Uploading files to a web server or downloading software from a server.
● SMTP (Simple Mail Transfer Protocol): An application-layer protocol used for sending
email between mail servers.
○ Function: Defines how email messages are formatted and transmitted.
○ Layer in OSI Model: Application Layer (in TCP/IP model, encompasses
Application, Presentation, and Session).
○ Example: When you send an email using an email client, SMTP is used to send the
email to your mail server, which then forwards it to the recipient's mail server.
● DNS (Domain Name System): An application-layer protocol used to translate
human-readable domain names (like www.google.com) into IP addresses that computers
use to identify each other on a network.
○ Function: Acts like a phonebook for the internet. When you type a domain name, a
DNS server is queried to find the corresponding IP address.
○ Layer in OSI Model: Application Layer (in TCP/IP model, encompasses
Application, Presentation, and Session).
○ Example: When your browser tries to access www.example.com, it first sends a
DNS query to a DNS server to get the IP address of www.example.com.
Diagram Illustrating Protocol Layers (TCP/IP Model):
+---------------------------------------------------------------------
------------+
| Application Layer: HTTP, FTP, SMTP, DNS, SSH, Telnet, etc.
|
+---------------------------------------------------------------------
------------+
| Transport Layer: TCP (Reliable), UDP (Unreliable)
|
+---------------------------------------------------------------------
------------+
| Internet Layer: IP (IPv4, IPv6), ICMP, ARP
|
+---------------------------------------------------------------------
------------+
| Network Access Layer: Ethernet, Wi-Fi, PPP, etc.
|
+---------------------------------------------------------------------
------------+
Local Area Networks (LAN), Wide Area Networks (WAN), and the
Internet
These terms describe the geographical scope and scale of computer networks.
● Local Area Network (LAN): A network that connects devices within a limited
geographical area, such as an office, home, school, or building.
○ Characteristics: Typically owned and managed by a single organization, high data
transfer rates, lower cost compared to WANs, usually uses technologies like
Ethernet and Wi-Fi.
○ Diagram:
[Building/Office]
+-------------------+
| Computer A |--- Switch/Router --- Printer
| Computer B |--- Switch/Router --- Server
| Laptop (Wireless) |--- Wireless Access Point
+-------------------+
○ Function: Facilitates a wide range of services including the World Wide Web
(WWW), email, file sharing, online gaming, and streaming.
Key Differences:
Feature LAN WAN Internet
Geographic Area Limited (building, Wide (city, state, Global
campus) country)
Ownership Single organization Multiple organizations, Decentralized, no
service providers single owner
Speed High Lower (historically, Varies depending on
improving) connection and location
Cost Lower Higher Varies (ISP charges)
Infrastructure Primarily Ethernet, Leased lines, fiber, Interconnection of
Wi-Fi satellite, cellular many different WANs
and LANs
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