FUSION ENERGY WHICH WILL HELP US TO M AKE ELETRICITY FOR

CSIR INNOVATION.
“The science of today is the technology of tomorrow”

-- Said by Edward Teller

Really science plays a vital role in our life. We consider that we cannot
live a single moment without the gifts of science. Science and
technology really changes our way of living, it omits our
superstitions and totally helps us to live better than before. It gives us
a lot of information about where we live in, our nature, and our body.
Science and technology are the two most important part of our living
life. Science and technology have made our life so easy and luxurious.
Science and technology are always getting developed day by day and
due to this the world is becoming advanced and advanced so far. From
a squeaking sound to a machine everything uses science and
technology. This proves or shows us the vital ness of science and
technology in our day to day life and its important ness is increasing
day by day. It is dual edged sword with both blessing, boon and bane,
advantages and disadvantages, pros and cons for life. Yes, we all
know that science and technology is the best thing in today’s life but
most of the adult Indian citizens are using it rightly but the young
minds or the young citizens are misusing it but few of them use it in
wright way. Our every activity has science.

So I have thought a way how I can help my nation to use Fusion

Energy which is green energy to remove the uses of non-renewable
energy.

At first we should know the terms what is green energy and what is
non-renewable energy? A question can also come to us that what are
the uses of green energy and non-renewable energy? So I will clarify
all the things that can come in our mind before going directly to the
topic. So at first I will tell that Green Energy may seem new to us but it
is a form of fascinating word of Renewable Energy. So in order to be
reckon what is green energy, it is a resource of some abundant
materials that cannot produce pollution, which is found with fossil
fuels. The examples of green or renewable energy is using of Solar
Power, Wind Power, Water Power and etc. Non-Renewable energy is a
type of energy which is not abundant in our Earth and which also
harms our surrounding by making greenhouse gases when used in
making electricity. As I am trying to take out a solution to decrease
the greenhouse gases by thinking of a new renewable energy which is
known as Fusion Energy. It is very difficult to imagine a world without
the energy and power now. Energy is very important as it is used in our
day to day lives. But, the process of generating power and energy is
what is causing the great pollution and environmental problems in this
world. The sources that we have already thought of getting the energy
that we need are called the non-renewable energy sources. These
nonrenewable energy sources are those natural resources that we got
to generate electricity and energy and ones that cannot be
replenished or recycled. These natural resources are known as the
fossil fuels and they are coal, petroleum, oil and natural gas. The
production of these non-renewable fuels causes a lot of pollution in
the atmosphere and this is one of the reasons why we see a lot of
carbon footprints in this planet. According to the researches made by
Andy Darvill we can see that 66% of world’s energy comes from non-
renewable resources. So at first we need know that a Fusion Energy is
a renewable resource. Fusion energy is a proposed form of power
generation that would generate electricity by using heat from nuclear
fusion reactions. In a fusion process, two lighter atomic
nuclei combine to form a heavier nucleus, while releasing energy. . For
nuclei lighter than iron-56, the reaction is exothermic, releasing
energy. For nuclei heavier than iron-56, the reaction is endothermic,
requiring an external source of energy. Hence, nuclei smaller than
iron-56 are more likely to fuse while those heavier than iron-56 are
more likely to break apart. Devices designed to harness this energy
are known as fusion reactors. The strong force acts only over short
distances, while the repulsive electrostatic force acts over longer
distances. In order to undergo fusion, the fuel atoms need to be given
enough energy to approach each other close enough for the strong
force to become active. The amount of kinetic energy needed to bring
the fuel atoms close enough is known as the "Coulomb
barrier". Fusion Energy is still theoretical to us in which we can
generate electricity by using Nuclear Fusions Reactors. If this process
could be implemented, then this would be the ultimate clean-energy
technology that the humankind ever had. This would really change our
way of living. National Ignition Facility (NIF) at California’s Lawrence
Livermore National Laboratory is one of those facilities that are
experimenting with this sort of energy. Fusion Energy is a proposed
form of power generation that would generate electricity. Fusion
processes require fuel and a confined environment with
sufficient temperature, pressure, and confinement time to create
a plasma in which fusion can occur. The combination of these figures
that results in a power-producing system is known as the Lawson
criterion. In stars, the most common fuel is hydrogen,
and gravity provides extremely long confinement times that reach the
conditions needed for fusion energy production. Proposed fusion
reactors generally use hydrogen isotopes such
as deuterium and tritium (and especially a mixture of the two), which
react more easily than hydrogen to allow them to reach the Lawson
criterion requirements with less extreme conditions. As a source of
power, nuclear fusion is expected to have many advantages
over fission. These include reduced radioactivity in operation and little
high-level nuclear waste, ample fuel supplies, and increased safety. It
would not harm our environment by providing any more greenhouse
gases. Fusion researchers have investigated various confinement
concepts. Carbon-intensive energy sources will produce diminishing
amounts of the world’s electricity. Renewable energy can potentially
meet a significant proportion of demand. The ways in which it will help
humanity in future are as follows-

 It is estimated that fusion power - clean, cheap and limitless -

could one day provide 10% of the world's energy needs.
 It will provide us with abundant energy.
 It will help us to save our planet Earth by not allowing anymore
CO2 to happen.
 Fusion energy doesn’t create harmful waste.
  There is an infinite amount of fuel for nuclear fusion.
 It is a low risk form of energy.

As we know that science and technology have many advantages and

disadvantages, pros and cons. The disadvantages may grow in future
which can affect humanity. So by keeping the disadvantages we
should go ahead to get such precious ambition for our nation. The
disadvantages are as follows-

 It requires almost as much energy to create nuclear fusion as the

energy it creates.
 There may be unanticipated consequences to using nuclear
fusion.
 This industry still requires innovation.
 Heat can be just as deadly as radiation.
 Expensive Construction Costs.
 Fusion energy may cost war in future for control.

Fusion energy is one of the options to contribute to the energy demand

of future generations without adding to global warming. The nuclear
binding energy governs fusion processes. We know that in the core of
the sun, ultimately four protons (p) fuse into helium with large
amounts of energy being released. In the staged processes of the pp
cycle, two protons have to be transformed into two neutrons, a
process which is mediated by the weak interaction. The fusion energy
can be made in two ways by using the tokamak and the stellarator.
Fusion technology has long held the promise of producing safe,
abundant, carbon-free electricity, while struggling to overcome the
daunting challenges of creating and harnessing fusion reactions to
produce net energy gain. Scientists fired 192 laser beams all at once
at a pebble-sized plastic capsule. Inside the capsule: a layer of frozen
hydrogen. The brief blast lasted only 160 trillionths of a second. Still, it
was powerful enough to set off a flurry of reactions in which the cores,
or nuclei, of hydrogen atoms fused together. This nuclear fusion
released enough energy to also cause other nearby nuclei to fuse.
Those fused nuclei released enough energy to keep the reaction going.
Nuclear fusion is the reaction that powers the sun and other stars.
Scientists have dreamed of a day when controlled fusion reactions
might unleash huge amounts of energy here on Earth, too. But that
hasn’t happened yet. Researchers still need to figure out how to get a
fusion reaction to release more energy than it needs to get started. A
major goal of fusion energy research is to heat and confine an ionized
gas (a plasma) of light elements like hydrogen so they fuse into
heavier elements, producing significantly more power from fusion
reactions than power put into the plasma for heating. While the
schemes for achieving this vary widely, a single value tells us how
close a fusion experiment is to net power: the fusion triple product.
The many potential benefits of fusion as an energy source are the
reason it has long been viewed as an ideal method of generation. The
fuel—isotopes of hydrogen—is readily available, and the only by-
product is helium. The fusion energy binding forces are far stronger
than the forces that hold electrons in orbit around a nucleus and
influence the energy of chemical processes. Now let’s know that how
the tokamak device will help us. This is why fusion fuels offer vastly
higher energy density than chemical methods—about a million times
denser than fossil fuels. Fusion energy produces an extremely
energetic neutron, which is potentially useful for breeding more tritium
but also creates challenges for the surrounding materials in the
tokamak. The reaction also generates a helium nucleus that carries
away about one-fifth of the reaction energy (3.5 MeV). In a fusion
reactor, this nucleus shares its energy with the surrounding ions,
keeping them hot and sustaining the fusion process. The neutron
radiation produced by DT fusion is an order of magnitude more
energetic than that produced by nuclear fission. In addition, the helium
generated by the reaction, as well as excess heat and other impurities
in the plasma, must be removed on an ongoing basis during operation.
This exhaust path will be subject to extremely high temperatures and
particle bombardment. No materials currently exist that can be
confidently relied upon to survive these conditions over the life of a
commercial power plant. Developing them is an active area of
research, with work exploring new alloys, better materials, and even
liquid surfaces and candidate solutions. Now let’s know that how the
stellarator will help us. A stellarator uses a twisted array of helical
windings around the torus to create the poloidal field externally. As a
result, it does not need to generate a plasma current, which means it
is capable of steady-state operation rather than needing a pulse of
energy from the central solenoid. However, stellarators have more
complicated geometry and are more difficult to build because of these
additional windings. Nuclear fusion occurs when light elements such
as hydrogen are brought together at extremely high temperatures—
over 100 million degrees—and pressures, causing the nuclei to fuse
into heavier elements such as helium. This process powers stars like
the sun and releases vast amounts of energy. Fusion power plants are
expected to be fueled by a mixture of hydrogen isotopes: deuterium
and tritium. Fusion technology has long held the promise of producing
safe, abundant, carbon-free electricity, while struggling to overcome
the daunting challenges of creating and harnessing fusion reactions to
produce net energy gain. Achieving ignition is extremely difficult but I
think it is not difficult for India as because it has seen lot of progress,
achievements in the field of science and technology. So I think the
Indian scientists will work hard in the labs to create such a wonderful
new innovation which may change the way of living for us and will be
able to succeed in the race and make our nation at the top of all
nations in field of science and technology.
This is a picture which may be useful to the Indian scientists to make the Tokamak
device which will help us to discover this innovation.
This is how the fusion energy will work.