Scilab Textbook Companion for

Concepts Of Physics (volume - 2)

by H. C. Verma1

Created by
Ganesh Prasad Mishra
Bachelor Of Technology.
Electronics Engineering
Amity University
College Teacher
None
Cross-Checked by
None

July 31, 2019

1 Funded by a grant from the National Mission on Education through ICT,

http://spoken-tutorial.org/NMEICT-Intro. This Textbook Companion and Scilab
codes written in it can be downloaded from the ”Textbook Companion Project”
section at the website http://scilab.in
Book Description

Title: Concepts Of Physics (volume - 2)

Author: H. C. Verma

Publisher: Bharati Bhavan

Edition: 2

Year: 2011

ISBN: 8177092324

1
 Scilab numbering policy used in this document and the relation to the
above book.

Exa Example (Solved example)

Eqn Equation (Particular equation of the above book)

AP Appendix to Example(Scilab Code that is an Appednix to a particular

Example of the above book)

For example, Exa 3.51 means solved example 3.51 of this book. Sec 2.3 means
a scilab code whose theory is explained in Section 2.3 of the book.

2
Contents

List of Scilab Codes 4

23 Heat and Temperature 5

24 Kinetic Theory of Gases 7

25 Calorimetry 13

26 Laws of Thermodynamics 17

27 Specific Heat Capacities of Gases 20

28 Heat Transfer 25

29 Electric Field and Potential 30

30 Gauss Law 34

31 Capacitors 36

32 Electric current in conductors 42

33 Thermal and Chemical Effects of Electric Current 51

34 Magnetic Field 56

3
35 Magnetic Field Due to a Current 59

36 Permanent Magnets 64

37 Magnetic Properties of Matter 73

38 Electromagnetic Induction 75

39 Alternating Current 79

40 Electromagnetic Waves 85

41 Electric Current through Gases 88

42 Photoelectric Effect and Wave Particle Duality 91

43 Bohr Model and Physics of the Atom 95

45 Semiconductors and Semiconductor Devices 99

46 The Nucleus 103

47 The Special Theory of Relativity 110

4
List of Scilab Codes

Exa 23.1 To calculate the room temperature in Centi-

grades . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5
Exa 24.1 To Find the rms speed of Nitrogen . . . . . 7
Exa 24.2 To find the rms speed of hydrogen . . . . . 8
Exa 24.3 To calculate the number of molecules in each
cubic metre . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8
Exa 24.4 To calculate the rms speed of Oxygen molecules 9
Exa 24.5 To calculate the external pressure . . . . . . 10
Exa 24.6 To calculate the relative humidity . . . . . . 10
Exa 24.7 To calculate the relative humidity . . . . . . 11
Exa 25.1 To calculate the kinetic energy . . . . . . . 13
Exa 25.2 Calculate the heat supplied to the block . . 14
Exa 25.3 To calculate the mass of melted ice . . . . . 14
Exa 25.4 To Calculate the Specific Latent Heat Capac-
ity . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 15
Exa 26.1 To calculate the increase in Internal Energy 17
Exa 26.2 To Calculate the amount of Work . . . . . . 18
Exa 27.1 To find the amount of Heat needed to raise
the temperature from 25 degree Celsius to . 20
Exa 27.2 To calculate the amount of Heat required to
raise the temperature to 400 Kelvin . . . . . 21
Exa 27.3 To Calculate the ratio of Cp to Cv . . . . . 22
Exa 27.4 To Calculate the Final Temperature of the air 23
Exa 27.5 To calculate the Internal Energy of 1 gram of
oxygen at STP . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 23
Exa 28.1 Amount of Heat Flow per second . . . . . . 25
Exa 28.2 To Find the Thermal Resistance of Aluminium
Rod . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 26

5
Exa 28.3 To Calculate the Temperature at Sun Surface 27
Exa 28.4 To Calculate the Net Rate of Heat Loss . . 27
Exa 28.5 To Calculate the time for cooling . . . . . . 28
Exa 29.1 To Find the Electric Field at a point . . . . 30
Exa 29.3 To Calculate the amount of Work . . . . . . 31
Exa 29.4 To Find the Electric Potential . . . . . . . . 32
Exa 30.1 To Calculate the Flux of Electric Field . . . 34
Exa 31.1 To Calculate the Capacitance . . . . . . . . 36
Exa 31.3 To Calculate the Capacitance . . . . . . . . 37
Exa 31.4 To Calculate the Charge on each Capacitor 37
Exa 31.5 To Find the Equivalent Capacitance of the
combination . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 38
Exa 31.7 To Calculate the Energy stored in Capacitor 39
Exa 31.8 To Calculate the Equivalent Capacitance . . 40
Exa 32.1 To Calculate the Current and Current Density 42
Exa 32.2 To Calculate the Drift Speed . . . . . . . . 43
Exa 32.3 To Calculate the Resistance of an aluminium
wire . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 44
Exa 32.4 To Calculate the Resistance and Energy . . 44
Exa 32.5 To Calculate the Potential Difference and Ther-
mal Energy . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 45
Exa 32.7 find the value of resistance . . . . . . . . . . 46
Exa 32.8 To Find the Reading of Ammeter . . . . . . 47
Exa 32.9 To Find the Time Constant and Time taken
for Charge Storage . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 48
Exa 32.10 To Find the Charge Remaining on the Capac-
itor . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 49
Exa 33.1 To Calculate the Heat Developed in each re-
sistor . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 51
Exa 33.2 To Calculate the Neutral Temperature . . . 52
Exa 33.3 To Find Thermal Coefficients a and b . . . . 53
Exa 33.4 To Calculate the Electric Current . . . . . . 54
Exa 34.1 To Find the Force and Acceleration . . . . . 56
Exa 34.2 To calculate the Time Period . . . . . . . . 57
Exa 34.4 To Find the Magnetic Dipole Moment of the
Current Loop . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 58
Exa 35.1 To Calculate Magnetic Field due to a piece of
Wire . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 59

6
Exa 35.2 To Find Magnetic Field between two wires . 60
Exa 35.3 To Find the Magnitude of Magnetic Force . 61
Exa 35.4 To Calculate the Magnetic Field at the centre
of Coil . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 62
Exa 35.5 To Calculate the Amount of Current . . . . 62
Exa 36.1 To Find the Magnetic Field on Axis of Solenoid 64
Exa 36.2 To Calculate the Work Done in Rotating the
Magnet . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 65
Exa 36.3 To Calculate the magnitude of the Magnetic
Field at a point on its Axis at a distance of
20 cm from it . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 66
Exa 36.4 To Find the Magnetic Field due to Magnetic
Dipole . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 67
Exa 36.5 To Calculate the Magnitude of Earth Mag-
netic Field . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 68
Exa 36.6 To Calculate the True Dip . . . . . . . . . . 69
Exa 36.7 To Calculate the Value of Horizontal Compo-
nent of Earth Magnetic Field . . . . . . . . 70
Exa 36.8 To Calculate the Shunt Resistance for Gal-
vanometer . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 71
Exa 36.9 To Compare the total Magnetic Field due to
earth at the two places . . . . . . . . . . . . 71
Exa 37.1 To Calculate the Intensity of Magnetization
of Bar Magnet . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 73
Exa 37.3 To Calculate the percentage increase in Mag-
netic Field . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 74
Exa 38.3 To Calculate the Self Inductance of the Coil 75
Exa 38.5 To find the Time Constant Maximum Current
and Time . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 76
Exa 38.6 To Calculate the Current in Circuit . . . . . 77
Exa 38.7 To Calculate the Energy Stored in the Induc-
tor . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 78
Exa 39.1 To Calculate the rms value of Current and
time required to reach the Peak Value . . . 79
Exa 39.2 To Calculate the Reactance of Capacitor for
different frequencies of Alternating Currents 80

7
Exa 39.3 To Find the Peak Value of Current and the
Instantaneous Voltage at Peak Value of Cur-
rent . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 81
Exa 39.4 To find the Impedance the Peak Current and
the Resonant Frequency of LCR Series Circuit 82
Exa 39.5 To Calculate the Number of Turns in the Pri-
mary Coil . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 83
Exa 40.2 To Find the Maximum Magnetic Field in the
wave and its Direction . . . . . . . . . . . . 85
Exa 40.3 To Find the Energy due to an Electromag-
netic Wave . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 86
Exa 40.4 To Find the Intensity of the Wave . . . . . . 87
Exa 41.1 To Calculate the Factor Increase in the Value
of Thermionic Current . . . . . . . . . . . . 88
Exa 41.2 To Calculate the Dynamic Plate Resistance
at the operating condition . . . . . . . . . . 89
Exa 42.1 To Calculate the Energy and linear Momen-
tum and number of photons . . . . . . . . . 91
Exa 42.2 To Find the Maximum Wavelength of Light
that can cause Photoelectric Effect in Lithium 92
Exa 42.3 To Calculate the Time required by the Elec-
tron to receive sufficient energy to come out
of the metal . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 93
Exa 43.1 Calculate the Energy of Helium ion its first
excited state . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 95
Exa 43.2 To Calculate the Wavelength of Radiation for
Helium Ion . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 96
Exa 43.3 To Calculate the Energy needed to remove
the electron from the ion . . . . . . . . . . . 97
Exa 45.1 To Find the Electric Field which gives 1eV
average energy to a conduction electron . . 99
Exa 45.2 To Calculate the Resistivity of n type semi-
conductor . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 100
Exa 45.3 To calculate the Approximate value of Dy-
namic Resistance of P N Junction under For-
ward Bias . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 101
Exa 46.1 To Calculate the radius of Nucleus of Germa-
nium atom . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 103

8
Exa 46.2 To Calculate the Binding Energy of an Alpha
Particle . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 104
Exa 46.3 To calculate the mass excess of Hydrogen . . 105
Exa 46.4 To calculate the Activity of Copper . . . . . 105
Exa 46.5 To Calculate the fraction of Orignal Activity
remaining after 40 hours . . . . . . . . . . . 106
Exa 46.6 To calculate the energy released when a Nu-
cleus breaks . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 107
Exa 46.7 To Calculate the Temperature of Deutrons for
a specific Average Kinetic Energy . . . . . . 108
Exa 47.1 To Calculate the time for which the Person
slept according to clocks . . . . . . . . . . . 110
Exa 47.2 To Calculate the height of Passenger in the
Ground Frame . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 111
Exa 47.3 To Calculate the Time Elapsed between Door
Openings . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 112
Exa 47.5 To Calculate the amount of Electrical Energy
obtained in kilowatt hour . . . . . . . . . . 113

9
 Chapter 23

Heat and Temperature

Scilab code Exa 23.1 To calculate the room temperature in Centigrades

1
2 //To c a l c u l a t e t h e room t e m p e r a t u r e i n c e n t i g r a d e s
3
4 // e x a m p l e 2 3 . 1
5
6 clear ;
7
8 clc ;
9
10 p0 =73; // p r e s s u r e ( i n c e n t i m e t e r ) a t 0 d e g r e e c e l s i u s
11
12 p =77.8; // p r e s s u r e ( i n c e n t i m e t e r ) a t room
temperature
13
14 p100 =100.3; // p r e s s u r e ( i n c e n t i m e t e r ) a t 100 d e g r e e
celsius
15
16 t =( p - p0 ) /( p100 - p0 ) *100; // f o r m u l a f o r f i n d i n g the
room t e m p e r a t u r e i n c e n t i g r a d e s
17
18 printf ( ” room t e m p e r a t u r e=%. d d e g r e e c e l s i u s ” ,t ) ;

10
11
 Chapter 24

Kinetic Theory of Gases

Scilab code Exa 24.1 To Find the rms speed of Nitrogen

1
2 //To c a l c u l a t e t h e rms s p e e d o f N i t r o g e n
3
4 // Example 2 4 . 1
5
6 clear ;
7
8 clc ;
9
10 p =1.0*10^5; // P r e s s u r e ( i n N/mˆ 2 ) a t STP
11
12 rho =1.25; // D e n s i t y ( i n kg /mˆ 3 ) o f N i t r o g e n
13
14 Vrms = sqrt (3* p / rho ) ; // rms s p e e d o f n i t r o g e n a t STP
15
16 printf ( ” The rms s p e e d o f N i t r o g e n=%. f m/ s ” , Vrms ) ;

12
 Scilab code Exa 24.2 To find the rms speed of hydrogen

1
2 //To c a l c u l a t e t h e rms s p e e d o f h y d r o g e n m o l e c u l e s
a t t h e same t e m p e r a t u r e
3
4 // Example 2 4 . 2
5
6 clear ;
7
8 clc ;
9
10 v1 =490; // rms s p e e d o f n i t r o g e n a t 273 K e l v i n
11
12 m1 =28; // m o l e c u l a r w e i g h t o f n i t r o g e n
13
14 m2 =2; // m o l e c u l a r w e i g h t o f h y d r o g e n
15
16 v2 = v1 * sqrt ( m1 / m2 ) ; // rms s p e e d o f h y d r o g e n a t 273
Kelvin
17
18 printf ( ” rms s p e e d o f h y d r o g e n=%d m/ s ( wrong a n s w e r
g i v e n i n t h e book ) ” , v2 ) ;

Scilab code Exa 24.3 To calculate the number of molecules in each cubic metre

1
2 //To c a l c u l a t e t h e number o f m o l e c u l e s i n e a c h c u b i c
metre
3
4 // Example 2 4 . 3
5
6 clear ;

13
 7
8 clc ;
9
10 p =1.0*10^5; // p r e s s u r e i n N/mˆ2
11
12 v =1; // volume i n c u b i c m e t r e
13
14 t =300; // t e m p e r a t u r e i n K e l v i n
15
16 k =1.38*10^ -23; // b o l t z m a n n c o n s t a n t ( J /K)
17
18 n = p * v /( k * t ) ; // f o r m u l a f o r f i n d i n g number o f
molecules
19
20 printf ( ” number o f m o l e c u l e=%f ∗ 1 0 ˆ 2 5 ” ,n /(10^25) ) ;

Scilab code Exa 24.4 To calculate the rms speed of Oxygen molecules

1
2 //To c a l c u l a t e t h e rms s p e e d o f o x y g e n m o l e c u l e s
3
4 // Example 2 4 . 4
5
6 clear ;
7
8 clc ;
9
10 R =8.3; // u n i v e r s a l g a s c o n s t a n t i n J / mol−K
11
12 T =300; // t e m p e r a t u r e i n K e l v i n
13
14 M0 =0.032; // m o l e c u l a r w e i g h t i n kg / mol
15

14
16 V = sqrt (3* R * T / M0 ) ; // f o r m u l a f o r f i n d i n g t h e rms s p e e d
17
18 printf ( ” t h e rms s p e e d o f o x y g e n m o l e c u l e=%d m/ s ” ,V ) ;

Scilab code Exa 24.5 To calculate the external pressure

1
2 //To c a l c u l a t e t h e e x t e r n a l p r e s s u r e
3
4 // Example 2 4 . 5
5
6 clear ;
7
8 clc ;
9
10 Psat =2710; // s a t u r a t e d p r e s s u r e i n m i l l i m e t r e o f Hg
a t 140 d e g r e e c e l s i u s
11
12 Pvap =760; // v a p o u r p r e s s u r e i n m i l l i m e t r e o f Hg ( 1 atm
=760 mm o f Hg )
13
14 Pext = Psat / Pvap ; // e x t e r n a l v a p o u r p r e s s u r e a t 140
degree c e l s i u s
15
16 printf ( ” e x t e r n a l v a p o u r p r e s s u r e a t 140 d e g r e e
c e l s i u s =%2f atm ” , Pext ) ;

Scilab code Exa 24.6 To calculate the relative humidity

15
 1
2 //To c a l c u l a t e t h e r e l a t i v e h u m i d i t y
3
4 // Example 2 4 . 6
5
6 clear ;
7
8 clc ;
9
10 Pvap =12; // v a p o u r p r e s s u r e o f a i r a t 20 d e g r e e
celsius
11
12 SVP =17.5; // s a t u r a t i o n v a p o u r p r e s s u r e a t 20 d e g r e e
celsius
13
14 RH = Pvap / SVP ; // r e l a t i v e h u m i d i t y
15
16 printf ( ” R e l a t i v e Humidity=%. 2 f ” , RH ) ;

Scilab code Exa 24.7 To calculate the relative humidity

1
2 //To c a l c u l a t e t h e r e l a t i v e h u m i d i t y
3
4 // Example 2 4 . 7
5
6 clear ;
7
8 clc ;
9
10 Pvap =8.94; // v a p o u r p r e s s u r e a t t h e dew p o i n t i n (mm
o f Hg )
11

16
12 SVP =55.1; // s a t u r a t i o n v a p o u r p r e s s u r e a t t h e air
t e m p e r a t u r e i n (mm o f Hg )
13
14 RH =( Pvap / SVP ) *100; // f i n d i n g t h e r e l a t i v e h u m i d i t y
15
16 printf ( ” R e l a t i v e Humidity=%. 1 f p e r c e n t ” , RH ) ;

17
 Chapter 25

Calorimetry

Scilab code Exa 25.1 To calculate the kinetic energy

1
2 //To c a l c u l a t e t h e k i n e t i c e n e r g y
3
4 // Example 2 5 . 1
5
6 clear ;
7
8 clc ;
9
10 m =10; // mass i n kg
11
12 v =36; // s p e e d i n kmph
13
14 E =[1/2* m *( v *10^3/3600) ^2]/4.186; // f o r m u l a f o r
f i n d i n g k i n e t i c energy
15
16 printf ( ” k i n e t i c e n e r g y=%f c a l ” ,E ) ;

18
 Scilab code Exa 25.2 Calculate the heat supplied to the block

1
2 //To c a l c u l a t e t h e h e a t s u p p l i e d t o t h e b l o c k
3
4 // Example 2 5 . 2
5
6 clear ;
7
8 clc ;
9
10 m =60; // mass o f a c o p p e r b l o c k i n grams
11
12 s =0.09; // s p e c i f i c h e a t c a p a c i t y o f c o p p e r i n ( c a l / g−
degree c e l s i u s )
13
14 t =20; // t e m p e r a t u r e i n c r e a s e d by d e g r e e c e l c i u s
15
16 Q = m * s * t ; // f o r m u l a f o r f i n d i n g t h e h e a t s u p p l i e d t o
the block
17
18 printf ( ” Heat=%f c a l ” ,Q ) ;

Scilab code Exa 25.3 To calculate the mass of melted ice

1 //To c a l c u l a t e t h e mass o f m e l t e d I c e

19
2 // Example 2 5 . 3
3
4 clear ;
5
6 clc ;
7
8 m =0.2; // mass o f a p i e c e o f i c e i n kg a t 25 d e g r e e
Celsius
9
10 s =4200; // s p e c i f i c h e a t c a p a c i t y o f w a t e r i n J / kg−k
11
12 t1 =25; // I n i t i a l T e m p e r a t u r e i n C e l s i u s
13
14 t2 =0; // F i n a l T e m p e r a t u r e i n C e l s i u s
15
16 Q = m * s *( t1 - t2 ) ; // f o r m u l a f o r f i n d i n g t h e h e a t
17
18 L =3.4*10^5; // s p e c i f i c l a t e n t h e a t o f f u s i o n o f i c e
i n J / kg
19
20 M = Q / L ; // The amount o f i c e m e l t e d
21
22 printf ( ” Mass o f t h e I c e M e l t e d=%f gram ” ,M *1000) ;

Scilab code Exa 25.4 To Calculate the Specific Latent Heat Capacity

1
2 //To c a l c u l a t e t h e S p e c i f i c L a t e n t Heat o f
v a p o r i z a t i o n of water
3
4 // Example 2 5 . 4
5
6 clear ;
7
8 clc ;

20
 9
10 m =1.5; // Mass o f steam c o n d e n s e d i n grams
11
12 s =1; // S p e c i f i c Heat C a p a c i t y i n c a l / g−C
13
14 t1 =100; // I n i t i a l T e m p e r a t u r e i n d e g r e e C e l s i u s
15
16 t2 =30; // F i n a l T e m p e r a t u r e i n d e g r e e C e l s i u s
17
18 t = t1 - t2 ; // Change i n T e m p e r a t u r e i n d e g r e e C e l s i u s
19
20 Q2 = m * s * t ; // Heat l o s t i n t h e p r o c e s s o f c o o l i n g from
100 d e g r e e C e l s i u s t o 30 d e g r e e C e l s i u s i n
calories
21
22 We =15; // Wateer E q u i v a l e n t o f C a l o r i m e t e r i n grams
23
24 Mw =165; // Mass o f w a t e r i n grams
25
26 t3 =25; // I n i t i a l T e m p e r a t u r e i n d e g r e e C e l s i u s
27
28 t4 =30; // F i n a l T e m p e r a t u r e i n d e g r e e C e l s i u s
29
30 T = t4 - t3 ; // Change i n t e m p e r a t u r e i n d e g r e e C e l s i u s
31
32 Q3 =( We + Mw ) * s * T ; // Heat s u p p l i e d t o r a i s e t h e
t e m p e r a t u r e from 25 d e g r e e C e l s i u s t o 30 d e g r e e
Celsius in Calories
33
34 L =( Q3 - Q2 ) / m ; // S p e c i f i c L a t e n t Heat o f V a p o u r i z a t i o n
of water
35
36 printf ( ” S p e c i f i c L a t e n t Heat o f V a p o u r i z a t i o n o f
w a t e r=%f c a l / g ” ,L ) ;

21
 Chapter 26

Laws of Thermodynamics

Scilab code Exa 26.1 To calculate the increase in Internal Energy

1
2 //To c a l c u l a t e t h e i n c r e a s e i n I n t e r n a l Energy i n
the process
3
4 // Example 2 6 . 1
5
6 clear ;
7
8 clc ;
9
10 delQ =418; // Heat g i v e n t o t h e g a s i n J o u l e s
11
12 delW =40; // Work done by t h e g a s i n J o u l e s
13
14 delU = delQ - delW ; // f o r m u l a f o r f i n d i n g i n c r e a s e the
i n t e r n a l energy
15
16 printf ( ” I n c r e a s e i n I n t e r n a l Energy=%. f j o u l e ” , delU )
;

22
 Scilab code Exa 26.2 To Calculate the amount of Work

1
2 //To C a l c u l a t e t h e Work Done by t h e Gas
3
4 // Example 2 6 . 2
5
6 clear ;
7
8 clc ;
9
10 pA =120*10^3; // p r e s s u r e ( i n Pa ) o f t h e g a s a t P o i n t A
11
12 pB =120*10^3; // p r e s s u r e ( i n Pa ) o f t h e g a s a t P o i n t B
13
14 pC =200*10^3; // p r e s s u r e ( i n Pa ) o f t h e g a s a t P o i n t C
15
16 VA =200*10^ -6; // Volume a t p o i n t A i n mˆ3
17
18 VB =450*10^ -6; // Volume a t p o i n t B i n mˆ3
19
20 VC =450*10^ -6; // Volume a t p o i n t C i n mˆ3
21
22 delVab = VB - VA ; // c h a n g e i n t h e volume o f t h e g a s from
point A to B
23
24 Wab = pA * delVab ; // f o r m u l a
f o r f i n d i n g t h e work done by
the gas in the p r o c e s s A to B
25
26 printf ( ” The Work done by t h e g a s i n t h e p r o c e s s A t o
B=%d j o u l e ” , Wab ) ;
27

23
28 delVbc = VC - VB ; // c h a n g e i n t h e volume o f t h e g a s from
point B to C
29
30 Wbc =( pC - pB ) * delVbc ; // f o r m u l a
f o r f i n d i n g t h e work
done by t h e g a s i n t h e p r o c e s s B t o C
31
32 printf ( ” \ nThe Work done by t h e g a s i n t h e p r o c e s s B
t o C=%d j o u l e ” , Wbc ) ;
33
34 delVca = VC - VA ; // c h a n g e i n t h e volume o f t h e g a s from
point C to A
35
36 Wca =(0.5*( pC - pA ) * delVca ) + Wab ; // f o r m u l a
for finding
t h e work done by t h e g a s i n t h e p r o c e s s C t o A
37
38 printf ( ” \ nThe Work done by t h e g a s i n t h e p r o c e s s C
t o A=%d j o u l e ” ,- Wca ) ;

24
 Chapter 27

Specific Heat Capacities of

Gases

Scilab code Exa 27.1 To find the amount of Heat needed to raise the temperature fr

1
2 // Find t h e Amount o f Heat n e e d e d t o r a i s e t h e
t e m p e r a t u r e from 25 d e g r e e c e l s i u s t o 35 d e g r e e
celsius .
3
4 // Example 2 7 . 1
5
6 clear ;
7
8 clc ;
9
10 Ao =0.32; // Mass o f Oxygen k e p t i n gram
11
12 W =32; // M o l e c u l a r w e i g h t o f Oxygen i n g / mol
13
14 n = Ao / W ; // Number o f m o l e s o f o x y g e n
15
16 Cv =20; // Molar Heat C a p a c i t y o f Oxygen a t c o n s t a n t
volume

25
17
18 T1 =25; // I n i t i a l T e m p e r a t u r e
19
20 T2 =35; // F i n a l T e m p e r a t u r e
21
22 delT = T2 - T1 ; // Change i n T e m p e r a t u r e
23
24 Q = n * Cv * delT ; // Amount o f Heat n e e d e d
25
26 printf ( ”Amount o f Heat r e q u i r e d=%d j o u l e ” ,Q ) ;

Scilab code Exa 27.2 To calculate the amount of Heat required to raise the tempera

1
2 // Find t h e Amount o f Heat r e q u i r e d t o r a i s e t h e
t e m p e r a t u r e t o 400 K e l v i n
3
4 // Example 2 7 . 2
5
6 clc ;
7
8 clear ;
9
10 V =0.2; // Volume o f t a n k i n mˆ3
11
12 p =1*10^5; // P r e s s u r e o f Helium Gas i n N/Mˆ2
13
14 T1 =300; // I n i t i a l T e m p e r a t u r e o f Helium Gas i n K e l v i n
15
16 T2 =400; // F i n a l T e m p e r a t u r e o f Helium Gas i n K e l v i n
17
18 R =8.31; // U n i v e r s a l Gas C o n s t a n t i n J / mol−K
19

26
20 n = int (( p * V ) /( R * T1 ) ) ; // Amount o f m o l e s o f Helium Gas
21
22 Cv =3; // Molar Heat C a p a c i t y a t C o n s t a n t Volume
23
24 Q = n * Cv *( T2 - T1 ) ; // Amount o f Heat R e q u i r e d i n c a l o r i e s
25
26 printf ( ” The amount o f Heat r e q u i r e d=%d c a l ” ,Q ) ;

Scilab code Exa 27.3 To Calculate the ratio of Cp to Cv

1
2 //To Find t h e r a t i o o f Cp/Cv
3
4 // Example 2 7 . 3
5
6 clc ;
7
8 clear ;
9
10 Cv =5; // Molar Heat C a p a c i t y o f Gas a t c o n s t a n t volume
11
12 R =2; // U n i v e r s a l Gas c o n s t a n t i n c a l / mol−K
13
14 Cp = Cv + R ; // Molar Heat C a p a c i t y o f Gas a t c o n s t a n t
pressure
15
16 gama = Cp / Cv ; // The r a t i o Cp/Cv
17
18 printf ( ”Cp/Cv=%f ” , gama ) ;

27
 Scilab code Exa 27.4 To Calculate the Final Temperature of the air

1
2 //To c a l c u l a t e t h e F i n a l T e m p e r a t u r e o f t h e a i r
3
4 // Example 2 7 . 4
5
6 clc ;
7
8 clear ;
9
10 T1 =288; // I n i t i a l T e m p e r a t u r e o f Dry A i r i n K e l v i n
11
12 p1 =10; // I n i t i a l p r e s s u r e o f Dry A i r i n atm
13
14 p2 =1; // F i n a l p r e s s u r e o f Dry A i r i n atm
15
16 gama =1.41; // The r a t i o Cp/Cv
17
18 T2 = T1 *( p2 / p1 ) ^(( gama -1) / gama ) ; // F i n a l T e m p e r a t u r e o f
Gas
19
20 printf ( ” The f i n a l t e m p e r a t u r e o f g a s=%f K” , T2 ) ;

Scilab code Exa 27.5 To calculate the Internal Energy of 1 gram of oxygen at STP

28
2 //To C a l c u l a t e t h e I n t e r n a l Energy o f 1 gram o f
o x y g e n a t STP .
3
4 // Example 2 7 . 5
5
6 clc ;
7
8 clear ;
9
10 m =1; // Mass o f Oxygen t a k e n i n grams
11
12 M =32; // M o l e c u l a r Weight o f Oxygen i n g / mol
13
14 n = m / M ; // Number o f m o l e s o f Oxygen
15
16 R =8.31; // U n i v e r s a l Gas C o n s t a n t i n J / mol−K
17
18 T =273; // T e m p e r a t u r e i n K e l v i n a t STP
19
20 U = int ( n *((5/2) * R * T ) ) ; // I n t e r n a l Energy o f Oxygen
21
22 printf ( ” I n t e r n a l Energy o f Oxygen=%d J ” ,U ) ;

29
 Chapter 28

Heat Transfer

Scilab code Exa 28.1 Amount of Heat Flow per second

1
2 //To C a l c u l a t e t h e Amount o f Heat f l o w i n g p e r s e c o n d
through the cube .
3
4 // Example 2 8 . 1
5
6 clear ;
7
8 clc ;
9
10 x =0.1; // Edge Length o f t h e Copper Cube i n cm
11
12 A = x ^2; // Area o f c r o s s s e c t i o n i n cmˆ2
13
14 K =385; // Thermal C o n d u c t i v i t y o f Copper i n W/m−deg
Celsius
15
16 T1 =100; // T e m p e r a t u r e o f t h e f i r s t f a c e
17
18 T2 =0; // T e m p e r a t u r e a t t h e s e c o n d f a c e
19

30
20 Rf = K * A *( T1 - T2 ) / x ; // Amount o f Heat f l o w i n g p e r s e c o n d
( d e l (Q) / d e l ( t ) )
21
22 printf ( ” The amount o f h e a t f l o w i n g p e r s e c=%d W” , Rf )
;

Scilab code Exa 28.2 To Find the Thermal Resistance of Aluminium Rod

1
2 //To C a l c u l a t e t h e Thermal R e s i s t a n c e o f an
aluminium r o d
3
4 // Example 2 8 . 2
5
6 clear ;
7
8 clc ;
9
10 x =0.2; // Length o f Aluminium Rod i n m e t r e s
11
12 K =200; // Thermal C o n d u c t i v i t y o f Aluminium i n W/m−K
13
14 A =1*10^ -4; // Area o f C r o s s S e c t i o n i n m e t r e ˆ2
15
16 R = x /( K * A ) ; // Thermal R e s i s t a n c e i n K/W
17
18 printf ( ” The Thermal R e s i s t a n c e i s o f Aluminium Rod=%
d K/W” ,R ) ;

31
 Scilab code Exa 28.3 To Calculate the Temperature at Sun Surface

1 //To C a l c u l a t e t h e T e m p e r a t u r e o f Sun
2 // Example 2 8 . 3
3
4 clear ;
5
6 clc ;
7
8 b =0.288; // Wein C o n s t a n t i n cm−K
9
10 Lambda =470*10^( -7) ; // Wavelength c o r r e s p o n d i n g t o
maximum i n t e n s i t y i n c e n t i m e t r e s
11
12 T = b / Lambda ; // T e m p e r a t u r e a t t h e S u r f a c e o f Sun
13
14 printf ( ” T e m p e r a t u r e a t t h e sun s u r f a c e = %f K” ,T ) ; //
The a n s w e r p r o v i d e d i n t h e t e x t b o o k i s wrong

Scilab code Exa 28.4 To Calculate the Net Rate of Heat Loss

1
2 //To c a l c u l a t e t h e Net Rate o f Heat L o s s
3
4 // Example 2 8 . 4
5
6 clear ;
7
8 clc ;
9
10 A =10*10^ -4; // S u r f a c e Area o f B l a c k b o d y i n mˆ2
11
12 T =400; // I n i t i a l T e m p e r a t u r e i n K e l v i n

32
13
14 T0 =300; // F i n a l T e m p e r a t u r e i n K e l v i n
15
16 Sigma =5.67*10^ -8; // S t e f a n C o n s t a n t
17
18 delU = Sigma * A *( T ^4 - T0 ^4) ; // Net Rate o f Heat L o s s
19
20 printf ( ” The n e t r a t e o f l o s s o f h e a t i s =%2f W” , delU )
;

Scilab code Exa 28.5 To Calculate the time for cooling

1
2 //To C a l c u l a t e t h e Amount o f Time f o r C o o l i n g
3
4 // Example 2 8 . 5
5
6 clear ;
7
8 clc ;
9
10 T1 =70; // I n i t i a l T e m p e r a t u r e i n d e g r e e C e l s i u s i n
F i r s t Case
11
12 T2 =60; // F i n a l T e m p e r a t u r e i n d e g r e e Celsius in First
Case
13
14 Tav =( T1 + T2 ) /2; // A v e r a g e T e m p e r a t u r e i n F i r s t Case
15
16 Ts =30; // T e m p e r a t u r e o f S u r r o u n d i n g i n d e g r e e C e l s i u s
17
18 Tdif1 = Tav - Ts ; // A v e r a g e T e m p e r a t u r e D i f f e r e n c e from
Surrounding in f i r s t case

33
19
20 t =5; // Time t a k e n f o r c o o l i n g from 70 deg C e l s i u s t o
60 deg C e l s i u s
21
22 Rt =( T1 - T2 ) / t ; // Rate o f f a l l o f T e m p e r a t u r e
23
24 bA = Rt / Tdif1 ; // P r o d u c t o f Wein C o n s t a n n t and Area
25
26 T3 =60; // I n i t i a l T e m p e r a t u r e i n d e g r e e C e l s i u s i n
second case
27
28 T4 =50; // F i n a l T e m p e r a t u r e i n d e g r e e Celsius in
second case
29
30 Tdif2 = T3 - T4 ; // Change i n T e m p e r a t u r e i n s e c o n d c a s e
31
32 Tav1 =( T3 + T4 ) /2; // A v e r a g e T e m p e r a t u r e i n s e c o n d c a s e
33
34 Tdif3 = Tav1 - Ts ; // A v e r a g e T e m p e r a t u r e D i f f e r e n c e from
Surrounding in second case
35
36 t1 = Tdif2 /( bA * Tdif3 ) ; // Time t a k e n by t h e l i q u i d to
cool
37
38 printf ( ” Time t a k e n by t h e l i q u i d t o c o o l=%d min ” , t1 )
;

34
 Chapter 29

Electric Field and Potential

Scilab code Exa 29.1 To Find the Electric Field at a point

1
2 //To C a l c u l a t e t h e E l e c t r i c F i e l d a t a p o i n t
3
4 // Example 2 9 . 1
5
6 clear ;
7
8 clc ;
9
10 AC =5*10^ -2; // The l e n g t h o f AC i n m e t r e s
11
12 PC =12*10^ -2; // The l e n g t h o f PC i n m e t r e s
13
14 AP = sqrt ( AC ^2+ PC ^2) ; // Length o f AP by P y t h a g o r a s
Theorem
15
16 Theta = acos ( AC / AP ) ; // Measure o f a n g l e PAC
17
18 Q1 =10*10^ -6; // F i r s t Charge i n Coloumbs
19
20 Q2 = -10*10^ -6; // S e c o n d Charge i n Coloumbs

35
21
22 K =9*10^9; // V a l u e o f c o n s t a n t ( 1 / ( 4 ∗ p i ∗ 0 ) )
23
24 EA = Q1 * K / AP ^2; // E l e c t r i c F i e l d a t P due t o F i r s t
Charge
25
26 EB = - Q2 * K / AP ^2; // E l e c t r i c F i e l d a t P due t o F i r s t
Charge
27
28 E =( EA + EB ) * cos ( Theta ) ; // Magnitude o f resultant
Electric Field
29
30 printf ( ” e l c t r i c f i e l d a t p o i n t P=%. 1 f ∗ 1 0 ˆ 6 N/C” ,E
/10^6) ;

Scilab code Exa 29.3 To Calculate the amount of Work

1
2 //To C a l c u l a t e t h e Work Done by a p e r s o n i n p u l l i n g
them a p a r t t o i n f i n i t e s e p a r a t i o n s
3
4 // Example 2 9 . 3
5
6 clear ;
7
8 clc ;
9
10 Q1 =10*10^ -6; // F i r s t Charge i n Coloumbs
11
12 Q2 =10*10^ -6; // S e c o n d Charge i n Coloumbs
13
14 Q3 =10*10^ -6; // T h i r d Charge i n Coloumbs
15

36
16 K =9*10^9; // V a l u e o f c o n s t a n t ( 1 / ( 4 ∗ p i ∗ 0 ) )
17
18 x =0.1; // Length o f s i d e o f t h e E q u i l a t e r a l T r i a n g l e
in metres
19
20 U =3* Q1 * Q2 * K / x ; // P o t e n t i a l Energy o f t h e System
21
22 printf ( ” The amount o f work done t o p u l l t h e c h a r g e s
a p a r t=%f J ” ,U ) ;

Scilab code Exa 29.4 To Find the Electric Potential

1
2 //To f i n d t h e E l e c t r i c P o t e n t i a l
3
4 // Example 2 9 . 4
5
6 clear ;
7
8 clc ;
9
10 Q1 =10*10^ -6; // F i r s t Charge i n Coloumbs
11
12 Q2 = 20*10^ -6; // S e c o n d Charge i n Coloumbs
13
14 r =0.02; // D i s t a n c e b e t w e e n t h e c h a r g e s i n m e t r e s
15
16 K =9*10^9; // V a l u e o f c o n s t a n t ( 1 / ( 4 ∗ p i ∗ 0 ) )
17
18 V1 = Q1 * K *2/ r ; // E l e c t r i c P o t e n t i a l due t o F i r s t Charge
19
20 V2 = Q2 * K *2/ r ; // E l e c t r i c P o t e n t i a l due t o S e c o n d
Charge

37
21
22 V = V1 + V2 ; // Net P o t e n t i a l
23
24 printf ( ” n e t p o t e n t i a l =%f MV” ,V /10^6) ;

38
 Chapter 30

Gauss Law

Scilab code Exa 30.1 To Calculate the Flux of Electric Field

1
2 //To Find t h e Flux o f E l e c t r i c F i e l d t h r o u g h t h e
s u r f a c e bounded by t h e f r a m e
3
4 // Example 3 0 . 1
5
6 clear ;
7
8 clc ;
9
10 delS =0.01; // Length o f Edge o f t h e S q u a r e f r a m e i n
metres
11
12 E =20; // E l e c t r i c F i e l d i n V/m
13
14 Theta = %pi /3; // A n g l e b e t w e e n Normal and E l e c t r i c
Field
15
16 Flux = E * delS * cos ( Theta ) ; // E l e c t r i c Flux t h r o u g h t h e
Surface
17

39
18 printf ( ” Net f l u x o f E l e c t r i c F i e l d=%f V/m” , Flux ) ;

40
 Chapter 31

Capacitors

Scilab code Exa 31.1 To Calculate the Capacitance

1
2 //To C a l c u l a t e t h e C a p a c i t a n c e o f t h e c a p a c i t o r
3
4 // Example 31 1
5
6 clear ;
7
8 clc ;
9
10 Q =60*10^ -6; // Charge on t h e c a p a c i t o r
11
12 V =12; // P o t e n t i a l d i f f e r e n c e b e t w e e n t h e p l a t e s
13
14 C = Q / V ; // Formula f o r f i n d i n g t h e c a p a c i t a n c e o f t h e
capacitor
15
16 printf ( ” C a p a c i t a n c e o f t h e c a p a c i t o r=%f ∗10ˆ −6 F” ,C
*10^6) ;

41
 Scilab code Exa 31.3 To Calculate the Capacitance

1
2 //To C a l c u l a t e t h e C a p a c i t a n c e o f a p a r a l l e l p l a t e
capacitor
3
4 // Example 3 1 . 3
5
6 clear ;
7
8 clc ;
9
10 a =20*10^ -2; // Length o f S i d e o f P a r a l l e l Plate
Capacitor
11
12 A = a ^2; // Area o f t h e C a p a c i t o r P l a t e
13
14 d =1*10^ -3; // S e p a r a t i o n b e t w e e n t h e two p l a t e s
15
16 e0 =8.85*10^ -12; // P e r m i t i v i t y i n f a r a d / m e t e r
17
18 C = e0 * A / d ; // Formula f o r f i n d i n g c a p a c i t a n c e o f
parallel plate capacitor
19
20 printf ( ” c a p a c i t a n c e o f t h e p a r a l l e l p l a t e c a p a c i t o r=
%f pF” ,C *10^12) ;

Scilab code Exa 31.4 To Calculate the Charge on each Capacitor

42
 1
2 //To C a l c u l a t e t h e Charge on e a c h C a p a c i t o r
3
4 // Example 3 1 . 4
5
6 clear ;
7
8 clc ;
9
10 C1 =10*10^ -6; // C a p a c i t a n c e o f F i r s t C a p a c i t o r
11
12 C2 =20*10^ -6; // C a p a c i t a n c e o f S e c o n d C a p a c i t o r
13
14 C = C1 * C2 /( C1 + C2 ) ; // E q u i v a l e n t c a p a c i t a n c e o f C1 and
C2 i n s e r i e s
15
16 V =30; // A p l l i e d V o l t a g e
17
18 Q = C * V ; // Formula f o r f i n d i n g t h e c h a r g e on e a c h
capacitor
19
20 printf ( ” The c h a r g e on e a c h c a p a c i t o r=%f uC” ,Q *10^6) ;

Scilab code Exa 31.5 To Find the Equivalent Capacitance of the combination

1
2 //To Find t h e E q u i v a l e n t C a p a c i t a n c e o f t h e
combination
3
4 // Example 3 1 . 5
5
6 clear ;
7

43
 8 clc ;
9
10 C1 =10*10^ -6; // C a p a c i t a n c e o f t h e F i r s t C a p a c i t o r
11
12 C2 =20*10^ -6; // C a p a c i t a n c e o f t h e S e c o n d C a p a c i t o r
13
14 C = C1 + C2 ; // E q u i v a l e n t c a p a c i t a n c e o f p a r a l l e l
c o m b i n a t i o n o f C1 and C2
15
16 C3 =30*10^ -6; // C a p a c i t a n c e o f t h e t h i r d C a p a c i t o r
17
18 Ceq = C * C3 /( C + C3 ) ; // E q u i v a l e n t c a p a c i t a n c e o f S e r i e s
c o m b i n a t i o n o f C and C3
19
20 printf ( ” The e q u i v a l e n t C a p a c i t a n c e o f t h e
c o m b i n a t i o n= %f uF” , Ceq *10^6) ;

Scilab code Exa 31.7 To Calculate the Energy stored in Capacitor

1
2 //To C a l c u l a t e t h e Energy s t o r e d i n C a p a c i t o r
3
4 // Example 3 1 . 7
5
6 clear ;
7
8 clc ;
9
10 C =100*10^ -6; // C a p a c i t a n c e o f t h e c a p a c i t o r i n
Faraday
11
12 V =20; // P o t e n t i a l Difference in Volts
13

44
14 U =1/2* C * V ^2; // Formula f o r f i n d i n g the energy stored
in a capacitor
15
16 printf ( ” The e n e r g y s t o r e d i n t h e c a p a c i t o r= %f J ” ,U )
;

Scilab code Exa 31.8 To Calculate the Equivalent Capacitance

1
2 //To C a l c u l a t e t h e E q u i v a l e n t C a p a c i t a n c e
3
4 // Example 3 1 . 8
5
6 clear ;
7
8 clc ;
9
10 C0 =40*10^ -6; // C a p a c i t a n c e o f t h e f i r s t C a p a c i t o r
11
12 K =4; // D i e l e c t r i c C o n s t a n t
13
14 C1 = K * C0 ; // C a p a c i t a n c e o f t h e c a p a c i t o r C0 w i t h t h e
dielectric
15
16 C2 =40*10^ -6; // C a p a c i t a n c e o f t h e s e c o n d C a p a c i t o r
17
18 C = C1 * C2 /( C1 + C2 ) ; // f o r m u l a f o r f i n d i n g t h e e q u i v a l e n t
capacitor connected in s e r i e s
19
20 printf ( ” E q u i v a l e n t c a p a c i t a n c e o f t h e s y s t e m= %f uF”
,C *10^6) ;

45
46
 Chapter 32

Electric current in conductors

Scilab code Exa 32.1 To Calculate the Current and Current Density

1
2 //To C a l c u l a t e t h e C u r r e n t and C u r r e n t D e n s i t y
3
4 // Example 3 2 . 1
5
6 clear ;
7
8 clc ;
9
10 n =6.0*10^16; // T o t a l number o f e l e c t r o n s
11
12 e =1.6*10^ -19; // Charge o f an e l e c t r o n
13
14 q = n * e ; // T o t a l c h a r g e c r o s s i n g a p r e p e n d i c u l a r c r o s s
s e c t i o n i n one s e c
15
16 t =1; // Time i n s e c o n d s
17
18 i = q / t ; // C u r r e n t
19
20 printf ( ” ( a ) C u r r e n t ( i )= % f ∗10ˆ −3 A” ,i *10^3) ;

47
21
22 s =1.0*10^ -3; // e l e c t r o n beam h a s an a p p e r t u r e
23
24 J = i / s ; // c u r r e n t d e n s i t y
25
26 printf ( ” \n ( b ) C u r r e n t d e n s i t y i n t h e beam ( j )= %. 1 f
∗ 1 0 ˆ 3 A/mˆ2 ” ,J ) ;

Scilab code Exa 32.2 To Calculate the Drift Speed

1
2 //To C a l c u l a t e t h e D r i f t Speed
3
4 // Example 3 2 . 2
5
6 clear ;
7
8 clc ;
9
10 i =1; // C u r r e n t e x i s t i n a c o p p e r w i r e i n Amperes
11
12 e =1.6*10^ -19; // Charge o f an e l e c t r o n
13
14 n =8.5*10^28; // Number o f f r e e e l e c t r o n s
15
16 A =2*10^ -6; // C r o s s S e c t i o n Area o f c o p p e r w i r e
17
18 Vd = i /( A * n * e ) ; // Formula f o r f i n d i n g t h e d r i f t s p e e d
of the e l e c t r o n
19
20 printf ( ” D r i f t s p e e d o f e l e c t r o n s = %f mm/ s ” , Vd *10^3) ;

48
 Scilab code Exa 32.3 To Calculate the Resistance of an aluminium wire

1
2 //To C a l c u l a t e t h e R e s i s t a n c e o f an aluminium w i r e
3
4 // Example 3 2 . 3
5
6 clear ;
7
8 clc ;
9
10 rho =2.6*10^ -8; // R e s i s t i v i t y o f Aluminium i n ohm−
metre
11
12 l =0.50; // Length o f Aluminium w i r e i n m e t r e s
13
14 A =2*10^ -6; // C r o s s s e c t i o n a l a r e a o f aluminium w i r e
i n m e t r e ˆ2
15
16 R = rho * l / A ; // Formula f o r f i n d i n g t h e r e s i s t a n c e o f an
aluminium w i r e
17
18 printf ( ” R e s i s t a n c e o f t h e aluminium w i r e= %f ohm” ,R )
;

Scilab code Exa 32.4 To Calculate the Resistance and Energy

49
 2 //To C a l c u l a t e t h e R e s i s t a n c e and Energy
3
4 // Example 3 2 . 4
5
6 clear ;
7
8 clc ;
9
10 U1 =400; // Thermal e n e r g y d e v e l o p e d i n r e s i s t o r in
Joules
11
12 i1 =2; // C u r r e n t i n Amperes
13
14 t =10; // Time i n s e c o n d s
15
16 R = U1 /( i1 ^2* t ) ; // Formula f o r f i n d i n g t h e r e s i s t a n c e
17
18 printf ( ” ( a ) R e s i s t a n c e o f r e s i s t o r = %f ohm” ,R ) ;
19
20 i2 =4; //New V a l u e o f C u r r e n t i n Amperes
21
22 U =( i2 ) ^2* R * t ; // Formula f o r f i n d i n g t h e t h e r m a l
e n e r g y d e v e l o p e d when t h e c u r r e n t i s 4A
23
24 printf ( ” \n ( b ) Thermal e n e r g y d e v e l o p e d i n t h e
R e s i s t o r= %d J ” ,U ) ;

Scilab code Exa 32.5 To Calculate the Potential Difference and Thermal Energy

1
2 //To C a l c u l a t e t h e P o t e n t i a l D i f f e r e n c e and Thermal
Energy
3

50
 4 // Example 3 2 . 5
5
6 clear ;
7
8 clc ;
9
10 V =2.0; // Emf o f b a t t e r y i n V o l t s
11
12 i =0.100; // C u r r e n t i n Amperes
13
14 r =0.50; // R e s i s t a n c e i n ohms
15
16 Vab =V - i * r ; // P o t e n t i a l d i f f e r e n c e a c r o s s t h e
terminals
17
18 printf ( ” ( a ) P o t e n t i a l d i f f e r e n c e a c r o s s t h e
t e r m i n a l s= %f V” , Vab ) ;
19
20 t =10; // Time i n s e c o n d s
21
22 U = i ^2* r * t ; // Formula f o r
f i n d i n g the thermal energy
developed in the battery
23
24 printf ( ” \n ( b ) Thermal e n e r g y d e v e l o p e d i n t h e
b a t t e r y i s = %. 2 f J ” ,U ) ;

Scilab code Exa 32.7 find the value of resistance

1
2 // Find t h e v a l u e o f R e s i s t a n c e
3
4 // Example 3 2 . 7
5

51
 6 clear ;
7
8 clc ;
9
10 R1 =10; // R e s i s t a n c e ( R1 ) o f Wheatstone B r i d g e C i r c u i t
11
12 R2 =20; // R e s i s t a n c e ( R2 ) o f Wheatstone B r i d g e C i r c u i t
13
14 R4 =40; // R e s i s t a n c e ( R4 ) o f Wheatstone B r i d g e C i r c u i t
15
16 R3 = R1 * R4 / R2 ; // f o r m u l a f o r f i n d i n g t h e w h e a t s t o n e
b r i d g e r e s i s t a n c e ( R3 )
17
18 printf ( ” R e s i s t a n c e (R) = %d ohms f o r z e r o c u r r e n t i n
t h e 50 ohms r e s i s t o r ” , R3 ) ;

Scilab code Exa 32.8 To Find the Reading of Ammeter

1
2 // Find t h e R e a d i n g o f t h e Ammeter
3
4 // Example 3 2 . 8
5
6 clear ;
7
8 clc ;
9
10 R1 =140.8; // Given r e s i s t a n c e
11
12 RA =480; // R e a c t a n c e o f t h e C o i l
13
14 Rsh =20; // Shunt r e s i s t a n c e
15

52
16 Req = RA * Rsh /( RA + Rsh ) ; // E q u i v a l e n t r e s i s t a n c e of the
ammeter
17
18 Reqc = R1 + Req ; // E q u i v a l e n t r e s i s t a n c e o f t h e c i r c u i t
19
20 I = Rsh / Reqc ; // c u r r e n t g o e s t h r o u g h t h e ammeter
21
22 printf ( ” R e a d i n g o f t h e Ammeter i s = %f A” ,I ) ;

Scilab code Exa 32.9 To Find the Time Constant and Time taken for Charge Storage

1
2 //To Find t h e Time C o n s t a n t and Time t a k e n f o r
Charge S t o r a g e
3
4 // Example 3 2 . 9
5
6 clear ;
7
8 clc ;
9
10 C =100*10^ -6; // C a p a c i t a n c e o f t h e C a p a c i t o r i n
Faraday
11
12 R =2; // I n t e r n a l r e s i s t a n c e o f b a t t e r y i n Ohms
13
14 T0 = R * C ; // Time c o n s t a n t i n s e c o n d s
15
16 printf ( ” ( a ) Time c o n s t a n t = %f u s ” , T0 *10^6) ;
17
18 E =12; //EMF o f t h e b e t t e r y
19
20 q =0.99* E * C ; // Charge a t t i m e ( t )

53
21
22 t = - log (1 -( q /( E * C ) ) ) * T0 ; // Time t a k e n b e f o r e 99% o f
t h e Maximum Charge i s s t o r e d on t h e C a p a c i t o r
23
24 printf ( ” \n ( b ) Time t a k e n b e f o r e 99 p e r c e n t o f t h e
Maximum Charge i s s t o r e d on t h e C a p a c i t o r = %. 2 f
ms” ,t *10^3) ;

Scilab code Exa 32.10 To Find the Charge Remaining on the Capacitor

1
2 //To Find t h e Charge Remaining on t h e C a p a c i t o r 1 s
a f t e r t h e c o n n e c t i o n i s made
3
4 // Example 3 2 . 1 0
5
6 clear ;
7
8 clc ;
9
10 C =50*10^ -6; // C a p a c i t a n c e o f P a r a l l e l P l a t e C a p a c i t o r
11
12 R =1.0*10^3; // R e s i s t a n c e o f t h e c o n n e c t e d R e s i s t o r
13
14 T0 = C * R ; // Time c o n s t a n t o f RC C i r c u i t
15
16 t =1; // D u r a t i o n o f D i s c h a r g e o f C a p a c i t o r
17
18 Q =400*10^ -6; // I n i t i a l Charge on t h e C a p a c i t o r
19
20 q = Q * exp ( - t / T0 ) ; // Charge r e m a i n i n g on t h e C p a c i t o r

54
21
22 printf ( ” Charge r e m a i n i n g on t h e c a p a c i t o r a f t e r 1 s =
%. 2 f ∗10ˆ −7 uC” ,q *10^13) ;

55
 Chapter 33

Thermal and Chemical Effects

of Electric Current

Scilab code Exa 33.1 To Calculate the Heat Developed in each resistor

1
2 //To C a l c u l a t e t h e Heat D e v e l o p e d i n e a c h o f t h e
three r e s i s t o r
3
4 // Example 3 3 . 1
5
6 clear ;
7
8 clc ;
9
10 R1 =6; // R e s i s t a n c e o f t h e f i r s t resistor
11
12 R2 =3; // R e s i s t a n c e o f t h e s e c o n d r e s i s t o r
13
14 Req = R1 * R2 /( R1 + R2 ) ; // E q u i v a l e n t r e s i s t a n c e o f R1 and
R2
15
16 R3 =1; // R e s i s t a n c e of the t h i r d r e s i s t o r
17

56
18 R = Req + R3 ; // E q u i v a l e n t r e s i s t a n c e o f t h e c i r c u i t
19
20 V =9; // V o l t a g e a c r o s s t h e b a t t e r y
21
22 i = V / R ; // C u r r e n t t h r o u g h t h e C i r c u i t
23
24 t =60; // Time i n s e c o n d s
25
26 H3 = i ^2* R3 * t ; // Heat d e v e l o p e d i n t h i r d r e s i s t o r
27
28 i1 = i * R /( R1 + R2 ) ; // C u r r e n t t h r o u g h t h e 6 ohm r e s i s t o r
29
30 H1 = i1 ^2* R1 * t ; // Heat d e v e l o p e d i n f i r s t resistor
31
32 i2 =i - i1 ; // c u r r e n t t h r o u g h t h e 3 ohm r e s i s t o r
33
34 H2 = i2 ^2* R2 * t ; // h e a t d e v e l o p e d i n S e c o n d R e s i s t o r
35
36 printf ( ” Heat d e v e l o p e d i n t h e f i r s t r e s i s t o r =%d J ” ,
H1 ) ;
37
38 printf ( ” \ nHeat d e v e l o p e d i n t h e s e c o n d r e s i s t o r =%d J
” , H2 ) ;
39
40 printf ( ” \ nHeat d e v e l o p e d i n t h e t h i r d r e s i s t o r =%d J ”
, H3 ) ;

Scilab code Exa 33.2 To Calculate the Neutral Temperature

1
2 //To C a l c u l a t e t h e N e u t r a l T e m p e r a t u r e
3
4 // Example 3 3 . 2

57
 5
6 clear ;
7
8 clc ;
9
10 ThetaI =530; // I n v e r s i o n t e m p e r a t u r e i n d e g r e e C e l s i u s
11
12 ThetaC =10; // T e m p e r a t u r e o f t h e c o l d j u n c t i o n i n
degree Celsius
13
14 ThetaN =( ThetaI + ThetaC ) /2; // N e u t r a l t e m p e r a t u r e i n
degree Celsius
15
16 printf ( ” N e u t r a l T e m p e r a t u r e = %d d e g r e e c e l s i u s ” ,
ThetaN ) ;

Scilab code Exa 33.3 To Find Thermal Coefficients a and b

1
2 //To Find Thermal C o e f f i c i e n t s a and b
3
4 // Example 3 3 . 3
5
6 clear ;
7
8 clc ;
9
10 acupb =2.76*10^ -6; // C o e f f i c i e n t ( a ) f o r Copper−Lead
Thermocouple
11
12 afepb =16.6*10^ -6; // C o e f f i c i e n t ( a ) f o r I r o n −Lead
Thermocouple
13

58
14 acufe = acupb - afepb ; // C o e f f i c i e n t ( a ) f o r Copper−I r o n
Thermocouple
15
16 bcupb =0.012*10^ -6; // C o e f f i c i e n t ( b ) f o r Copper−Lead
Thermocouple
17
18 bfepb = -0.030*10^ -6; // C o e f f i c i e n t ( b ) f o r I r o n −Lead
Thermocouple
19
20 bcufe = bcupb - bfepb ; // C o e f f i c i e n t ( b ) f o r Copper−I r o n
Thermocouple
21
22 printf ( ” Thermal C o e f f i c i e n t ( a ) f o r Copper−I r o n
T h e r m o c o u p l e = %f uV/ deg C” , acufe *10^6) ;
23
24 printf ( ” \ nThermal C o e f f i c i e n t ( b ) f o r Copper−I r o n
T h e r m o c o u p l e =%f uV/ deg Cˆ2 ” , bcufe *10^6) ;

Scilab code Exa 33.4 To Calculate the Electric Current

1
2 //To C a l c u l a t e t h e E l e c t r i c C u r r e n t
3
4 // Example 3 3 . 4
5
6 clear ;
7
8 clc ;
9
10 m =0.972; // Mass o f Chromium d e p o s i t e d i n grams
11
12 Z =0.00018; // E l e c t r o c h e m i c a l E q u i v a l e n t o f Chromium
13

59
14 t =3*3600; // Time i s i n s e c o n d s
15
16 I = m /( Z * t ) ; // E l e c t r i c C u r r e n t r e q u i r e d t o d e p o s i t t h e
Chromium i n t h r e e h o u r s
17
18 printf ( ” E l e c t r i c C u r r e n t r e q u i r e d t o d e p o s i t 0 . 9 7 2 g
o f Chromium i n t h r e e h o u r s = %f A” ,I ) ;

60
 Chapter 34

Magnetic Field

Scilab code Exa 34.1 To Find the Force and Acceleration

1
2 //To Find t h e F o r c e and A c c e l e r a t i o n
3
4 // Example 3 4 . 1
5
6 clear ;
7
8 clc ;
9
10 q =1.6*10^ -19; // Charge on a p r o t o n i n Coloumbs
11
12 v =3.0*10^6; // P r o j e c t e d Speed o f t h e P r o t o n i n m/ s
13
14 B =2.0*10^ -3; // Uniform m a g n e t i c f i e l d s t r e n g t h i n
Tesla
15
16 theta = %pi /2; // A n g l e b e t w e e n M a g n e t i c F i e l d and
Velocity
17
18 F = q * v * B * sin ( theta ) ; // F o r c e on t h e p r o t o n due t o
Magnetic F i e l d

61
19
20 printf ( ” F o r c e on t h e p r o t o n = %f ∗10ˆ −16 N” ,F *10^16) ;
21
22 m =1.67*10^ -27; // Mass o f a p r o t o n i n kg
23
24 a = F / m ; // A c c e l e r a t i o n o f t h e p r o t o n i n m/ s ˆ2
25
26 printf ( ” \n A c c e l e r a t i o n o f t h e p r o t o n=%f ∗ 1 0 ˆ 1 1 m/ s ˆ2
” ,a *10^ -11) ;

Scilab code Exa 34.2 To calculate the Time Period

1
2 //To c a l c u l a t e t h e Time P e r i o d
3
4 // Example 3 4 . 2
5
6 clear ;
7
8 clc ;
9
10 m =10*10^ -6; // Mass o f t h e p a r t i c l e i n kg
11
12 q =100*10^ -6; // Charge o f t h e p a r t i c l e i n Coloumbs
13
14 B =25*10^ -3; // M a g n e t i c F i e l d S t r e n g t h i n T e s l a
15
16 T =2* %pi * m /( q * B ) ; // Time P e r i o d i n s e c o n d s
17
18 printf ( ” Time P e r i o d o f t h e c h a r g e = %d s e c o n d s ” ,T ) ;

62
 Scilab code Exa 34.4 To Find the Magnetic Dipole Moment of the Current Loop

1
2 //To Find t h e M a g n e t i c D i p o l e Moment o f t h e C u r r e n t
Loop
3
4 // Example 3 4 . 4
5
6 clear ;
7
8 clc ;
9
10 i =10.0*10^ -9; // C u r r e n t i n t h e C i r c u l a r Loop i n
Amperes
11
12 r =5.0*10^ -2; // R a d i u s o f t h e C i r c u l a r Loop in metres
13
14 A = %pi * r ^2; // Area o f C i r c u l a r Loop
15
16 u = i * A ; // M a g n e t i c D i p o l e Moment i n A−mˆ2
17
18 printf ( ” M a g n e t i c D i p o l e Moment = %f ∗10ˆ −11 A−mˆ2 ” ,u
*10^11) ;

63
 Chapter 35

Magnetic Field Due to a

Current

Scilab code Exa 35.1 To Calculate Magnetic Field due to a piece of Wire

1
2 //To C a l c u l a t e M a g n e t i c F i e l d due t o a 1cm p i e c e o f
Wire
3
4 // Example 3 5 . 1
5
6 clear ;
7
8 clc ;
9
10 i =10; // C u r r e n t i n t h e Wire i n Amperes
11
12 dl =10^ -2; // Length o f t h e w i r e i n m e t r e s
13
14 r =2; // D i s t a n c e o f p o i n t P from w i r e i n m e t r e s
15
16 theta = %pi /4; // A n g l e made by p o i n t P w i t h t h e w i r e
17
18 k =1*10^ -7; // C o n s t a n t ( u0 / ( 4 ∗ p i ) )

64
19
20 dB =( k * i * dl * sin ( theta ) ) / r ^2; // Formula f o r f i n d i n g the
magnetic f i e l d
21
22 printf ( ” M a g n e t i c F i e l d due t o a p i e c e o f Wire = %. 1 f
∗10ˆ −9 T” , dB *10^9) ;

Scilab code Exa 35.2 To Find Magnetic Field between two wires

1
2 //To Find M a g n e t i c F i e l d b e t w e e n t h e w i r e s
3
4 // Example 3 5 . 2
5
6 clear ;
7
8 clc ;
9
10 i =10; // C u r r e n t f l o w i n g t h r o u g h w i r e s i n Amperes
11
12 l =5*10^ -2; // S e p e r a t i o n b e t w e e n two w i r e s i n m e t r e s
13
14 d = l /2; // D i s t a n c e o f P o i n t P from b o t h w i r e s i n
metres
15
16 k =2*10^ -7; // C o n s t a n t k=(u0 / ( 2 ∗ %pi ) )
17
18 B = k * i / d ; // M a g n e t i c F i e l d a t p o i n t P due t o e a c h w i r e
19
20 Bnet =2* B ; // Net M a g n e t i c F i e l d a t P o i n t P due t o b o t h
wires
21
22 printf ( ” M a g n e t i c F i e l d a t p o i n t P b e t w e e n t h e two

65
 w i r e s = %. 0 f uT” , Bnet *10^6) ;

Scilab code Exa 35.3 To Find the Magnitude of Magnetic Force

1
2 //To Find t h e Magnitude o f M a g n e t i c F o r c e
e x p e r i e n c e d by 10 cm o f a w i r e
3
4 // Example 3 5 . 3
5
6 clear ;
7
8 clc ;
9
10 i =5; // C u r r e n t i n Amperes
11
12 d =2.5*10^ -2; // S e p a r a t i o n b e t w e e n t h e w i r e s i n m e t r e s
13
14 k =2*10^ -7; // C o n s t a n t k=(u0 / ( 2 ∗ %pi ) )
15
16 B = k * i / d ; // M a g n e t i c F i e l d a t t h e s i t e o f one w i r e due
to other in T
17
18 l =10*10^ -2; // l e n g t h o f t h e w i r e i n m e t r e s
19
20 F = i * l * B ; // M a g n e t i c f o r c e e x p e r i e n c e d by t h e 10 cm o f
t h e w i r e due t o t h e o t h e r
21
22 printf ( ” M a g n e t i c f o r c e e x p e r i e n c e d by t h e 10 cm o f
t h e w i r e due t o t h e o t h e r = %. 1 f ∗10ˆ −5 N” ,F *10^5)
;

66
 Scilab code Exa 35.4 To Calculate the Magnetic Field at the centre of Coil

1
2 //To C a l c u l a t e t h e M a g n e t i c F i e l d a t t h e C e n t r e o f
Coil
3
4 // Example 3 5 . 4
5
6 clear ;
7
8 clc ;
9
10 i =1.5; // C u r r e n t C a r r i e d by t h e C i r c u l a r Coil in
Amperes
11
12 n =25; // Number o f t u r n s i n t h e c o i l
13
14 a =1.5*10^ -2; // R a d i u s o f t h e C i r c u l a r c o i l i n m e t r e s
15
16 u0 =4* %pi *10^ -7; // P e r m e a b i l i t y o f Vaccum
17
18 B = u0 * i * n /(2* a ) ; // f o r m u l a f o r f i n d i n g t h e m a g n e t i c
f i e l d at the centre
19
20 printf ( ” M a g n e t i c F i e l d a t t h e C e n t r e o f C o i l = %. 2 f
∗10ˆ −3 T” ,B *10^3) ;

Scilab code Exa 35.5 To Calculate the Amount of Current

67
 1
2 //To C a l c u l a t e t h e Amount o f C u r r e n t
3
4 // Example 3 5 . 5
5
6 clear ;
7
8 clc ;
9
10 B =20*10^ -3; // M a g n e t i c f i e l d i n s i d e t h e s o l e n o i d in
Tesla
11
12 n =20*10^2; // Number o f t u r n s p e r u n i t m e t r e
13
14 u0 =4* %pi *10^ -7; // P e r m i a b i l i t y o f Vaccum
15
16 i = B /( u0 * n ) ; // C u r r e n t f l o w i n g t h r o u g h t h e s o l e n o i d in
Amperes
17
18 printf ( ” C u r r e n t f l o w i n g t h r o u g h t h e s o l e n o i d = %. 1 f
A” ,i ) ;

68
 Chapter 36

Permanent Magnets

Scilab code Exa 36.1 To Find the Magnetic Field on Axis of Solenoid

1
2 //To Find t h e M a g n e t i c F i e l d on A x i s o f S o l e n o i d
3
4 // Example 3 6 . 1
5
6 clear ;
7
8 clc ;
9
10 i =10; // C u r r e n t c a r r i e d by S o l e n o i d i n Amperes
11
12 r =1*10^ -2; // R a d i u s o f S o l e n o i d i n m e t r e s
13
14 A = %pi * r ^2; // Area o f C r o s s S e c t i o n o f S o l e n o i d i n
m e t r e ˆ2
15
16 u = i * A ; // D i p o l e Moment o f e a c h t u r n
17
18 l =10*10^ -2; // Length o f S o l e n o i d i n m e t r e s
19
20 R =10*10^ -2; // D i s t a n c e o f p o i n t P from t h e c e n t r e of

69
 solenoid
21
22 n =200; // Number o f t u r n s i n S o l e n o i d
23
24 d = l / n ; // S e p e r a t i o n b e t w e e n two c o n s e c u t i v e t u r n s
25
26 m = u / d ; // P o l e S t r e n g t h f o r e a c h C u r r e n t Loop
27
28 k =1*10^ -7; // C o n s t a n t ( u0 / ( 4 ∗ p i ) )
29
30 Rn =R -( l /2) ; // D i s t a n c e o f p o i n t P from North P o l e
31
32 Bn = k * m / Rn ^2; // M a g n e t i c F i e l d a t P due t o North P o l e
33
34 Rs = R +( l /2) ; // D i s t a n c e o f p o i n t P from South P o l e
35
36 Bs = k * m /( Rs ) ^2; // M a g n e t i c F i e l d a t P due t o South
Pole
37
38 B = Bn - Bs ; // R e s u l t a n t M a g n e t i c F i e l d a t p o i n t P
39
40 printf ( ” M a g n e t i c f i e l d a t a p o i n t on t h e a x i s o f
S o l e n o i d a t a d i s t a n c e o f 10cm from c e n t r e = %. 1 f
∗10ˆ −4 T away from t h e s o l e n o i d ” ,B *10^4) ;

Scilab code Exa 36.2 To Calculate the Work Done in Rotating the Magnet

1
2 //To C a l c u l a t e t h e Work Done i n R o t a t i n g t h e Magnet
3
4 // Example 3 6 . 2
5
6 clear ;

70
 7
8 clc ;
9
10 M =1.0*10^4; // M a g n e t i c Moment o f t h e Bar Magnet i n J /
T
11
12 B =4*10^ -5; // H o r i z o n t a l M a g n e t i c F i e l d i n T e s l a
13
14 theta1 =0; // I n i t i a l A n g u l a r p o s i t i o n o f t h e Magnet
15
16 theta2 = %pi /3; // F i n a l A n g u l a r p o s i t i o n o f t h e Magnet
17
18 W = - M * B *( cos ( theta2 ) - cos ( theta1 ) ) ; // Work Done i n
R o t a t i n g t h e Magnet
19
20 printf ( ”Work Done i n R o t a t i n g t h e Magnet = %. 1 f J ” ,W
);

Scilab code Exa 36.3 To Calculate the magnitude of the Magnetic Field at a point o

1
2 //To C a l c u l a t e t h e Magnitude o f t h e M a g n e t i c F i e l d
a t a p o i n t on i t s A x i s a t a d i s t a n c e o f 20cm from
it .
3
4 // Example 3 6 . 3
5
6 clear ;
7
8 clc ;
9
10 m =12; // P o l e S t r e n g t h o f Magnet i n A−m
11

71
12 l =0.05; // M a g n e t i c Length o f Magnet i n m e t r e s
13
14 d =0.2; // D i s t a n c e o f t h e g i v e n p o i n t from c e n t e r of
magnet i n m e t r e s
15
16 k =1*10^ -7; // C o n s t a n t ( u0 / ( 4 ∗ p i ) )
17
18 M =2* m * l ; // M a g n e t i c Moment o f t h e Magnet
19
20 B = k *2* M * d /(( d ) ^2 -( l ) ^2) ^2; // M a g n e t i c F i e l d a t t h e
P o i n t 20 cm from t h e c e n t r e
21
22 printf ( ” Magnitude o f t h e M a g n e t i c F i e l d a t a p o i n t
o f 20 cm from t h e c e n t e r o f magnet = %. 1 f ∗10ˆ −5 T
” ,B *10^5) ;

Scilab code Exa 36.4 To Find the Magnetic Field due to Magnetic Dipole

1
2 //To Find t h e M a g n e t i c F i e l d due t o M a g n e t i c D i p o l e
3
4 // Example 3 6 . 4
5
6 clear ;
7
8 clc ;
9
10 M =1.2; // M a g n e t i c Moment o f t h e D i p o l e i n A−mˆ2
11
12 r =1; // D i s t a n c e o f p o i n t P from M a g n e t i c P o l e i n
metres
13
14 theta = %pi /3; // A n g l e made by g i v e n p o i n t w i t h t h e

72
 Dipole Axis in r a d i a n s
15
16 k =1*10^ -7; // C o n s t a n t ( u0 / ( 4 ∗ p i ) )
17
18 B = k * M * sqrt (1+3*( cos ( theta ) ) ^2) /( r ) ^3; // Magnitude o f
M a g n e t i c F i e l d a t t h e Given P o i n t i n T e s l a
19
20 printf ( ” Magnitude o f M a g n e t i c f i e l d a t a p o i n t 1
m e t r e from t h e M a g n e t i c D i p o l e = %. 1 f ∗10ˆ −7 T” ,B
*10^7) ;
21
22 alpha = atan ( tan ( theta ) /2) *180/ %pi ; // A n g l e made by
magnetic f i e l d with the r a d i a l l i n e
23
24 printf ( ” \n M a g n e t i c f i e l d makes an a n g l e %. 2 f
d e g r e e s w i t h t h e r a d i a l l i n e ” , alpha ) ;

Scilab code Exa 36.5 To Calculate the Magnitude of Earth Magnetic Field

1
2 //To C a l c u l a t e t h e Magnitude o f t h e Earth ’ s M a g n e t i c
Field
3
4 // Example 3 6 . 5
5
6 clear ;
7
8 clc ;
9
10 Bh =3.6*10^ -5; // H o r i z o n t a l component o f Earth ’ s
Magnetic F i e l d in Tesla
11
12 theta = %pi /3; // Dip A n g l e i n r a d i a n s

73
13
14 B = Bh / cos ( theta ) ; // R e s u l t a n t M a g n e t i c F i e l d
15
16 printf ( ” Magnitude o f t h e E a r t h m a g n e t i c f i e l d = %. 1 f
∗10ˆ −5 T” ,B *10^5) ;

Scilab code Exa 36.6 To Calculate the True Dip

1
2
3 //To C a l c u l a t e t h e True Dip
4
5 // Example 3 6 . 6
6
7 clear ;
8
9 clc ;
10
11 alpha = %pi /4; // A n g l e made by Dip C i r c l e t o t h e
Meridian in radians
12
13 del1 = %pi /6; // Apparent Dip i n r a d i a n s
14
15 del = atan ( tan ( del1 ) * cos ( alpha ) ) *180/ %pi ; // True Dip i n
degrees
16
17 printf ( ” True d i p = %f d e g r e e s ” , del ) ; // Answer
mentioned as atan (1/ s q r t ( 6 ) ) in the textbook
which i s same a s 2 2 . 2 0 7 d e g r e e s

74
 Scilab code Exa 36.7 To Calculate the Value of Horizontal Component of Earth Magne

1
2 //To C a l c u l a t e t h e V a l u e o f H o r i z o n t a l Component o f
Earth ’ s M a g n e t i c F i e l d
3
4 // Example 3 6 . 7
5
6 clear ;
7
8 clc ;
9
10 n =66; // Number o f t u r n s i n Tangent G a l v a n o m e t e r
11
12 i =0.1; // C u r r e n t p a s s i n g t h r o u g h G a l v a n o m e t e r i n
Amperes
13
14 d =22*10^ -2; // D i a m e t e r o f c o i l i n m e t r e s
15
16 theta = %pi /4; // D e f e l c t i o n i n G a l v a n o m e t e r i n r a d i a n s
17
18 u0 =4* %pi *10^ -7; // p e r m e a b i l i t y o f vaccum
19
20 Bh =( u0 * n * i ) /( d * tan ( theta ) ) ; // H o r i z o n t a l component o f
Earths Magnetic F i e l d
21
22 printf ( ” H o r i z o n t a l component o f E a r t h M a g n e t i c F i e l d
= %. 1 f ∗10ˆ −5 T” , Bh *10^5) ;

75
 Scilab code Exa 36.8 To Calculate the Shunt Resistance for Galvanometer

1
2 //To C a l c u l a t e t h e Shunt R e s i s t a n c e f o r G a l v a n o m e t e r
3
4 // Example 3 6 . 8
5
6 clear ;
7
8 clc ;
9
10 i =2; //Maximumm C u r r e n t i n Amperes
11
12 ig =20*10^ -3; // Minimum c u r r e n t r e q u i r e d f o r one f u l l
s c a l e d e f l e c t i o n i n G a l v a n o m e t e r i n Amperes
13
14 Rg =20; // R e s i s t a n c e o f G a l v a n o m e t e r C o i l i n ohms
15
16 Rs =( ig * Rg ) /( i - ig ) ; // Shunt R e s i s t a n c e f o r
G a l v a n o m e t e r i n o r d e r t o p a s s a maximum c u r r e n t
o f 2A
17
18 printf ( ” Shunt R e s i s t a n c e f o r G a l v a n o m e t e r i n o r d e r
t o p a s s a maximum c u r r e n t o f 2A = %. 1 f ohms ” , Rs ) ;

Scilab code Exa 36.9 To Compare the total Magnetic Field due to earth at the two p

76
2
3 //To Compare t h e t o t a l M a g n e t i c F i e l d due t o e a r t h
a t t h e two p l a c e s
4
5 // Example 3 6 . 9
6
7 clear ;
8
9 clc ;
10
11 T1 =3; // Time p e r i o d f o r f i r s t place in seconds
12
13 T2 =2; // Time P e r i o d f o r s e c o n d p l a c e i n s e c o n d s
14
15 theta1 = %pi /4; // Dip i n r a d i a n s a t f i r s t p l a c e
16
17 theta2 = %pi /6; // Dip i n r a d i a n s a t s e c o n d p l a c e
18
19 Br =( T1 ^2/ T2 ^2) * cos ( theta1 ) / cos ( theta2 ) ; // R a t i o o f
M a g n e t i c F i e l d due t o e a r t h a t two p l a c e s
20
21 printf ( ” The r a t i o o f M a g n e t i c F i e l d due t o e a r t h a t
t h e two p l a c e s = %. 3 f ” , Br ) ;

77
 Chapter 37

Magnetic Properties of Matter

Scilab code Exa 37.1 To Calculate the Intensity of Magnetization of Bar Magnet

1
2 //To C a l c u l a t e t h e I n t e n s i t y o f M a g n e t i z a t i o n o f Bar
Magnet
3
4 // Example 3 7 . 1
5
6 clear ;
7
8 clc ;
9
10 m =6.6*10^ -3; // Mass o f b a r magnet ( made o f s t e e l ) in
kg
11
12 rho =7.9*10^3; // D e n s i t y o f s t e e l i n kg /mˆ3
13
14 M =2.5; // M a g n e t i c Moment o f Bar Magnet i n A−mˆ2
15
16 V = m / rho ; // Volume o f b a r magnet i n mˆ3
17
18 I = M / V ; // I n t e n s i t y o f M a g n e t i z a t i o n i n A/m
19

78
20 printf ( ” I n t e n s i t y o f m a g n e t i z a t i o n o f b a r magnet = %
. 1 f ∗ 1 0 ˆ 6 A/m” ,I *10^ -6) ;

Scilab code Exa 37.3 To Calculate the percentage increase in Magnetic Field

1
2 //To C a l c u l a t e t h e p e r c e n t a g e i n c r e a s e i n M a g n e t i c
Field
3
4 // Example 3 7 . 3
5
6 clear ;
7
8 clc ;
9
10 X =2.1*10^ -5; // S u s c e p t i b i l i t y o f Aluminium
11
12 Bin = X *100; // P e r c e n t a g e i n c r e a s e i n M a g n e t i c F i e l d
13
14 printf ( ” P e r c e n t a g e i n c r e a s e i n t h e M a g n e t i c F i e l d =
%. 1 f ∗10ˆ −3 ” , Bin *10^3) ;

79
 Chapter 38

Electromagnetic Induction

Scilab code Exa 38.3 To Calculate the Self Inductance of the Coil

1
2 //To C a l c u l a t e t h e S e l f I n d u c t a n c e o f C o i l
3
4 // Example 3 8 . 3
5
6 clear ;
7
8 clc ;
9
10 If = -5.0; // F i n a l C u r r e n t f l o w i n g t h r o u g h c o i l in
o p p o s i t e d i r e c t i o n i n Amperes
11
12 Ii =5.0; // I n i t i a l Current f l o w i n g through c o i l in
Amperes
13
14 t =0.20; // Time R e q u i r e d f o r c u r r e n t t o Change from −5
A to 5 A in seconds
15
16 di =( If - Ii ) / t ; // Change i n C u r r e n t t h r o u g h t h e c o i l in
Amperes
17

80
18 E =0.2; // A v e r a g e I n d u c e d EMF i n V o l t s
19
20 L = - E / di ; // S e l f I n d u c t a n c e o f t h e C o i l
21
22 printf ( ” S e l f I n d u c t a n c e o f t h e c o i l ( L ) = %. 1 f mH” ,L
*10^3) ;

Scilab code Exa 38.5 To find the Time Constant Maximum Current and Time

1
2 //To f i n d t h e Time C o n s t a n t Maximum C u r r e n t and Time
3
4 // Example 3 8 . 5
5
6 clear ;
7
8 clc ;
9
10 L =20*10^ -3; // S e l d I n d u c t a n c e o f I n d u c t o r
11
12 R =100; // R e s i s t a n c e o f t h e R e s i s t o r i n ohms
13
14 tau = L / R ; // Time C o n s t a n t o f L−R c i r c u i t
15
16 printf ( ” ( a ) Time C o n s t a n t =%. 2 f ms” , tau *10^3) ;
17
18 E =10; //EMF o f B a t t e r y i n V o l t s
19
20 I = E / R ; //Maximum C u r r e n t i n Amperes
21
22 printf ( ” \n ( b ) Maximum c u r r e n t = %. 2 f A” ,I ) ;
23
24 iper =0.99; // C u r r e n t r e a c h e s 99% o f t h e Maximum V a l u e

81
25
26 t = tau * - log (1 - iper ) ; // Time e l a p s e d befor the current
r e a c h e s 99% o f t h e maxium v a l u e
27
28 printf ( ” \n ( c ) Time e l a p s e d b e f o r e t h e c u r r e n t
r e a c h e s 99 p e r c e n t o f t h e maximum v a l u e = %. 2 f ms
” ,t *10^3) ;

Scilab code Exa 38.6 To Calculate the Current in Circuit

1
2 //To C a l c u l a t e t h e C u r r e n t i n C i r c u i t
3
4 // Example 3 8 . 6
5
6 clear ;
7
8 clc ;
9
10 E =10; //EMF o f B a t t e r y i n V o l t s
11
12 R =100; // R e s i s t a n c e i n ohms
13
14 i0 = E / R ; // I n i t i a l C u r r e n t i n Amperes
15
16 L =20*10^ -3; // S e l f I n d u c t a n c e o f I n d u c t o r i n Henry
17
18 tau = L / R ; // Time C o n s t a n t o f L−R C i r c u i t
19
20 t =1*10^ -3; // Time a f t e r S h o r t −C i r c u i t i n g i n s e c o n d s
21
22 i = i0 * exp ( - t / tau ) ; // C u r r e n t i n t h e c i r c u i t 1 ms a f t e r
short circuiting

82
23
24 printf ( ” C u r r e n t i n t h e c i r c u i t 1 ms a f t e r S h o r t
C i r c u i t i n g = %. 1 f ∗10ˆ −4 A” ,i *10^4) ;

Scilab code Exa 38.7 To Calculate the Energy Stored in the Inductor

1
2 //To C a l c u l a t e t h e Energy S t o r e d i n t h e I n d u c t o r
3
4 // Example 3 8 . 7
5
6 clear ;
7
8 clc ;
9
10 L =50*10^ -3; // S e l f I n d u c t a n c e o f I n d u c t o r i n Henry
11
12 i =2; // Cuurent p a s s e d t h r o u g h i n d u c t o r i n Amperes
13
14 U =0.5* L * i ^2; // Energy s t o r e d i n t h e I n d u c t o r
15
16 printf ( ” Energy s t o r e d i n t h e i n d u c t o r = %. 2 f J ” ,U ) ;

83
 Chapter 39

Alternating Current

Scilab code Exa 39.1 To Calculate the rms value of Current and time required to re

1
2 //To C a l c u l a t e t h e rms v a l u e o f C u r r e n t and t i m e
r e q u i r e d t o r e a c h t h e Peak V a l u e
3
4 // Example 3 9 . 1
5
6 clear ;
7
8 clc ;
9
10 i0 =5; // Peak V a l u e o f A l t e r n a t i n g C u r r e n t i n Amperes
11
12 Irms = i0 / sqrt (2) ; //RMS V a l u e o f A l t e r n a t i n g C u r r e n t
i n Amperes
13
14 f =60; // F r e q u e n c y o f A l t e r n a t i n g C u r r e n t i n Hz
15
16 T =1/ f ; // Time p e r i o d of A l t e r n a t i n g Current in
seconds
17
18 t = T /4; // Time r e q u i r e d t o r e a c h t h e Peak V a l u e o f

84
 Current in seconds
19
20 printf ( ”RMS V a l u e o f t h e A l t e r n a t i n g C u r r e n t = %. 1 f
A” , Irms ) ;
21
22 printf ( ” \n Time r e q u i r e d t o r e a c h t h e Peak V a l u e o f
C u r r e n t = %f s ” ,t ) ;

Scilab code Exa 39.2 To Calculate the Reactance of Capacitor for different frequen

1
2 //To C a l c u l a t e t h e R e a c t a n c e o f C a p a c i t o r f o r
d i f f e r e n t f r e q u e n c i e s of Alternating Currents
3
4 // Example 3 9 . 2
5
6 clear ;
7
8 clc ;
9
10 C =200*10^ -6; // C a p a c i t a n c e o f t h e C a p a c i t o r i n
Faraday
11
12 f1 =10; // F r e q u e n c y o f f i r s t AC s o u r c e i n Hz
13
14 f2 =50; // F r e q u e n c y o f S e c o n d AC S o u r c e i n Hz
15
16 f3 =500; // F r e q u e n c y o f T h i r d AC S o u r c e i n Hz
17
18 Xc1 =1/(2* %pi * f1 * C ) ; // R e a c t a n c e o f t h e C a p a c i t o r when
c o n n e c t e d t o 10 Hz AC s o u r c e
19
20 printf ( ” ( a ) R e a c t a n c e o f c a p a c i t o r f o r 10 hz s o u r c e

85
 = %. 0 f ohms ” , Xc1 ) ;
21
22 Xc2 =1/(2* %pi * f2 * C ) ; // R e a c t a n c e o f t h e C a p a c i t o r when
c o n n e c t e d t o 50 Hz AC s o u r c e
23
24 printf ( ” \n ( b ) R e a c t a n c e o f c a p a c i t o r f o r 15 hz
s o u r c e= %. 0 f ohms ” , Xc2 ) ;
25
26 Xc3 =1/(2* %pi * f3 * C ) ; // R e a c t a n c e o f t h e C a p a c i t o r when
c o n n e c t e d t o 500 Hz AC s o u r c e
27
28 printf ( ” \n ( c ) R e a c t a n c e o f c a p a c i t o r f o r 500 hz
s o u r c e = %. 1 f ohms ” , Xc3 ) ;

Scilab code Exa 39.3 To Find the Peak Value of Current and the Instantaneous Volta

1
2 //To Find t h e Peak V a l u e o f C u r r e n t and t h e
I n s t a n t a n e o u s V o l t a g e o f t h e s o u r c e when t h e
c u r r e n t i s a t i t s peak v a l u e
3
4 // Example 3 9 . 3
5
6 clear ;
7
8 clc ;
9
10 f =50; // F r e q u e n c y o f AC s o u r c e i n Hz
11
12 L =200*10^ -3; // S e l f I n d u c t a n c e o f I n d u c t o r i n Henry
13
14 Xl =2* %pi * f * L ; // R e a c t a n c e o f t h e I n d u c t o r i n ohms
15

86
16 E0 =210; // Peak EMF V a l u e o f AC s o u r c e i n V o l t s
17
18 i0 = E0 / Xl ; // Peak V a l u e o f C u r r e n t i n Amperes
19
20 printf ( ” Peak V a l u e o f c u r r e n t = %. 1 f A” , i0 ) ;
21
22 i = i0 ; // I n s t a n t a n e o u s V a l u e o f C u r r e n t when c u r r e n t
a t t a i n s i t s peak v a l u e
23
24 phi = - %pi /2; // Phase D i f f e r e n c e in Radians f o r a
purely Inductive Circuit
25
26 t =( asin ( i / i0 ) - phi ) /(2* %pi * f ) ; // Time a t which c u r r e n t
a t t a i n s i t s peak v a l u e
27
28 E = E0 * sin (2* %pi * f * t ) ; // I n s t a n t a n e o u s V o l t a g e for a
purely inductive c i r c u i t
29
30 printf ( ” \n I n s t a n t a n e o u s v o l t a g e a t peak v a l u e o f
C u r r e n t = %. 0 f V” ,E ) ;

Scilab code Exa 39.4 To find the Impedance the Peak Current and the Resonant Frequ

1
2 //To f i n d t h e Impedance t h e Peak C u r r e n t and
R e s o n a n t F r e q u e n c y o f t h e LCR S e r i e s C i r c u i t
3
4 // Example 3 9 . 4
5
6 clear ;
7
8 clc ;
9

87
10 L =100*10^ -3; // S e l f I n d u c t a n c e o f I n d u c t o r i n H e n r y
11
12 C =100*10^ -6; // C a p a c i t a n c e o f C a p a c i t o r i n F a r a d s
13
14 R =120; // R e s i t a n c e o f R e s i s t o r i n ohms
15
16 E0 =30; // Peak V a l u e o f EMF o f AC s o u r c e i n V o l t s
17
18 w =100; // A n g u l a r F r e q u e n c y o f t h e AC s o u r c e
19
20 X =(1/( w * C ) ) -( w * L ) ; // R e a c t a n c e o f t h e C i r c u i t i n ohms
21
22 Z = sqrt ( R ^2+ X ^2) ; // T o t a l Impedance o f t h e C i r c u i t
23
24 printf ( ” Impedance o f t h e LCR S e r i e s C i r c u i t = %. 0 f
ohms ” ,Z ) ;
25
26 i0 = E0 / Z ; // Peak V a l u e o f C u r r e n t i n Amperes
27
28 printf ( ” \n Peak c u r r e n t V a l u e o f t h e LCR S e r i e s
C i r c u i t = %. 1 f A” , i0 ) ;
29
30 f =(1/(2* %pi ) ) * sqrt (1/( L * C ) ) ; // R e s o n a n t F r e q u e n c y o f
the C i r c u i t
31
32 printf ( ” \n R e s o n a n t F r e q u e n c y o f t h e LCR S e r i e s
C i r c u i t = %. 0 f Hz” ,f ) ;

Scilab code Exa 39.5 To Calculate the Number of Turns in the Primary Coil

1
2 //To C a l c u l a t e t h e Number o f Turns i n t h e Prima ry
Coil

88
 3
4 // Example 3 9 . 5
5
6 clear ;
7
8 clc ;
9
10 E1 =220; // I n p u t V o l t a g e t o t h e T r a n s f o r m e r i n V o l t s
11
12 E2 =6; // Output V o l t a g e by t h e T r a n s f o r m e r i n V o l t s
13
14 N2 =18; // Number o f Turns i n t h e S e c o n d a r y C o i l
15
16 N1 =( E1 / E2 ) * N2 ; // Number o f Turns i n t h e Primary C o i l
17
18 printf ( ”Number o f t u r n s i n t h e p r i m a r y c o i l = %. 0 f ” ,
N1 ) ;

89
 Chapter 40

Electromagnetic Waves

Scilab code Exa 40.2 To Find the Maximum Magnetic Field in the wave and its Direct

1
2 //To Find t h e Maximum M a g n e t i c F i e l d i n t h e wave and
its Direction
3
4 // Example 4 0 . 2
5
6 clear ;
7
8 clc ;
9
10 E0 =600; //Maximum E l e c t r i c Field in a plane
e l e c t r o m a g n e t i c wave i n N/C
11
12 c =3*10^8; // Speed o f l i g h t i n m/ s
13
14 B0 = E0 / c ; //Maximum M a g n e t i c F i e l d i n T e s l a
15
16 printf ( ” The maximum M a g n e t i c F i e l d = %. 0 f ∗10ˆ −6 T i n
t h e z d i r e c t i o n ” , B0 *10^6) ;

90
 Scilab code Exa 40.3 To Find the Energy due to an Electromagnetic Wave

1
2
3 //To Find t h e Energy due t o an E l e c t r o m a g n e t i c Wave
4
5 // Example 4 0 . 3
6
7 clear ;
8
9 clc ;
10
11 E0 =50; //Maximum E l e c t r i c F i e l d i n N/C
12
13 x =50*10^ -2; // Length o f C y l i n d e r i n m e t r e s
14
15 A =10*10^ -4; // C r o s s −S e c t i o n a l Area o f C y l i n d e r i n mˆ2
16
17 e0 =8.85*10^ -12; // P e r m i t t i v i t y o f f r e e s p a c e
18
19 Uav =0.5* e0 * E0 ^2; // A v e r a g e Energy D e n s i t y
20
21 V = A * x ; // Volume o f C y l i n d e r
22
23 U = Uav * V ; // Energy c o n t a i n e d i n t h e Volume o f C y l i n d e r
24
25 printf ( ” Energy c o n t a i n e d i n t h e volume o f t h e
c y l i n d e r = %. 1 f ∗10ˆ −12 J ” ,U *10^12) ;

91
 Scilab code Exa 40.4 To Find the Intensity of the Wave

1
2 //To Find t h e I n t e n s i t y o f Wave d i s c u s s e d i n e x a m p l e
40.3
3
4 // Example 4 0 . 4
5
6 clear ;
7
8 clc ;
9
10 Uav =1.1*10^ -8; // A v e r a g e Energy D e n s i t y i n J /mˆ3
11
12 c =3*10^8; // Speed o f L i g h t i n m/ s
13
14 I = Uav * c ; // I n t e n s i t y o f t h e Wave i n W/mˆ2
15
16 printf ( ” I n t e n s i t y o f t h e wave = %. 1 f W/mˆ2 ” ,I ) ;

92
 Chapter 41

Electric Current through Gases

Scilab code Exa 41.1 To Calculate the Factor Increase in the Value of Thermionic C

1
2 //To C a l c u l a t e t h e F a c t o r I n c r e a s e i n t h e V a l u e o f
Thermionic Current
3
4 // Example 4 1 . 1
5
6 clear ;
7
8 clc ;
9
10 T1 =1500; // I n i t i a l T e m p e r a t u r e i n K e l v i n
11
12 T2 =2000; // F i n a l T e m p e r a t u r e i n K e l v i n
13
14 k =1.38*10^ -23; // Boltzmann C o n s t a n t
15
16 phi =4.5*1.6*10^ -19; // Work F u n c t i o n i n e l e c t r o n −v o l t s
17
18 Ir =( T2 / T1 ) ^2* exp (( - phi / k ) *((1/ T2 ) -(1/ T1 ) ) ) ; // F a c t o r
I n c r e a s e i n the Value o f Thermionic Current
19

93
20 printf ( ” T h e r m i o n i c c u r r e n t i n c r e a s e s %. d t i m e s when
t e m p e r a t u r e i s i n c r e a s e d from 1 5 0 0 K t o 2 0 0 0 K” ,
Ir ) ;

Scilab code Exa 41.2 To Calculate the Dynamic Plate Resistance at the operating co

1
2 //To C a l c u l a t e t h e Dynamic P l a t e R e s i s t a n c e a t t h e
operating condition
3
4 // Example 4 1 . 2
5
6 clear ;
7
8 clc ;
9
10 V1 =40; // I n i t i a l P l a t e V o l t a g e i n V o l t s
11
12 V2 =42; // F i n a l P l a t e V o l t a g e i n V o l t s
13
14 delVp = V2 - V1 ; // Change i n P l a t e V o l t a g e i n V o l t s
15
16 I1 =50*10^ -3; // I n i t i a l P l a t e C u r r e n t i n Amperes
17
18 I2 =60*10^ -3; // F i n a l P l a t e C u r r e n t i n Amperes
19
20 delIp = I2 - I1 ; // Change i n P l a t e C u r r e n t i n Amperes
21
22 Rp = delVp / delIp ; // Dynamic P l a t e R e s i s t a n c e i n ohms
23
24 printf ( ” Dynamic P l a t e R e s i s t a n c e = %d ohm” , Rp ) ;

94
95
 Chapter 42

Photoelectric Effect and Wave

Particle Duality

Scilab code Exa 42.1 To Calculate the Energy and linear Momentum and number of pho

1
2 //To C a l c u l a t e t h e Energy and l i n e a r Momentum and
number o f p h o t o n s
3
4 // Example 4 2 . 1
5
6 clear ;
7
8 clc ;
9
10 h =4.14*10^ -15; // Plank ’ s C o n s t a n t i n eV−s
11
12 c =3*10^8; // Speed o f L i g h t i n m/ s
13
14 l =600*10^ -9; // Wavelength o f L i g h t i n m e t r e s
15
16 E = h * c / l ; // Energy o f e a c h p h o t o n i n eV
17
18 printf ( ” ( a ) Energy o f e a c h p h o t o n = %. 2 f eV” ,E ) ;

96
19
20 p = E / c ; // L i n e a r Momentum o f e a c h p h o t o n i n eV−s /m
21
22 printf ( ” \n L i n e a r Momentum o f e a c h p h o t o n = %. 2 f
∗10ˆ −8 eV−s /m” ,p *10^8) ;
23
24 A =1*10^ -4; // Area o f c r o s s s e c t i o n i n mˆ2
25
26 e =1.6*10^ -19; // Charge on an e l e c t r o n
27
28 I =100; // I n t e n s i t y o f l i g h t i n W/mˆ2
29
30 t =1; // D u r a t i o n f o r which beam p a s s e s i n s e c o n d s
31
32 E1 = I * A * t ; // Energy c r o s s i n g 1 cmˆ2 i n 1 s e c o n d
33
34 n = E1 /( E * e ) ; // Number o f p h o t o n s c r o s s i n g 1 cmˆ2 i n 1
second
35
36 printf ( ” \n ( b ) Number o f p h o t o n s c r o s s i n g 1 cmˆ2 i n
1 s e c o n d = %. 1 f ∗ 1 0 ˆ 1 6 ” ,n *10^ -16) ;

Scilab code Exa 42.2 To Find the Maximum Wavelength of Light that can cause Photoe

1
2 //To Find t h e Maximum Wavelength o f L i g h t t h a t can
cause P h o t o o e l e c t r i c E f f e c t in Lithium
3
4 // Example 4 2 . 2
5
6 clear ;
7
8 clc ;

97
 9
10 h =4.14*10^ -15; // Plank ’ s C o n s t a n t i n eV−s
11
12 c =3*10^8; // Speed o f L i g h t i n m/ s
13
14 phi =2.5; // Work F u n c t i o n o f L i t h i u m i n eV
15
16 l = h * c / phi ; // T h r e s h o l d Wavelength i n m e t r e s
17
18 printf ( ”Maximum Wavelength o f L i g h t t o c a u s e
P h o t o e l e c t r i c E f f e c t i n L i t h i u m = %. 0 f nm” ,l
*10^9) ;

Scilab code Exa 42.3 To Calculate the Time required by the Electron to receive suf

1
2 //To C a l c u l a t e t h e Time r e q u i r e d by t h e E l e c t r o n t o
r e c e i v e s u f f i c e n t e n e r g y t o come o u t o f t h e m e t a l
3
4 // Example 4 2 . 3
5
6 clear ;
7
8 clc ;
9
10 r =1.0*10^ -9; // R a d i u s o f C i r c l e i n m e t r e s on t h e
s u r f a c e o c c u p i e d by a s i n g l e e l e c t r o n
11
12 d =5.0; // D i s t a n c e b e t w e e n Monochromatic L i g h t s o u r c e
and M e t a l S u r f a c e i n m e t r e s
13
14 std = %pi * r ^2/ d ^2; // S o l i d A n g l e s u b t e n d e d a t t h e
s o u r c e by t h e C i r c u l a r Area i n s t e r d i a n

98
15
16 P =1*10^ -3; // Power o f m o n o c h r o m a t i c l i g h t source in
Watts
17
18 E = std * P /(4* %pi ) ; // Energy h e a d i n g t o w a r d s t h e
C i r c u l a r Area p e r s e c o n d
19
20 phi =2*1.6*10^ -19; // Work F u n c t i o n o f M e t a l i n J o u l e s
21
22 t = phi /( E *3600) ; // Time r e q u i r e d by t h e e l e c t r o n t o
r e c i e v e s u f f i c i e n t e n e r g y t o cmome o u t o f t h e
metal in hours
23
24 printf ( ” Time r e q u i r e d by t h e e l e c t r o n t o r e c i e v e
s u f f i c i e n t e n e r g y t o come o u t o f t h e m e t a l =%. 2 f
h o u r s ” ,t ) ;

99
 Chapter 43

Bohr Model and Physics of the

Atom

Scilab code Exa 43.1 Calculate the Energy of Helium ion its first excited state

1 // C a l c u l a t e t h e Energy o f Helium i o n i t s first

excited state
2
3 // Example 4 3 . 1
4
5 clear ;
6
7 clc ;
8
9 Rhc =13.6; // P r o d u c t o f Rydberg ’ s C o n s t a n t , Plancks
C o n s t a n t and Speed o f L i g h t ( Rhc ) i n eV
10
11 Z =2; // Atomic Number f o r Helium I o n
12
13 n =2; // F i r s t E x c i t e d S t a t e
14
15 E = - Rhc * Z ^2/ n ^2; // Energy o f Helium I o n i n t h e first
e x c i t e d s t a t e i n eV
16

100
17 printf ( ” Energy o f Helium I o n i n t h e f i r s t excited
s t a t e = %. 1 f eV” ,E ) ;

Scilab code Exa 43.2 To Calculate the Wavelength of Radiation for Helium Ion

1 //To C a l c u l a t e t h e Wavelength o f R a d i a t i o n f o r
Helium I o n
2
3 // Example 4 3 . 2
4
5 clear ;
6
7 clc ;
8
9 n =2; // F i n a l S t a t e o f t h e e l e c t r o n
10
11 m =3; // I n i t i a l S t a t e o f t h e E l e c t r o n
12
13 R =1.0973*10^7; // Rydberg ’ s C o n s t a n t
14
15 Z =2; // Atomic Number f o r Helium I o n
16
17 L =1/( R * Z ^2*((1/ n ^2) -(1/ m ^2) ) ) ; // Wavelength o f
r a d i a t i o n e m i t t e d when Helium i o n make a
t r a n s i t i o n from t h e s t a t e n=3 t o n=2
18
19 printf ( ” Wavelength o f r a d i a t i o n e m i t t e d when Helium
i o n makes a t r a n s i t i o n from t h e s t a t e n=3 t o n=2
i s = %. 0 f nm” ,L *10^9) ;

101
 Scilab code Exa 43.3 To Calculate the Energy needed to remove the electron from th

1
2
3 //To C a l c u l a t e t h e Energy n e e d e d t o remove t h e
e l e c t r o n from t h e i o n
4
5 // Example 4 3 . 3
6
7 clear ;
8
9 clc ;
10
11 E1 =40.8; // E x c i t a t i o n Energy o f Hydroen l i k e ion
inits first e x c i t e d s t a t e i n eV
12
13 K =13.6; // V a l u e o f c o n s t a n t Rhc = 1 3 . 6 eV
14
15 n1 =1; // n=1 f o r t h e f i r s t orbit
16
17 n2 =2; // n=2 f o r t h e s e c o n d o r b i t
18
19 Z = sqrt ( E1 /( K *((1/ n1 ^2) -(1/ n2 ^2) ) ) ) ; // Atomic Number
o f Hydrogen l i k e i o n
20
21 E = - K * Z ^2; // Energy n e e d e d t o remove t h e e l e c t r o n from
t h e i o n i n eV
22
23 printf ( ” Energy r e q u i r e d t o remove t h e e l e c t r o n from
t h e i o n = %. 1 f eV” ,E ) ;

102
103
 Chapter 45

Semiconductors and
Semiconductor Devices

Scilab code Exa 45.1 To Find the Electric Field which gives 1eV average energy to

1
2 //To Find t h e E l e c t r i c F i e l d which g i v e s 1eV a v e r a g e
energy to a conduction e l e c t r o n
3
4 // Example 4 5 . 1
5
6 clear ;
7
8 clc ;
9
10 e =1.6*10^ -19; // Charge on an e l e c t r o n i n Coloumbs
11
12 Eav =1* e ; // Energy t o t h e C o n d u c t i o n E l e c t r o n i n
Joules
13
14 l =4*10^ -8; // Mean F r e e Path o f C o n d u c t i o n E l e c t r o n s
i n Copper
15
16 E = Eav /( e * l ) ; // E l e c t r i c f i e l d which can g i v e , on an

104
 a v e r a g e , 1eV t o a c o n d u c t i o n e l e c t r o n
17
18 printf ( ” E l e c t r i c f i e l d which can g i v e , on an a v e r a g e
, 1eV t o a c o n d u c t i o n e l e c t r o n = %. 1 f ∗ 1 0 ˆ 7 V/m” ,E
*10^ -7) ;

Scilab code Exa 45.2 To Calculate the Resistivity of n type semiconductor

1
2
3 //To C a l c u l a t e t h e R e s i s t i v i t y o f n t y p e
semiconductor
4
5 // Example 4 5 . 2
6
7 clear ;
8
9 clc ;
10
11 e =1.6*10^ -19; // c h a r g e on an e l e c t r o n i n Coloumbs
12
13 ne =8*10^19; // D e n s i t y o f C o n d u c t i o n E l e c t r o n p e r
m e t r e ˆ3
14
15 ue =2.3; // M o b i l i t y o f C o n d u c t i o n E l e c t r o n i n mˆ2/V−s
16
17 nh =5*10^18; // D e n s i t y o f h o l e s p e r m e t r e ˆ3
18
19 uh =10^ -2; // M o b i l i t y o f h o l e s p e r mˆ2/V−s
20
21 c = e *(( ne * ue ) +( nh * uh ) ) ; // C o n d u c t i v i t y o f t h e
S e m i c o n d u c t o r i n C/ (m−V−s )
22

105
23 rho =1/ c ; // R e s i s t i v i t y o f S e m i c o n d u c t o r i n ohm−m e t r e
24
25 printf ( ” R e s i s t i v i t y o f t h e n−t y p e s e m i c o n d u c t o r = %
. 3 f ohm−m” , rho ) ; // The a n s w e r p r o v i d e d i n t h e
t e x t b o o k i s wrong

Scilab code Exa 45.3 To calculate the Approximate value of Dynamic Resistance of P

1
2 //To c a l c u l a t e t h e Approximate v a l u e o f Dynamic
R e s i s t a n c e o f P N J u n c t i o n u n d e r Forward B i a s
3
4 // Example 4 5 . 3
5
6 clear ;
7
8 clc ;
9
10 // ( a ) Case−I : Forward B i a s o f 1 V i s applied
11 //
//////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////

12
13 i1 =10*10^ -3; // C u r r e n t i n Amperes a t 1 V o l t
14
15 i2 =15*10^ -3; // C u r r e n t i n Amperes a t 1 . 2 V o l t s
16
17 delI = i2 - i1 ; // Net Change i n C u r r e n t i n Amperes
18
19 v1 =1; // V o l t a g e a t t h e I n i t i a l P o i n t
20
21 v2 =1.2; // V o l t a g e a t t h e F i n a l p o i n t
22

106
23 delV = v2 - v1 ; // Net Change i n V o l t a g e
24
25 R = delV / delI ; // Dynamic R e s i t a n c e i n ohms
26
27 printf ( ” ( a ) Dynamic R e s i s t a n c e when a f o r w a r d b i a s
o f 1 V i s a p p l i e d a t t h e p−n j u n c t i o n = %. 0 f ohms
” ,R ) ;
28
29
30 // ( b ) Case−I I : Forward B i a s o f 2 V i s a p p l i e d
31 //
//////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////

32
33 v3 =2; // V o l t a g e a t t h e I n i t i a l P o i n t
34
35 v4 =2.1; // V o l t a g e a t t h e F i n a l p o i n t
36
37 delV1 = v4 - v3 ; // Net Change i n V o l t a g e
38
39 i3 =400*10^ -3; // C u r r e n t i n Amperes a t 2 V o l t
40
41 i4 =800*10^ -3; // C u r r e n t i n Amperes a t 2 . 1 V o l t
42
43 delI1 = i4 - i3 ; // Net Change i n C u r r e n t i n Amperes
44
45 R1 = delV1 / delI1 ; // Dynamic R e s i t a n c e i n ohms
46
47 printf ( ” \n ( b ) Dynamic R e s i s t a n c e when a f o r w a r d
b i a s o f 2 V i s a p p l i e d a t t h e p−n j u n c t i o n = %. 2 f
ohms ” , R1 ) ;

107
 Chapter 46

The Nucleus

Scilab code Exa 46.1 To Calculate the radius of Nucleus of Germanium atom

1
2
3 //To C a l c u l a t e t h e r a d i u s o f N u c l e u s o f Germanium
atom
4
5 // Example 4 6 . 1
6
7 clear ;
8
9 clc ;
10
11 A =70; // Mass Number o f Germanium Atom
12
13 R0 =1.1; // C o n s t a n t R0 i n f e t o m e t e r s
14
15 R = R0 * A ^(1/3) ; // R a d i u s o f N u c l e u s o f Germanium atom
16
17 printf ( ” R a d i u s o f N u c l e u s o f Germanium atom = %. 2 f
fm ” ,R ) ;

108
 Scilab code Exa 46.2 To Calculate the Binding Energy of an Alpha Particle

1
2 //To C a l c u l a t e t h e B i n d i n g Energy o f an Alpha
Particle
3 // Example 4 6 . 2
4
5 clear ;
6
7 clc ;
8
9 u =931; // 1 Atomic Mass U n i t i n MeV/ c ˆ2
10
11 mH =1.007825* u ; // Mass o f Hydrogen atom i n MeV/ c ˆ2
12
13 mn =1.008665* u ; // Mass o f N e u t r o n i n MeV/ c ˆ2
14
15 mHe =4.00260* u ; // Mass o f Helium atom i n MeV/ c ˆ2
16
17 np =2; // Number o f p r o t o n s i n Alpha P a r t i c l e
18
19 nn =2; // Number o f N e u t r o n s i n Alpha P a r t i c l e
20
21 B =( np * mH + nn * mn - mHe ) ; // B i n d i n g Energy o f an Alpha
P a r t i c l e i n MeV
22
23 printf ( ” B i n d i n g e n e r g y o f an Alpha p a r t i c l e = %. 1 f
MeV” ,B ) ;

109
 Scilab code Exa 46.3 To calculate the mass excess of Hydrogen

1
2 //To c a l c u l a t e t h e mass e x c e s s o f Hydrogen
3 // Example 4 6 . 3
4
5 clear ;
6
7 clc ;
8
9 u =931; // 1 Atomic Mass U n i t i n MeV/ c ˆ2
10
11 m =1.00783; // Mass o f Hydrogen atom i n a t o m i c mass
unit
12
13 A =1.0; // Atomic Mass o f Hydrogen atom i n a t o m i c mass
unit
14
15 Me = u *( m - A ) ; // Mass e x c e s s o f Hydrogen
16
17 printf ( ” The mass e x c e s s o f Hydrogen = %. 2 f MeV” , Me ) ;

Scilab code Exa 46.4 To calculate the Activity of Copper

1
2 //To c a l c u l a t e t h e A c t i v i t y o f Copper
3 // Example 4 6 . 4
4

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 5 clear ;
6
7 clc ;
8
9 Na =6*10^23; // Avagadro ’ s Number
10
11 m =1*10^ -6; // Mass o f t h e Copper Sample i n grams
12
13 M =63.5; // Atomic Weight o f Copper
14
15 N = Na * m / M ; // Number o f Atoms i n i microgram o f Copper
16
17 l =1.516*10^ -5; // Decay C o n s t a n t f o r Copper
18
19 Act = l * N ; // A c t i v i t y o f t h e Copper Sample i n
disintegrations /s
20
21 printf ( ” A c t i v i t y o f 1 microgram o f Copper Sample = %
. 3 f Ci ” , Act /(3.7*10^10) ) ; // 1 Ci = 3 . 7 ∗ 1 0 ˆ 1 0
disintegrations /s

Scilab code Exa 46.5 To Calculate the fraction of Orignal Activity remaining after

1
2 //To C a l c u l a t e t h e f r a c t i o n o f O r i g n a l A c t i v i t y
r e m a i n i n g a f t e r 40 h o u r s
3 // Example 4 6 . 5
4
5 clear ;
6
7 clc ;
8
9 t =40; // D u r a t i o n o f R a d i o a c t i v e Decay i n h o u r s

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10
11 thalf =20; // H a l f L i f e o f R a d i o a c t i v e N u c l i d e i n h o u r s
12
13 Ar =1/2^( t / thalf ) ; // F r a c t i o n o f O r i g n a l A c t i v i t y
r e m a i n i n g a f t e r 40 h o u r s
14
15 printf ( ” F r a c t i o n o f O r i g n a l A c t i v i t y r e m a i n i n g a f t e r
40 h o u r s = %. 2 f ” , Ar ) ;

Scilab code Exa 46.6 To calculate the energy released when a Nucleus breaks

1
2 //To c a l c u l a t e t h e e n e r g y r e l e a s e d i n t h e p r o c e s s
when a N u c l e u s b r e a k s
3
4 // Example 4 6 . 6
5
6 clear ;
7
8 clc ;
9
10 A =240; // Mass Number f o r F i r s t N u c l e u s
11
12 Be1 =7.6; // B i n d i n g Energy i n MeV p e r n u c l e o n for A
=120
13
14 Be2 =8.5; // B i n d i n g Energy i n MeV p e r n u c l e o n for A
=240
15
16 E = A *( Be2 - Be1 ) ; // / Energy r e l e a s e d when a n u c l e u s o f A
=240 b r e a k s i n t o two n u c l e i o f n e a r l e e q u a l mass

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 numbers
17
18 printf ( ” Energy r e l e a s e d when a n u c l e u s o f A=240
b r e a k s i n t o two n u c l e i o f n e a r l y e q u a l mass
numbers = %. 0 f MeV” ,E ) ;

Scilab code Exa 46.7 To Calculate the Temperature of Deutrons for a specific Avera

1
2 //To C a l c u l a t e t h e T e m p e r a t u r e o f D e u t r o n s f o r a
s p e c i f i c A v e r a g e K i n e t i c Energy
3 // Example 4 6 . 7
4
5 clear ;
6
7 clc ;
8
9 e =1.6*10^ -19; // Charge on an e l e c t r o n i n Coloumbs
10
11 E =9*10^9; // V a l u e o f C o n s t a n t ( 1 / ( 4 ∗ %pi ∗ e 0 ) ) i n N−m
ˆ2/Cˆ2
12
13 d =2*10^ -15; // C l o s e s t S e p e r a t i o n between 2 d e u t r o n s
in metres
14
15 K = e ^2* E /(2* d ) ; // I n i t i a l K i n e t i c Energy o f e a c h
deuteron
16
17 printf ( ” K i n e t i c Energy o f e a c h d e u t e r o n s o t h a t t h e
c l o s e s t s e p r a t i o n s b e t w e e n them becomes 2 fm = %
. 1 f ∗10ˆ −14 J ” ,K *10^14) ;
18
19 k =1.38*10^ -23; // Boltzmann C o n s t a n t
20
21 T = K /( k *1.5) ; // T e m p e r a t u r e n e e d e d f o r t h e d e u t r o n s t o

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 have t h e A v e r a g e K i n e t i c Energy
22
23 printf ( ” \n T e m p e r a t u r e n e e d e d f o r t h e d e u t r o n s t o
have t h e A v e r a g e K i n e t i c Energy = %. 1 f ∗ 1 0 ˆ 9 K” ,T
*10^ -9) ;

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 Chapter 47

The Special Theory of

Relativity

Scilab code Exa 47.1 To Calculate the time for which the Person slept according to

1
2 //To C a l c u l a t e t h e t i m e f o r which t h e P e r s o n s l e p t
according to c l o c k s
3
4 // Example 4 7 . 1
5
6 clear ;
7
8 clc ;
9
10 delt =6; // D u r a t i o n o f S l e e p a c c o r d i n g t o p e r s o n ’ s
watch
11
12 v =3*10^7; // Speed o f t h e t r a i n ( i n which t h e p e r s o n is
s i t t i n g ) i n m/ s
13
14 c =3*10^8; // Speed o f l i g h t i n m/ s
15
16 delt1 = delt / sqrt (1 -( v / c ) ^2) ; // D u r a t i o n o f sleep in

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 the ground frame
17
18 delt1h = int ( delt / sqrt (1 -( v / c ) ^2) ) ; // D u r a t i o n o f s l e e p
( i n w h o l e number o f h o u r s ) i n t h e g r o u n d f r a m e
19
20 printf ( ” D u r a t i o n o f s l e e p a c c o r d i n g t o t h e c l o c k s =
%. 0 f h o u r s ” , delt1h ) ;
21
22 delt1m =( delt1 - delt1h ) *60; // D u r a t i o n o f s l e e p ( i n
re ma in ing ) i n the ground frame
23
24 printf ( ”%. 1 f m i n u t e s ” , delt1m ) ;

Scilab code Exa 47.2 To Calculate the height of Passenger in the Ground Frame

1
2 //To C a l c u l a t e t h e h e i g h t o f P a s s e n g e r i n t h e Ground
Frame
3
4 // Example 4 7 . 2
5
6 clear ;
7
8 clc ;
9
10 L =6; // H e i g h t o f P a s s e n g e r i n t h e t r a i n f r a m e
11
12 v =3*10^7; // Speed o f t h e t r a i n ( i n which t h e p e r s o n is
s i t t i n g ) i n m/ s
13
14 c =3*10^8; // Speed o f l i g h t i n m/ s
15
16 L1 = L * sqrt (1 -( v / c ) ^2) ; // H e i g h t o f P a s s e n g e r i n t h e

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 Ground Frame
17
18 L1f = int ( L1 ) ; // H e i g h t o f P a s s e n g e r ( i n w h o l e number
o f f e e t s ) i n t h e Ground Frame
19
20 printf ( ” H e i g h t o f t h e p a s s e n g e r i n t h e Ground Frame
= %. 0 f f e e t ” , L1f ) ;
21
22 L1i =( L1 - L1f ) *12; // H e i g h t o f P a s s e n g e r ( i n r e m a i n i n g
i n c h e s ) i n t h e Ground Frame
23
24 printf ( ”%. 1 f i n c h e s ” , L1i ) ;

Scilab code Exa 47.3 To Calculate the Time Elapsed between Door Openings

1
2 //To C a l c u l a t e t h e Time E l a p s e d b e t w e e n Door
Openings
3
4 // Example 4 7 . 3
5
6 clear ;
7
8 clc ;
9
10 c =3*10^8; // Speed o f L i g h t i n m/ s
11
12 v =0.8* c ; // Speed o f T r a i n T1 i n m/ s
13
14 y =1/ sqrt (1 -( v / c ) ^2) ; // Speed o f Box i n t h e f r a m e o f
T1 i n m/ s
15
16 rl =30* c ; // R e s t Length o f t h e box i n m e t r e s

117
17
18 t =( rl * v * y ) /( c ^2) ; // Time e l a p s e d b e t w e e n t h e o p e n i n g s
o f t h e Door i n s e c o n d s
19
20 printf ( ” Time e l a p s e d b e t w e e n t h e o p e n i n g s o f t h e
Door = %. 0 f s ” ,t ) ;

Scilab code Exa 47.5 To Calculate the amount of Electrical Energy obtained in kilo

1
2 //To C a l c u l a t e t h e amount o f E l e c t r i c a l Energy
o b t a i n e d i n k i l o w a t t −h o u r
3
4 // Example 4 7 . 5
5
6 clear ;
7
8 clc ;
9
10 c =3*10^8; // Speed o f l i g h t i n m/ s
11
12 m =3.6*10^ -3; // Mass o f t h e o b j e c t i n k i l o g r a m s
13
14 E = m * c ^2/(3.6*10^6) ; // Amount o f E l e c t r i c a l Energy
o b t a i n e d i n kWh
15
16 printf ( ” E l e c t r i c a l Energy o b t a i n e d when a mass o f
3 . 6 g i s f u l l y c o n v e r t e d i n t o e n e r g y = %. 0 f ∗ 1 0 ˆ 7
kWh” ,E *10^ -7) ;

118