LDIDCDJ

JRIRL E_CDL, JDL @DK @BLFIXD_E

@DCDL E_CDL

@fsbk ^bkgdlpu = Ldrwek Dleruccdj,

Dleruccdj, @r, _.Dg, L
LD
D

@e _usuk Fcbj =
Ibcflpfi Q
4. Dce
Dceldk
ldk M
Mdec
decdke
dke ((84>
84>>:14
>:148>4
8>48>8
8>8))
8. Drk
Drkedy
edydte
dte (84>
(84>>:1
>:148>
48>44:
44:0)
0)

?. L. Ab
Abhre
hredk
dk Jut
Jutdsk
dskee (84>
(84>>:1
>:148>
48>445
4454)
4)

^XFGXDL _PR@E _.4 LDKDMBLBK

RKEQBX_EPD_ HDPDKGJDXE
PDJRK DJDXDK 8>8>-8>84
 IDPD ^BKGDKPDX

^ume syuiur ib jd`erdt Pujdk Udkg Ldjd Bsd. Dtds rdjldt `dk je`dydj-

Kyd, pbkuces `dpdt lbkybcbsdeidk tugds ldidcdj ydkg hbrmu`uc "Juiul Escdl,
JDL `dk @blfirdse Escdl" `bkgdk tbpdt pd`d wditukyd.
@blfirdse @dcdl Escdl
Ldidcdj `esusuk uktui lblbkuje tugds . _bcdek etu, ldidcdj eke hbrtumudk
lbkdlh
lbkdlhdj
dj wdwdsdk
wdwdsdk tbktdk
tbktdkg
g Kbgdrd
Kbgdrd Etdced
Etdced hdge
hdge pdrd
pdrd pblhdo
pblhdodd `dk mugd
mugd hdge
hdge
pbkuces.
^bkuces lbkguodpidk tbreld idsej Ibpd`d Hdpdi Ldrwek Dleruccdj, @r,
_.Dg,
_.Dg, LD sbcdiu
sbcdiu @fsbk
@fsbk ^bkgdl
^bkgdlpu
pu.. Rodpdk
Rodpdk tbreld
tbreld idsej
idsej mugd
mugd `esdlp
`esdlpdei
deidk
dk
ibpd`d sblud pejdi ydkg tbcdj lblhdktu `esbcbsdeidkkyd ldidcdj eke.
^bkuces lbkyd`dre ldidcdj eke ldsej mduj `dre sblpurkd. Fcbj sbhdh etu,

sdrdk `dk iretei ydkg lblhdkguk `ejdrdpidk `ble ibsblpurkddk ldidcdj eke.

Mdlh, _bptblhbr 8>84

^bkuces

e
 @DAPDX E_E

Idtd ^bkgdktdr....
.........
..........
..........
..........
..........
..........
..........
..........
..........
..........
..........
.........
.........
............
.................
.............
... e

@datdr Ese.....
..........
..........
..........
..........
..........
..........
..........
..........
..........
.........
.........
..........
..........
..........
..........
..........
..........
............
..........
... ee

HDH E ^BK@DJRCRDK......
.........
......
......
......
......
......
......
......
......
......
......
......
......
.......
........
........
........
........
........
.......
... 4

4.4 Cdtdr Hbcdidkg...

Hbcdidkg........
.........
.........
..........
..........
..........
..........
..........
..........
..........
.........
.........
..........
..........
.............
........ 4
4.8 Xulusdk
Xulusdk Ldsdcdj....
Ldsdcdj........
.........
..........
..........
..........
..........
..........
..........
..........
.........
.........
..........
..........
............
....... 4

4.? Pumudk...
Pumudk........
..........
..........
..........
..........
..........
..........
..........
..........
..........
.........
.........
..........
..........
..........
.............
...............
....... 8
4.0 Ldkaddt....
Ldkaddt.........
..........
.........
.........
..........
..........
..........
..........
..........
..........
..........
..........
..........
..........
..........
...............
............
.. 8

HDH EE ^BLHDJD_DK......
.........
......
......
......
......
......
......
......
......
......
......
......
.......
........
........
........
........
........
........
.......
... ?

8.4 Juiu
Juiul...
l........
..........
..........
..........
..........
..........
..........
..........
..........
..........
..........
..........
...............
...................
..................
......... ?
8.4.4 Juiul
Juiul _bodrd Rlul.....
Rlul..........
..........
.........
.........
..........
..........
..........
..........
..............
............
... ?
8.4.8 Juiul
Juiul Lbkurut
Lbkurut Escdl......
Escdl...........
..........
..........
..........
..........
..........
...........
...............
.............
.... 0

8.8 Jdi Dsdse Ldkused

Ldkused (JDL).....
(JDL)..........
..........
..........
..........
..........
..........
..........
..............
...................
.......... 1
8.8.4 JDL _bodrd Rlul.....
Rlul..........
..........
..........
..........
..........
..........
.........
.........
..........
..........
..........
..... 1
8.8.8 JDL `dcdl Escdl......
Escdl...........
..........
..........
..........
.........
.........
..........
..........
..........
..........
............
....... 1
8.8.? JDL `e Ek`fkbsed..
Ek`fkbsed.......
..........
..........
..........
..........
..........
..........
.........
.........
..........
..........
...........
...... 1
8.? @blfi
@blfirdse..
rdse......
.........
..........
..........
..........
..........
..........
..........
..........
.........
.........
..........
..........
..........
...........
................
.......... 7
8.?.4 @blfir
@blfirdse
dse _bodrd
_bodrd Rlul..
Rlul.....
......
......
......
......
......
......
......
.......
........
........
........
........
........
.... 7
8.?.8 @blfir
@blfirdse
dse `dcdl
`dcdl Escdl..
Escdl.....
......
......
......
......
......
......
.......
........
........
........
........
........
........
......
.. 5

HDH EEE ^BKRPR^.....

..........
..........
..........
..........
..........
..........
..........
..........
.........
.............
..................
...................
..............
.... 48

ee
 ?.4 Ibselucdk...
Ibselucdk........
..........
..........
..........
..........
..........
.........
.........
..........
..........
..........
..........
..........
..............
..................
........... 48
?.8 _drdk.....
_drdk..........
..........
..........
..........
.........
.........
..........
..........
..........
..........
..........
..........
..........
...............
...................
...............
...... 48

@DAPDX ^R_PDID.....
..........
..........
..........
.........
.........
..........
..........
..........
...........
................
...................
..................
......... 4?

eee
 HDH E
^BK@DJRCRDK

4.4. Cdtdr Hbcdidkg

@dcd
@d cdl
l Esc
scdl
dl,, ifk
fksb
sbp
p lbk
lbkgb
gbk
kde JDL
JDL sb
sbhb
hbk
kdr
drk
kyd tb
tbcd
cdj
j
lblpuk
lblpukyde
yde tblpdt
tblpdt tbrsbk`
tbrsbk`ere
ere `dcdl
`dcdl pbleie
pbleierdk
rdk Escdl.
Escdl. ^briblh
^briblhdkg
dkgdk
dk
wdodkd `blfirdse `bkgdk Escdl sbhbkdrkyd ydkg tbcdj lbk`frfkg d`dkyd
wdodkd JDL `dcdl Escdl. Idrbkd `dcdl `blfirdse, pbkgdiudk tbrjd`dp
jd
jdi
i ds
dsdse
dse ldku
ldkuse
sedd lbk`
lbk`dp
dpdt
dt tblp
tblpdt
dt yd
ydkg
kg spbs
spbsedc
edc.. Hbrh
Hbrhdg
dgde
de ldod
ldodl
l
pbleierdk tbktdkg `blfirdse `dpdt `bkgdk lu`dj ietd tbluidk
`e`dcdlkyd ifksbp tbktdkg pbkbgdidk JDL.
@dcdl pbkmbcdsdk lbkgbkde `blfirdse `dcdl ibrdkgid ifksbptudc

Escdl, hdkydi pbkgbrtedk `ehbreidk pd`d hbhbrdpd dspbi ijusus `dre rdkdj
sf
sfsed
sedcc `d
`dk
k pf
pfce
cete
tei.
i. @b
@blf
lfir
irdse
dse Es
Escd
cdl
l `e
`edk
dkgg
ggdp
dp sbhdg
sbhdgde
de sestb
sestbl
l ydydkg
kg
lbkgui
lbkguiuj
ujidk
idk ifksbp
ifksbp-if
-ifksbp
ksbp Esc
Escdle
dle ydkg
ydkg su`dj
su`dj cdld
cdld hbrdid
hbrdidr,
r, ydetu
ydetu
lusydwdrdj (syurd), pbrsbtumudk (emld―), `dk pbkecdedk ektbrprbtdtevb ydkg
ldk`ere (emtejd`).
Juiu
Juiul,
l, Jdi
Jdi Dsdse
Dsdse Ldku
Ldkused
sed,, `d
`dk
k `b
`blf
lfir
irds
dsee lbru
lbrupd
pdid
idk
k tegd
tegd
ifksbp ydkg te`di `dpdt `epesdjidk. Jdc eke `esbhdhidk idrbkd sdcdj sdtu
sydrdt utdld tbrwumu`kyd `blfirdse d`dcdj d`dkyd pbkbgdidk juiul `dk
pbrcek`ukgdk Jdi Dsdse Ldkused (JDL). @blfirdse didk sbcdcu rdpuj

dp
dpdh
dhec
ecdd JDL
JDL sbted
sbtedp
p wdrg
wdrgdd ldsy
ldsydrd
drdid
idtt te`d
te`di
i tb
tbrp
rpbk
bkuj
uje.
e. _b
_b`d
`dkg
kgid
idk
k
pblbkujdk `dk pbrcek`ukgdk JDL didk tbrwumu` dpdhecd juiul
`etbgdiidk.

4.8. Xulusdk Ld
Ldsdcdj
@dcdl
@dcdl pblhud
pblhudtdk
tdk ldidcd
ldidcdj
j eke,
eke, pbkuce
pbkucess lbrulu
lbrulusid
sidk
k ldsdcd
ldsdcdj
j
sbhdgde hbreiut=
4. Dpdidj
Dpdidj `baeke
`baekese
se `dre
`dre juiul
juiul etu6
etu6
8. Hdgdel
Hdgdeldkd
dkd juiul
juiul `dcdl
`dcdl pdk`
pdk`dkg
dkgdk
dk Escdl
Escdl66

?. Dpdidj
Dpdidj `baek
`baekese
ese `dre
`dre JDL
JDL (Jdi Dsdse
Dsdse Ldku
Ldkused)
sed) etu6
etu6

4
 0. Hdgdel
Hdgdeldkd
dkdidj
idj JDL
JDL `dcdl
`dcdl pdk`dk
pdk`dkgdk
gdk escdl
escdl66
2. Dpdidj
Dpdidj `baeke
`baekese
se `dre
`dre `blf
`blfird
irdse
se etu6
etu6
1. Hdgdel
Hdgdeldkd
dkd Escdl
Escdl lbldk`
lbldk`dkg
dkg `blf
`blfird
irdse6
se6

4.?. Pumudk

4. Lbkgbtdjue dpd etu juiul, JDL, `dk `blfirdse

8. Lbkgbtdjue dpd etu juiul, JDL, `dk `blfirdse `dcdl pdk`dkgdk
Escdl

?. Lbk
Lbkgbt
gbtdju
djuee pbrhb`
pbrhb`ddk
ddk dktdrd
dktdrd juiul,
juiul, JDL,
JDL, `dk `blfir
`blfirdse
dse ulul
ulul
`bkgdk pdk`dkgdk Escdl

4.0. Ldkaddt
4. Hesd lbkmdhdridk
lbkmdhdridk dpd etu
etu juiul
juiul,, JDL,
JDL, `dk
`dk `blfir
`blfirdse
dse
8. Hes
esdd lbkm
lbkmdh
dhdr
dri
idk dp
dpdd etu
etu ju
juiu
iul,
l, JDL,
JDL, `d
`dk
k `blf
blfir
irds
dsee `d
`dcd
cdl
l
pdk`dkgdk Escdl
?. He
Hesd
sd lbkm
lbkmbc
bcdsi
dsidk
dk pb
pbrh
rhb`
b`dd
ddk
k dk
dktd
tdrd
rd ju
juiu
iul,
l, JDL,
JDL, `d
`dk
k `b
`blf
lfir
irdse
dse
ulul `bkgdk pdk`dkgdk Escdl

8
 HDH EE
^BLHDJD_DK

8.4.
8.4. Juiu
Juiul
l

8.
8.4.
4.4
4 Juiu
Juiul
l _b
_bod
odrd
rd Rlul
Rlul

Juiul d`dcdj sudtu sestbl dturdk dtdu d`dt ydkg sbodrd rbsle
`edkgg
`edkggdp
dp lbkgei
lbkgeidt
dt `dk `eiuiu
`eiuiujid
jidk
k fcbj
fcbj pbkgud
pbkgudsd,
sd, pblbre
pblbrektdj
ktdj,, dtdu
dtdu
ftfretds lbcdcue cblhdgd dtdu ekstetuse.

@baekese "juiul" `dre Idlus Hbsdr Hdjdsd Ek`fkbsed(4557)=

4. ^b
^brd
rdtu
turd
rdk
k dtdu
dtdu d`dt
d`dt,, ydkg
ydkg sb
sbod
odrd
rd rb
rbsl
slee `e
`edk
dkgg
ggdp
dp lbkg
lbkgei
eidt
dt `d
`dk
k

`eiuiujidk fcbj pbkgudsd, pblbrektdj dtdu ftfretds.

8. Rk`dkg-uk
Rk`dkg-uk`dkg,
`dkg, pbrdturd
pbrdturdk
k `dk sbhdgdekyd
sbhdgdekyd uktui
uktui lbkgdtur
lbkgdtur ibje`up
ibje`updk
dk
ldsydrdidt.

?. ^dtfid
^dtfidk
k (ide`d
(ide`dj,
j, ibtbkt
ibtbktudk
udk).
).

0. Ibpu
Ibputu
tusd
sdk
k (p
(pbr
brte
telh
lhdk
dkgd
gdk)
k) ydkg
ydkg `e
`etb
tbkt
ktui
uidk
dk fc
fcbj
bj jd
jdie
iel
l `d
`dcd
cdl
l
pbkgd`ecdk, vfkes.

Hbreiut eke `baekese juiul lbkurut pdrd djce=

 Pucceus Oeobrof= –Juiul d`dcdj didc tbrtekgge ydkg `etdkdlidk fcbj

dcdl `dcdl `ere ldkused uktui lbkbtdpidk dpd ydkg hfcbj `dk dpd
ydkg te`di hfcbj `dcdl je`up.“

 Pjflds Jfhhbs= –Juiul d`dcdj pbrektdj-pbrektdj `dre frdkg ydkg

lbleceie ibiudsddk uktui lblbrektdj `dk lbldisdidk pbrektdjkyd
ibpd`d frdkg cdek.“

 ^cdtf= –Juiul d`dcdj pbrdturdk-pbrdturdk ydkg tbrdtur `dk tbrsusuk

hdei ydkg lbkgeidt ldsydrdidt.“

?
  Drestftbcbs=
Drestftbcbs= –Juiul
–Juiul jdkyd sbhdgde iulpucdk
iulpucdk pbrdturdk ydkg te`di
jdkyd lbkgeidt ldsydrdidt tbtdpe mugd jdiel.“

Juiul `dpdt `ehdge `dcdl hbrhdgde he`dkg, dktdrd cdek juiul

pe`dkd/juiul puhcei, juiul
juiul pbr`dtd/juiul prehd`e, j
juiul
uiul dodrd, juiul
tdtd kbgdrd, juiul d`lekestrdse kbgdrd/juiul tdtd usdjd kbgdrd, juiul
ektbrkdsefkdc, juiul d`dt, juiul dgdld, juiul dgrdred, juiul heskes,
`dk juiul cekgiukgdk.

Ek`fkbsed lbrupdidk kbgdrd juiul `dk lbleceie sestbl juiul

tbsbk`ere. Juiul `e Ek`fkbsed lbrupdidk odlpurdk `dre sestbl juiul
juiul Brfpd, juiul Dgdld `dk juiul D`dt. Idrbkd=

 Brfpd= Mdmdjdk Jek`ed-Hbcdk`d

 Dgdld= Ldyfretds Escdl

 D`dt= Hbrhdkgsd-hdkgsd `dk hbrsuiu-suiu

8.4.8 Juiul
Juiul Lbkurut
Lbkurut Escdl

Juiul Escdl d`dcdj juiul ydkg `etbtdpidk fcbj Dccdj lbcdcue

lbcdcue
wdjyu-Kyd ydkg ieke tbr`dpdt `dcdl Dc Tur―dk `dk `embcdsidk fcbj

kdhe Lujdlld` sbhdgde Xdsuc-Kyd lbcdcue _ukkdj hbcedu ydkg ieke

tbrjelpuk `bkgdk hdei `dcdl ietdh-ietdh jd`ets. Mugd `dpdt `edrteidk
sbhdgdee juiul
sbhdgd juiul ydkg hbrsulhbr
hbrsulhbr `dk lbkmd`e
lbkmd`e hdgedk
hdgedk `dre dgdld Escdl.
Udkg `edtur te`di jdkyd juhukgdk ldkused `bkgdk ldkused cdek `dcdl
ldsydr
ldsydrdid
didt,
t, ldkuse
ldkusedd `bkgdk
`bkgdk hbk`d
hbk`d `dk dcdl sblbst
sblbstd,
d, tbtdpe
tbtdpe mugd
mugd
juhukgdk ldkused `bkgdk Pujdk.

^bridtddk
^bridtddk juiul
juiul ydkg `epbrgukdidk
`epbrgukdidk sbidrdkg
sbidrdkg `dcdl hdjdsd
Ek`fkbsed hbrdsdc `dre idtd juiul `dcdl hdjdsd drdh. Drtekyd, kfrld
dtdu ide`dj ydike uiurdk, pdtfidk, pb`fldk ydkg `epbrgudkdidk uktui

0
lbkecd
lbkecdee tekgid
tekgidj
j cdiu
cdiu dtdu pbrhud
pbrhudtdk
tdk ldkuse
ldkusedd `dk hbk`d.
hbk`d. Juhukg
Juhukgdk
dk
dktdrd pbridtddk juiul `dcdl hdjdsd Ek`fkbsed tbrsbhut `edtds `bkgdk
juiul `dcdl pbkgbrtedk kfrld `dcdl hdjdsd drdh etu lbldkg brdt

sbidce. _btedp pbrdturdk, dpdpuk ldodl `dk sulhbrkyd lbkgdk`ukg

kfrld dtdu ide`dj sbhdgde ektekyd. @dcdl eclu juiul Escdl ide`dj etu
`esbhutt juiul.
`esbhu juiul. Etucdj sbhdhkyd ldid `e`dcdl
`e`dcdl pbridtddk
pbridtddk sbjdre-jdre
sbjdre-jdre
frdkg
frdkg hbrheo
hbrheodrd
drd tbktdk
tbktdkg
g juiul
juiul sudtu
sudtu hbk`d
hbk`d dtdu
dtdu pbrhud
pbrhudtdk
tdk.. Udkg
Udkg
`eldis
`eldisu`,
u`, sbpbrt
sbpbrtee tbc
tbcdj
dj `esbhu
`esbhutt `edtds,
`edtds, d`dcdj
d`dcdj pdtfid
pdtfidk,
k, tfcdi
tfcdi uiur,
uiur,
ide`dj dtdu uiurdk lbkgbkde pbrhudtdk dtdu hbk`d etu (Lfjdlld`
@du` Dce, 4555=?5).

@dcdl
@dcdl escdl,
escdl, juiul
juiul esc
escdl
dl `eibkd
`eibkdcc sbhdgd
sbhdgdee syd―red
syd―redt.
t. _yd―re
_yd―redt
dt
lbkuru
lbkurutt dsdc idtdkyd
idtdkyd hbrdrt
hbrdrtee mdcdk
mdcdk lbkumu
lbkumu ldtd
ldtd der, @dre dsdc idtd
tbrsb
tbrsbhu
hutt sy
syd―
d―red
redtt Escdl
Escdl hb
hbrdr
rdrte
te md
mdcd
cdk
k yd
ydkg
kg cu
curu
russ `e
`etbl
tblpu
puj
j sbfrdk
sbfrdkg
g
luscel. Lbkurut estecdj, _yd―redt hbrdrte dturdk dtdu uk`dkg-uk`dkg
yd
ydkg
kg `etu
`eturu
ruki
kidk
dk Dc
Dccd
cdj
j uk
uktu
tui
i lbkg
lbkgdt
dtur
ur sb
sbcu
curu
ruj
j dspbi
dspbi ib
ibje
je`u
`upd
pdk
k
ldku
ldkused
sed sbhdg
sbhdgde
de jd
jdlh
lhdd Dc
Dccd
cdj,
j, ek
ek`e
`eve
ve`u
`u,, wdrg
wdrgd,
d, `d
`dk
k suhm
suhmbi
bi dc
dcdl
dl
sblbstd. _yd―redt lbrupdidk cdk`dsdk aeqej. ^d`d preksepkyd sydre―dt
d`
d`dc
dcdj
dj wdjy
wdjyu
u Dccd
Dccdj
j ydkg
ydkg tbr`
tbr`dp
dpdt
dt `d
`dcd
cdl
l dc
dc-- Turd
Turdk
k `d
`dk
k su
sukd
kdj
j
Xdsucuccdj.
Xdsucuccdj. _ydre―dt
_ydre―dt hbrseadt
hbrseadt auk`dlbktd
auk`dlbktdc,
c, lblpukyde
lblpukyde cekgiup cbhej
cuds `dre aeqej, hbrcdiu dhd`e `dk lbkukmuiidk ibsdtudk `dcdl escdl.
_b`dkgidk
_b`dkgidk aeqej d`dcdj pbldjdldk ldkusedydkg
ldkusedydkg lblbkuje
lblbkuje sydrdt
tbktdkg syd―redt. Fcbj idrbkd etu cekgiupkyd
cekgiupkyd tbrhdtds pd`d juiul
juiul ydkg
lbkg
lbkgdtu
dturr pb
pbrh
rhud
udtdk
tdk ldku
ldkuse
sed,
d, `d
`dk
k id
idrb
rbkd
kd lbru
lbrupd
pdid
idk
k jd
jdse
secc id
idry
rydd
ldkused ldid ed te`di hbrcdiu dhd`e, `dpdt hbruhdj `dre ldsd ib ldsd
`dk `dpdt hbrhb`d `dre tblpdt ydkg cdek. Jdc eke tbrcejdt pd`d dcerdk-
dcerdk ydkg `esbhut `bkgdk ldzjdh. Fcbj idrbkd etu aeqej lbkukmuiidk
ibrdgdldk `dcdl juiul Escdl. (Lfjdlld` @du` Dce, 4555=02-01).

2
8.8. Jdi Dsdse
Dsdse Ldkused
Ldkused (JDL)
(JDL)

8.8.4 JDL _bodrd Rlul

Jdi dsdse ldkused d`dcdj jdi-jdi ydkg tbcdj `epukyde sbsbfrdkg

sbmdi ed `dcdl idk`ukgdk `dk lbrupdidk pblhbredk `dre Pujdk. JDL
hbrcdiu sbodrd ukevbrsdc, drtkyd hbrcdiu `eldkd sdmd hdge sedpd sdmd `dk
te`di
te`di `dpdt
`dpdt `edlhe
`edlhecc frdkg
frdkg cde
cdek.
k. Jd
Jdcc ek
ekee tb
tbrod
rodkt
ktul
ul `d
`dcdl
cdl RR@
RR@ 45
4502
02
Xbpuhcei Ek`fkbsed, sbpbrte pd`d pdsdc 87 dydt 4, pdsdc 8:, pdsdc 85 dydt 8,
pdsdc ?> dydt 4, `dk pdsdc ?4 dydt 4.

8.8.8 JDL `dcdl Escdl

Jdi
Jdi ds
dsds
dsee `dcd
`dcdl
l Es
Escd
cdl
l hb
hbrh
rhb`
b`dd `b
`bkg
kgdk
dk jd
jdi
i ds
dsds
dsee lbku
lbkuru
rutt
pbkgbrtedk ydkg ulul `eibkdc. _bhdh sbcuruj jdi lbrupdidk ibwdmehdk
hdge kbgdrd ldupuk ek`eve`u ydkg te`di hfcbj `edhdeidk.
`edhdeidk. Xdsucuccdj _DW
pbrkdj hbrsdh`d= "_bsukggujkyd `drdjlu, jdrtdlu `dk ibjfrldtdklu
jdrdl dtds idlu." (JX. Huijdre `dk Luscel). Ldid kbgdrd huidk sdmd
lbkdjdk `ere `dre lbkybktuj jdi-jdi dsdse eke, lbcdekidk lblpukyde
ibwdmehdk lblhbreidk `dk lbkmdlek jdi-jdi eke. _bhdgde ofktfj, kbgdrd
hbribwdmehdk lbkmdlek pbrcek`ukgdk sfsedc hdge sbtedp
s btedp ek`eve`u tdkpd d`d
pbrhb`ddk mbkes ibcdlek, te`di mugd pbrhb`ddk luscel `dk kfk-luscel.

Escdl te`di jdkyd lbkmd`eidk etu ibwdmehdk kbgdrd, lbcdekidk kbgdrd

`epbrektdjidk uktui hbrpbrdkg `ble lbcek`ukge jdi-jdi eke.

8.8.? JDL `e Ek`fkbsed

Jdi Dsdse Ldkused `e Ek`fkbsed hbrsulhbr `dk hbrludrd pd`d

pdkodsecd. Udkg drtekyd Jdi Dsdse Ldkused lbk`dpdt mdlekdk iudt `dre
adcs
adcsda
dadj
dj hdk
hdkgs
gsd,
d, ydik
dike ^dkod
dkodse
secd
cd.. Hbrl
Hbrlu
udr
drdd pd`
d`dd ^dko
^dkods
dsec
ecdd
`eldis
`eldisu`i
u`idk
dk hdjwd
hdjwd pbcdisd
pbcdisdkdd
kddk
k jdi dsdse
dsdse ldkuse
ldkusedd tbrsbhu
tbrsbhutt jdrus
jdrus
lblpbr
lblpbrjdt
jdteid
eidk
k gdres-g
gdres-gdres
dres ydkg
ydkg tbc
tbcdj
dj `etbkt
`etbktuid
uidk
k `dcdl
`dcdl ibtbkt
ibtbktudk
udk
adcsdad
adcsdadj
j ^dkodse
^dkodsecd.
cd. Hdge
Hdge hdkgsd
hdkgsd Ek`fkb
Ek`fkbsed,
sed, lbcdis
lbcdisdkd
dkdidk
idk jdi dsdse
dsdse

1
 ldku
ldkused
sed hu
huid
idk
k hb
hbrd
rdrt
rtee lbcd
lbcdis
isdk
dkdi
didk
dk `b
`bkg
kgdk
dk sbhbh
sbhbhds-
ds-hb
hbhd
hdsk
skyd
yd,,
lbcdekidk jdrus lblpbrjdteidk ibtbktudk-ibtbktudk ydkg tbridk`ukg
`dcdl
`dcdl pdk`dk
pdk`dkgdk
gdk je`up
je`up hdkgsd
hdkgsd Ek`fkb
Ek`fkbsed,
sed, ydetu
ydetu ^dkodse
^dkodsecd.
cd. Jdc eke

`esb
`esbhd
hdhi
hidk
dk pd`d
pd`d `dsd
`dsdrk
rkyd
yd lbld
lbldkg
kg te`d
te`di
i d`
d`dd jd
jdi
i yd
ydkg
kg `d`dpd
pdtt
`ecdisdkdidk sbodrd luctdi tdkpd lblpbrjdteidk jdi frdkg cdek._btedp
jdi didk `ehdtdse fcbj jdi frdkg cdek.

Hbrhdgde ekstrulbk jdi dsdse ldkused ydkg `eleceie Kbgdrd Xbpuhcei

Ek`fkbsed, ydike=

 Rk`dkg ‟ Rk`dkg @dsdr 4502

 Ibtb
Ibtbtd
tdpd
pdk
k L^X
L^X Kflf
Kflfrr ZQEE/
ZQEE/L^
L^X/
X/45
455:
5: tb
tbkt
ktdk
dkg
g Jdi
Jdi Dsds
Dsdsee
Ldkused

 Rk`d
Rk`dkg
kg ‟ Rk`d
Rk`dkg
kg Kflf
Kflfrr ?5 Pdju
Pdjuk
k 45
4555
55 tb
tbkt
ktdk
dkg
g Jdi
Jdi Dsds
Dsdsee
Ldkused

8.? @blfirdse

8.?.4 @blfirdse sbodrd Rlul

_bodrd
_bodrd ulul
ulul `blfir
`blfirdse
dse d`dcdj
d`dcdj sudtu
sudtu hbktui
hbktui dtdu lbidke
lbidkeslb
slb

sestbl pblbrektdjdk sudtu kbgdrd sbhdgde updyd lbwumu`idk ib`ducdtdk

rdiydt
rdi ydt (ibiud
(ibiudsddk
sddk wdrgdkb
wdrgdkbgdr
gdrd)
d) dtds kbgdrd
kbgdrd uktui
uktui `emdcd
`emdcdkid
kidk
k fcbj
fcbj
pblbrektdj kbgdrd tbrsbhut. ^d`d ektekyd, ydkg hdkydicdj ydkg lbkdkg
`dk ydkg hdkydi `edkggdp sbhdgde sudtu ibhbkdrdk.

_dcd
_dcdj
j sdtu
sdtu pecd
pecdrr `b
`blf
lfir
irdse
dse d`
d`dc
dcdj
dj pr
prek
eksep
sep treds
treds pf
pfce
cete
teod
od yd
ydkg
kg
lblhdg
lblhdgee ibtegd
ibtegd ibiudsd
ibiudsddk
dk pfcete
pfcetei
i kbgdrd
kbgdrd (bisbi
(bisbiute
utea,
a, yu`eid
yu`eidtea
tea `dk
cbgescdtea) uktui `ewumu`idk `dcdl tegd mbkes cblhdgd kbgdrd ydkg sdcekg
cbpds (ek`bpbk`bk) `dk hbrd`d `dcdl pbrekgidt yg sbmdmdr sdtu sdld cdek.
Ibsbmdmdrdk `dk ek`bpbk`bkse ibtegd mbkes cblhdgd kbgdrd eke `epbrcuidk

7
dg
dgdr
dr ib
ibte
tegd
gd cblh
cblhdg
dgdd kb
kbgd
gdrd
rd eke
eke he
hesd
sd sd
sdce
cekg
kg lbkg
lbkgdw
dwdse
dse `d
`dk
k sdcek
sdcekg
g
lbkgfktrfc hbr`dsdridk preksep ojbois dk` hdcdkobs.

Ibtegd
Ibtegd mbkes
mbkes cblhdg
cblhdgd-cb
d-cblh
lhdgd
dgd kbgdrd
kbgdrd tbrsbh
tbrsbhut
ut d`dcdj
d`dcdj cblhdg
cblhdgd-
d-
cblhdgd pblbrektdj ydkg lbleceie ibwbkdkgdk uktui lbwumu`idk `dk
lbcdisdkdidk ibwbkdkgdk bisbiutea, cblhdgd-cblhdgd pbkgd`ecdk ydkg
hbrwbkdkg lbkybcbkggdrdidk ibiudsddk mu`eidtea `dk cblhdgd-cblhdgd
pbrwdiecdk rdiydt (@^X, uktui Ek`fkbsed) ydkg lbleceie ibwbkdkgdk
lbkm
lbkmdc
dcdk
dkid
idk
k ib
ibiu
iudsd
dsddk
dk cbge
cbgesc
scdte
dtea.
a. @e hd
hdwd
wdj
j sestb
sestbl
l ek
eke,
e, ib
ibpu
putu
tusdk
sdk
cbgescdtea `ehudt fcbj ldsydrdidt dtdu fcbj wdiec ydkg wdmeh hbibrmd `dk
hbrtek`di sbsude dsperdse ldsydrdidt
ldsydrd idt ydkg `ewdiecekyd (ifkstetudktb) `dk
ydkg lblecejkyd lbcdcue prfsbs pblecejdk ulul cbgescdtea, sbcdek sbsude
juiul `dk pbrdturdk.

Idtd "`blfirdse" hbrdsdc `dre `ud idtd, ydetu `blfs ydkg hbrdrte
rdiydt
rdiydt,, `dk irdtfs
irdtfs/ord
/ordtbe
tbek
k ydkg
ydkg hbrdrt
hbrdrtee pblbre
pblbrektd
ktdjdk
jdk,, sbjekgg
sbjekggdd `dpdt
`dpdt
`edrteidk sbhdgde pblbrektdjdk rdiydt, dtdu ydkg cbhej ietd ibkdc sbhdgde
pblbrektdjdk `dre rdiydt, fcbj rdiydt `dk uktui rdiydt. Ifksbp
`blfir
`blfirdse
dse lbkmd`
lbkmd`ee sbhudj
sbhudj idtd
idtd iukoe
iukoe tbrsbk`
tbrsbk`ere
ere `dcdl
`dcdl he`dkg
he`dkg eclu
eclu
pfcetei. Jdc eke `esbhdhidk idrbkd `blfirdse sddt eke `esbhut-sbhut
sbhdgde ek`eidtfr pbriblhdkgdk pfcetei sudtu kbgdrd.

@blfir
@blfirdse
dse lbkblp
lbkblpdte
dte pf
pfsese
sese vetdc
vetdc `dcdl
`dcdl idetdk
idetdkkyd
kyd pblhdg
pblhdgedk
edk
ibiudsddk `dcdl sudtu kbgdrd ululkyd hbr`dsdridk ifksbp `dk preksep
treds pfceteod `bkgdk ibiudsddk kbgdrd ydkg `epbrfcbj `dre rdiydt mugd
jdrus `egukdidk uktui ibsbmdjtbrddk `dk ibldilurdk rdiydt.

^reksep sbldodl treds pfceteod eke lbkmd`e sdkgdt pbktekg uktui

`epbrjetukgidk ibteid aditd-aditd sbmdrdj lbkodtdt ibiudsddk pblbrektdj
(bisbiutea) ydkg hbgetu hbsdr tbrkydtd te`di ldlpu uktui lblhbktui
ldsydrdidt ydkg d`ec `dk hbrd`dh, hdjidk ibiudsddk dhsfcut pblbrektdj
sbrekgidce lbkelhucidk pbcdkggdrdk tbrjd`dp jdi-jdi dsdse ldkused.

:
 @bleiedk pucd ibiudsddk hbrcbhejdk `e cblhdgd kbgdrd ydkg cdek,
lesdck
lesdckyd
yd ibiuds
ibiudsddk
ddk hbrcbh
hbrcbhejd
ejdk
k `dre
`dre cblhdg
cblhdgdd cbgesc
cbgescdte
dteaa lbkbkt
lbkbktuid
uidk
k
sbk`eree dkggdrdk
sbk`er dkggdrdk uktui gdme `dk tukmdkgdk
tukmdkgdk dkggftd-dkg
dkggftd-dkggftdk
gftdkyd
yd tdkpd

lblpb`uce
lblpb` uceidk
idk dsperds
dsperdsee rdiydt
rdiydt,, te`di
te`di didk
didk lblhdw
lblhdwdd ibhdei
ibhdeidk
dk uktui
uktui
rdiydt.

Ek
Ekte
teky
kyd,
d, sbted
sbtedp
p cblh
cblhdg
dgdd kb
kbgd
gdrd
rd hu
huid
idk
k sdmd
sdmd jd
jdru
russ di
diuk
uktd
tdhb
hbcc
(doofuk
(doofuktdh
tdhcb)
cb),, tbtdpe
tbtdpe jdrus
jdrus d`d lbidke
lbidkeslb
slb afrldc
afrldc ydkg
ydkg lbwumu
lbwumu`id
`idk
k
diuktd
diuktdhec
hecetds
etds `dre
`dre sbtedp
sbtedp cblhdg
cblhdgdd kbgdrd
kbgdrd `dk lbidke
lbidkeslb
slb eke ldlpu
ldlpu
sbodrd
sbodrd fpbrdse
fpbrdsefk
fkdc
dc (huidk
(huidk jdkyd
jdkyd sbodrd
sbodrd tbfre)
tbfre) lblhdt
lblhdtdse
dse ibiuds
ibiudsddk
ddk
cblhdgd kbgdrd tbrsbhut.

8.?.8 @blfirdse `dcdl Escdl

@dcd
@dcdl
l Es
Escd
cdl
l d`d
d`d ydk
ydkg `ei
eibk
bkdc
dc `bk
bkgd
gdk
k este
estecd
cdj
j _yu
yurd
rd dt
dtdu
du
lusydwdrdj. Udkg lbrupdidk `brevdse (idtd turukdk) `dre idtd ibrmd
‚sydwdrd―. @dk idtd ‚sydwdrd― lblpukyde hbhbrdpd ldikd, dktdrd cdek
lblbrds ld`u `dre sdrdkg cbhdj9 lblbcejdrd tuhuj hekdtdkg tbrkdi sddt
lblhbcekyd9 lbkdlpecidk `ere `dcdl pbrdkg. @dk ldikd ydkg `flekdk
d`dcdj lblektd pbk`dpdt `dk lbkodre ibhbkdrdk.

–@dk frdkg-frdkg ydkg lbkbreld (lbldtuje) sbrudk Pujdkkyd

`d
`dk
k lbk`
lbk`ere
ereid
idk
k sjdc
sjdcdt
dt,, sb`dk
sb`dkg
g ur
urus
usdk
dk lbrbi
lbrbidd `e
`epu
putu
tusi
sidk
dk `b
`bkg
kgdk
dk

lusydwdrdj dktdrd lbrbid9 `dk lbrbid lbkdaidjidk sbhdgedk rbzbie

ydkg Idle hbreidk ibpd`d lbrbid.“ (T_. Dsy-syurd= ?1)

@bkgdk
@bkgdk dydt
dydt tbrsbhu
tbrsbhut,
t, ietd `dpdt
`dpdt lbkgbrte
lbkgbrte hdjwd
hdjwd Escdl tbcdj
tbcdj
lblp
lblpfs
fses
esei
eidk
dk lusy
lusydw
dwdr
drdj
dj pd
pd`d
`d tb
tblp
lpdt
dt yd
ydkg
kg dg
dguk
ukg.
g. Jdc
Jdc tb
tbrsb
rsbhu
hutt
lbku
lbkukm
kmui
uidk
dk hdjw
hdjwd,
d, Es
Escd
cdl
l sb
sbod
odrd
rd cd
cdkg
kgsu
sukg
kg lbkb
lbkbrd
rdpi
pidk
dk pr
prek
ekse
sep
p
pbkgdlhecdk ibputusdk9lusydwdrdj ydkg lbkmd`e sbk`e utdld `dcdl
`blfirdse lf`brk (`dre, fcbj `dk uktui ibpbktekgdk rdiydt).

Udkg lbkmd`e pfek pbktekg `dcdl `blfirdse huidk sestbl treds

pfceteikyd, ydkg lblhdge pblbrektdjdk ib`dcdl tegd cblhdgd

5
(bisbi
(bisbiute
utea,
a, yu`ei
yu`eidtea
dtea `dk cbgesc
cbgescdtea
dtea),
), lbcdek
lbcdekidk
idk sesetb
sesetbl
l ojbois
ojbois dk`
hdcdkobs ydkg hbrcdkgsukg `dcdl pblbrektdjdk etu. Pbktukyd dgdr hesd
hbrmdcdk ldid, jdrus d`d ibtbrhuiddk `dre sbtedp bcblbk `dcdl

pblbrektdjdk etu. @dk ibtbrhuiddk etu `dpdt `ewumu`idk `dcdl sbhudj

lusydwdrdj ydkg baesebk `dk babitea. Pbktu sdmd `bkgdk tumudk uktui
lbksbmdjtbrdidk ibje`updk rdiydt.

^d`d `dsdrkyd, ifksbp `blfirdse te`di sbpbkujkyd hbrtbktdkgdk

`dk te`di sbpbkujkyd sbmdcdk `bkgdk Escdl. Jdc eke `etukmuiidk `bkgdk=

4. @blfirdse
@blfirdse tbrsbhut
tbrsbhut jdrus
jdrus hbrd`d
hbrd`d `e
`e hdwdj
hdwdj pdyukg
pdyukg dgdld.

8. Xdiydt
Xdiydt `ehbre
`ehbre ibhbhdsd
ibhbhdsdk
k uktui
uktui lbkyudrdidk
lbkyudrdidk dsperdsekyd.
dsperdsekyd.

?. ^bkgdlhecd
^bkgdlhecdk
k ibputusdk
ibputusdk sbkdkt
sbkdktedsd
edsd `ecdiuid
`ecdiuidk
k `bkgdk
`bkgdk lusydwdrd
lusydwdrdj.
j.

0. _udrd
_udrd ldyfret
ldyfretds
ds te`dicdj
te`dicdj hbrseadt
hbrseadt lutcdi
lutcdi lbsiep
lbsiepuk
uk tbtdp lbkmd`e
lbkmd`e
pbrtelhdkgdk utdld `dcdl lusydwdrdj.

2. Lusy
Lusydw
dwdr
drdj
dj dtdu
dtdu vf
vfte
tekg
kg jd
jdky
kydd hb
hbrc
rcdi
diu
u pd
pd`d
`d pb
pbrsf
rsfdc
dcdk
dk emte
emtejd
jd`9
`9
huidk pd`d pbrsfdcdk ydkg su`dj `etbtdpidk sbodrd mbcds fcbj
Dcqurdk `dk _ukkdj.

1. ^rf`ui
^rf`ui juiul
juiul `dk ibhem
ibhemdid
didk
k ydkg `edlhec
`edlhec te`di
te`di hfcbj ibcudr
ibcudr `dre
`dre
kecde-kecdedgdld.

7. Juiul
Juiul `dk ibhemdidk
ibhemdidk tbrsbhut
tbrsbhut jdrus
jdrus `epdtuj
`epdtujee fcbj sblud
sblud wdrgd.
wdrgd.

Juiul, JDL, `dk `blfirdse d`dcdj tegd ifksbp ydkg te`di `dpdt
`epesdj
`epesdjidk
idk.. Jdc eke `eidrb
`eidrbkdi
kdidk
dk sdcdj
sdcdj sdtu sydrdt
sydrdt utdld
utdld tbrwum
tbrwumu`k
u`kyd
yd
`blfir
`blfirdse
dse edc
edcdj
dj d`dkyd
d`dkyd pbkbgd
pbkbgdiid
iidk
k juiul
juiul `dk pbrcek
pbrcek`uk
`ukgdk
gdk JDL.
JDL.
@blfirdse
@blfirdse didk rdpuj dpdhecd
dpdhecd JDL sbtedp ldsydrdidt
ldsydrdidt te`di tbrpbkuje.
tbrpbkuje.
_b`dkgidk pblbkujdk `dk pbrcek`ukgdk JDL `dpdt tbrwumu` dpdhecd

juiul `etbgdiidk. @dcdl dmdrdk Escdl, juiul, JDL `dk `blfirdse

4>
`esbhu
`esbhutid
tidk
k `bkgdk
`bkgdk mbc
mbcds
ds `e `dcdl
`dcdl Dc-Tur
Dc-Turdk
dk `dk Ds-_uk
Ds-_ukkdj
kdj.. @bkgdk
@bkgdk
`b
`ble
leie
iedk
dk ldku
ldkuse
sedd sbhdg
sbhdgde
de ij
ijdc
dcead
eadj
j Dc
Dccd
cdj
j `e
`elu
luid
id hu
hule
le ek
ekee `d
`dpd
pdtt
lbkmdcdkidk tugdskyd `bkgdk hdei `dk hbkdr dpdhecd ed sbcdcu hbrpbgdkg

pd`d dturdk-dturdk pd`d Dc-Turdk `dk Ds-_ukkdj.

44
 HDH EEE
^BKRPR^
?.4.. Ibselp
?.4 Ibselpucd
ucdk
k

4. @blfi
@blfirdse
rdse d`dcdj
d`dcdj hbktui
hbktui pblbrek
pblbrektdj
tdjdk
dk kbgdrd
kbgdrd ydkg lbkmukmu
lbkmukmukg
kg tekgge
tekgge
ib`ducdtdk rdiydt.

8. @blfird
rdsse lbk
bku
urut Escdl hesd `edrteidk sbpbrte lusyd
sydwdrd
rdj
j,
lbk`bkgdridk pbk`dpdt frdkg cdek `dcdl sudtu afrul uktui lbkodpde
ibputusdk `bkgdk lbkgb`bpdkidk kecde ‟ kecde ibdgdlddk.

?. JDL
JDL d`
d`dc
dcdj
dj jdi ydkg tbcdj
tbcdj `elec
`elecei
eiee sb
sbsbf
sbfrd
rdkg
kg sbmdi
sbmdi ed d`d `e `d
`dcd
cdl
l
idk`ukgdk.

0. JDL `dcdl
`dcdl Escdl
Escdl `e`baekesei
`e`baekeseidk
dk sbhdgde
sbhdgde jdi ydkg `elecei
`eleceiee fcbj ek`eve
ek`eve`u
`u
`dk ibw dmehdk hdge kbgdrd `dk ek`eve`u uktui lbkmdgdkyd.

2. Juiul
Juiul lbkurut
lbkurut Escdl
Escdl hesd `edrteid
`edrteidk
k sbhdgde
sbhdgde juiul
juiul ydkg tbr`dpdt
tbr`dpdt `dcdl
sulhbr-sulhbr sbpbrte Dc-Turdk `dk Dc-Jd`est.

?.8.
?.8. _drd
_drdk
k

4. @ejd
@ejdrd
rdpi
pidk
dk sbtbc
sbtbcdj
dj lblh
lblhdod
dod ldid
ldidcd
cdj
j ek
ekee `d
`dpd
pdtt lblh
lblhb`
b`di
didk
dk dk
dktd
tdrd
rd

`blfirdse `e Ek`fkbsed
`blfirdse Ek`fkbsed `dk `blfirdse
`blfirdse Escdl `dk `dpdt lbcejdt sese hdei
`dk huruikyd.

8. @ejdrdp
@ejdrdpidk
idk sbtbcdj
sbtbcdj lblhdod
lblhdod ldidcdj
ldidcdj eke `dpdt lbldjd
lbldjdle
le pbktekgk
pbktekgkyd
yd
JDL `dcdl ibje`updk ietd `dk ibwdmehdk ietd uktui lbkmdgdkyd.

?. @ejd
@ejdrd
rdpi
pidk
dk sbtbc
sbtbcdj
dj lblh
lblhdod
dod ldid
ldidcd
cdj
j ek
ekee `d
`dpd
pdtt lblh
lblhb`
b`di
didk
dk dk
dktd
tdrd
rd
juiul escdl `dk juiul ydkg hbrcdiu `e Ek`fkbsed `dk `dpdt lbcejdt
pbrhb`ddkkyd.

48
 @DAPDX ^R_PDID

Dwdcu`ek, & Hdsre. (8>>5). ^bk`e`eidk Dgdld Escdl `e

`e ^brgurudk Pekgge Rlul
Rlul
uktui ^bkgblhdkgdk Ibprehd`edk. ^bidkhdru= ^usdt ^bkgblhdkgdk
^bk`e`eidk Rkevbrsetds Xedu.

Dzrd, D. (8>>8). ^bk`e`eidk Dgdld Escdl

Escdl ^d`d ^brgurudk Pekgge
Pekgge Rlul.
Mdidrtd= ^brgurudk Pekgge Dgdld Escdl.

Hu`edrmf, ^. L. (8>>:). @dsdr-@dsdr Eclu ^fcetei. Mdidrtd= ^P Grdlb`ed ^ustdid

Rtdld.

Adkdke, _. (8>4>). Cblhdr Ibrmd Ldjdseswd ^bk`e`eidk

^bk`e`eidk Dgdld Escdl. _e`fdrmf=
^P. Dc-Lditdhdj.

Ldksfbr, J. (8>>0). Ldtbre Ektruisefkdc ^bk`e`eidk Dgdld

Dgdld Escdl `e ^brgurudk
Pekgge Rlul. Mdidrtd= @erbitur ^bk`e`eidk Pekgge Dgdld Escdl.

4?