Madan Bhandari Memorial College

New Baneshwor, Kathmandu

Lab Report of Operating System

Submitted by: Submitted to:

Name: Ujjwal Mali Department of BCA
Code: 3279627
Faculty: Humanities and Social Science
Semester: Fourth
 LAB 1
Program to Create Multi-Threaded Process.
Introduction
A multithreaded process in an operating system is a process that can create multiple threads of
execution within itself. Each thread runs independently but shares the same resources and
memory space of the process, allowing for concurrent execution of tasks. This enhances
performance and responsiveness, as threads can be scheduled to run simultaneously, making
better use of CPU resources.

Algorithm

Step 1.Initialize: Declare a global variable g and a murex lock and define a thread function
myThreadFun.

Step2.Thread Function:

●​ Lock the mutex.

●​ Increment shared variables (g and static s).

●​ Print thread ID, static, and global values.

●​ Unlock the mutex.

Step3.Main Function: Initialize the mutex.

●​ Create threads, passing unique IDs.

●​ Wait for threads to finish with pthread_join.

●​ Destroy the murex.

Step4.Exit the program.

Flowchart
Program code
#include <stdio.h>

#include <stdlib.h>

#include <unistd.h>

#include <pthread.h>

int g = 0;

void *myThreadFun(void *vargp) {

int *myid = (int *)vargp;

static int s = 0; ++s;

++g;

printf("Thread ID: %d, Static: %d, Global: %d\n", *myid, ++s, ++g);

int main() {

int i;

pthread_t tid;

for (i = 0; i < 3; i++) {

pthread_create(&tid, NULL, myThreadFun, (void *)&tid); }

pthread_exit(NULL);

}
Output
 LAB 2
Implement IPC Mechanism Using Shared Memory &Message
Passing.
Introduction

Process need to communicate with each other in many situations, for example to
count occurrences of a word in text file, output of grep command needs to be given
to wc command ,something like grep-o-I <word><file>| wc-l . Inter processing
Communication or IPC is a mechanism that allows processes to communicate. It
helps processes synchronize their activities share information and avoid conflict
while accessing shared resources.

Algorithm:

Shared Memory:

●​ Process 1: Generates information and records it in shared memory.

●​ Process 2: Checks the shared memory record for information generated by
process1.
●​ Server: Reads data from an input file, writes to a message and send it to the
Client.
●​ Client: Reads the data From IPC Channel.

Message Passing:

●​ Processes: Send and Receive message through a communication

channel
●​ Messages: Can contain data,commands,or signals, and can be fixed or
variable in size
Flowchart:

Program Code

IPC using Shared Memory:

#include <stdio.h>

#include <stdlib.h>

#include <string.h>

#include <sys/ipc.h>

#include <sys/shm.h>

#include <unistd.h>

#define SHM_SIZE 1024 // Size of shared memory

void writer() {
// Create a unique key

key_t key = ftok("shmfile", 65);

// Create shared memory segment

int shmid = shmget(key, SHM_SIZE, 0666 | IPC_CREAT);

if (shmid == -1) {

perror("Shared memory creation failed");

exit(1);

// Attach to shared memory

char *data = (char *)shmat(shmid, NULL, 0);

if (data == (char *)-1) {

perror("Shared memory attach failed");

exit(1);

// Write data to shared memory

printf("Writer: Writing to shared memory...\n");

strcpy(data, "Hello from shared memory!");

// Detach from shared memory

shmdt(data);
}

void reader() {

// Create a unique key

key_t key = ftok("shmfile", 65);

// Locate shared memory segment

int shmid = shmget(key, SHM_SIZE, 0666);

if (shmid == -1) {

perror("Shared memory retrieval failed");

exit(1);

// Attach to shared memory

char *data = (char *)shmat(shmid, NULL, 0);

if (data == (char *)-1) {

perror("Shared memory attach failed");

exit(1);

// Read data from shared memory

printf("Reader: Data from shared memory: '%s'\n", data);

 // Detach and delete shared memory

shmdt(data);

shmctl(shmid, IPC_RMID, NULL);

int main() {

pid_t pid = fork();

if (pid < 0) {

perror("Fork failed");

return 1;

} else if (pid == 0) {

sleep(1); // Ensure writer runs first

reader();

} else {

writer();

wait(NULL);

return 0;

}
IPC using Message Passing:

#include <stdio.h>

#include <stdlib.h>

#include <string.h>

#include <sys/ipc.h>

#include <sys/msg.h>

#include <unistd.h>

#define MAX 1024

struct message {

long msg_type;

char msg_text[MAX];

};

void sender() {

// Create a unique key

key_t key = ftok("msgfile", 65);

// Create message queue

int msgid = msgget(key, 0666 | IPC_CREAT);

if (msgid == -1) {

perror("Message queue creation failed");

 exit(1);

struct message msg;

msg.msg_type = 1;

// Write message to queue

printf("Sender: Sending message...\n");

strcpy(msg.msg_text, "Hello from message queue!");

msgsnd(msgid, &msg, sizeof(msg.msg_text), 0);

printf("Sender: Message sent.\n");

void receiver() {

// Create a unique key

key_t key = ftok("msgfile", 65);

// Access message queue

int msgid = msgget(key, 0666);

if (msgid == -1) {

perror("Message queue access failed");

exit(1);
 }

struct message msg;

// Read message from queue

msgrcv(msgid, &msg, sizeof(msg.msg_text), 1, 0);

printf("Receiver: Message received: '%s'\n", msg.msg_text);

// Delete the message queue

msgctl(msgid, IPC_RMID, NULL);

int main() {

pid_t pid = fork();

if (pid < 0) {

perror("Fork failed");

return 1;

} else if (pid == 0) {

sleep(1); // Ensure sender runs first

receiver();

} else {

sender();
 wait(NULL);

return 0;

Output for Shared Memory:

Output for Message Passing:

 LAB 3
Program to Simulate Producer Consumer Problem Using Semaphore

Introduction
The Producer-Consumer Problem is a synchronization problem in operating systems and
concurrent programming. It involves two types of processes: producers and consumers, which
share a common, finite-size buffer (or queue). The Producer-Consumer problem can be
effectively solved using semaphores, which are synchronization primitives that help manage
access to shared resources in concurrent programming.
Algorithm

Step1. Initialize variables: mutex = 1 (to control access to the buffer),full = 0 (to track the number
of full slots),empty = 3 (to track the number of empty slots),x = 0 (to track the number of items in
the buffer)

Step2. Show the options: 1.Producer,2.Consumer,3.Exit

Step 3.Repeat until exit:

●​ If choice is 1 (Producer):
o​ If mutex == 1 and empty != 0, execute the producer:
▪​ Decrease empty (an item is added to the buffer).
▪​ Increase full (one slot is now full).
▪​ Increment x (produce an item).
▪​ Print the produced item.
o​ Else, print "Buffer is full!!".
●​ If choice is 2 (Consumer):
o​ If mutex == 1 and full != 0, execute the consumer:
▪​ Decrease full (an item is consumed from the buffer).
▪​ Increase empty (one slot is now empty).
▪​ Decrement x (consume an item).
▪​ Print the consumed item.
o​ Else, print "Buffer is empty!!".
●​ If choice is 3:
o​ Exit the program.

Step 4.End when user selects "Exit".

Flowchart:

Source Code
#include<stdio.h>
#include<stdlib.h>
int mutex=1,full=0,empty=3,x=0;
int main() {
int n;
void producer();
void consumer();
int wait(int);
int signal(int);
printf("\n1.Producer\n2.Consumer\n3.Exit");
while(1){
printf("\nEnter your choice:");
scanf("%d",&n);
switch(n){
case 1: if((mutex==1)&&(empty!=0))
producer();
else
printf("Buffer is full!!");
break;
case 2: if((mutex==1)&&(full!=0))
consumer();
else
printf("Buffer is empty!!");
break;
case 3:
exit(0);
break;
}}
return 0;}
int wait(int s) {
return (--s); }
int signal(int s) {
return(++s); }
void producer() {
mutex=wait(mutex);
full=signal(full);
empty=wait(empty);
x++;
printf("\nProducer produces the item %d",x);
mutex=signal(mutex); }
void consumer() {
mutex=wait(mutex);
full=wait(full);
empty=signal(empty);
printf("\nConsumer consumes item %d",x);
x--;
mutex=signal(mutex);
}

Output
 LAB 4
Program to Simulate and Average TAT and WAITING TIME for Preemptive
and Non-Preemptive Scheduling Algorithm: FCFS, SJF, PRIORITY AND
ROUND ROBIN.

1.First-Come First-Serve(FCFS) process scheduling algorithm without arrival time

(non-preemptive )
Introduction
The FCFS is a non-preemptive scheduling algorithm in which a process is
automatically queued and processing occurs according to an incoming request or process
order implementation of the FCFS policy is managed with a FIFO queue. When a process enters
the ready queue, its PCB is linked onto the tail of the queue. When the CPU is free, it is
allocated to the process at the head of the queue.

Algorithm
Step 1: Input the processes along with their burst time(bt).
Step 2: Find waiting time (wt) for all processes.
Step 3: At first process that comes need not to wait so waiting time for process 1 will be 0 i.e.
wt[0]=0.
Step 4: Find waiting time for all other processes i.e. for process I will be wt[i]= wt[i-1]+bt[i-1].
Step 5: Find turnaround time= waiting time + burst time for all processes.
Step 6: Find average waiting time = total waiting time/ no of process.
Step 7: Similarly, find average turnaround time = total turnaround time/no of process.
Flowchart :
Program code
#include<stdio.h>
int main(){
int n,bt[20],wt[20],tat[20],avwt=0,avtat=0,i,j;
printf("Enter the total number of processes(maximum
20):"); scanf("%d",&n);
printf("\nEnter Process Burst Time\n");
for(i=0;i<n;i++){
printf("P[%d]:",i+1);
scanf("%d",&bt[i]);
}
wt[0]=0;
for(i=1;i<n;i++) {
wt[i]=0;
for(j=0;j<i;j++)
wt[i]+=bt[j]; }
printf("\nProcess\t\tBurst Time\tWaiting Time\tTurnaround Time");
for(i=0;i<n;i++) {
tat[i]=bt[i]+wt[i];
avwt+=wt[i];
avtat+=tat[i];
printf("\nP[%d]\t\t%d\t\t%d\t\t%d",i+1,bt[i],wt[i],tat[i]);
}
avwt/=i;
avtat/=i;
printf("\n\nAverage Waiting Time:%d",avwt);
printf("\n\nAverage Turnaround Time:%d",avtat);
return 0;
}

OUTPUT
 LAB 4

Shortest Job First(SJF) Non-Preemptive Process Scheduling Algorithm.

Introduction

In SJF under non-preemptive scheduling, once the CPU has been allocated to a process, the
process keeps the CPU until it releases the CPU. the process with the smallest execution time (or
burst time) is selected for execution next.

Algorithm

Step 1: Declare the array size.

Step 2: Get the number of elements to be inserted.

Step 3: Select the process which have shortest burst will execute first.

Step 4: If two process have same burst length then FCFS scheduling algorithm used.

Step 5: Make the average waiting the length of next process.

Step 6: Start with the first process from it’s selection as above and let other process to be

in queue.

Step 7: Calculate the total number of burst time. Step 8: Display the values.
Flowchart
Program code
#include<stdio.h>

int main()

int time,bt[10],at[10],sum_bt=0,smallest,n,i;

int sumt=0,sumw=0;

printf("no of processes : ");

scanf("%d",&n);

for(i=0;i<n;i++)

printf("arrival time for process P%d : ",i+1);

scanf("%d",&at[i]);

printf("burst time for process P%d : ",i+1);

scanf("%d",&bt[i]);

sum_bt+=bt[i];

bt[9]=9999;

for(time=0;time<sum_bt;)

smallest=9;

for(i=0;i<n;i++)

{
if(at[i]<=time && bt[i]>0 && bt[i]<bt[smallest])

smallest=i;

printf("P[%d]\t|\t%d\t|\t%d|\t%d\n",smallest+1,bt[smallest],time+bt[smallest]-

at[smallest],time-at[smallest]);

sumt+=time+bt[smallest]-at[smallest];

sumw+=time-at[smallest];

time+=bt[smallest];

bt[smallest]=0;

printf("\n\n average waiting time = %f",sumw*1.0/n);

printf("\n\n average turnaround time = %f",sumt*1.0/n);

return 0;

Output
 LAB 4

Priority based Non-Preemptive Scheduling Algorithm.

Introduction
Priority is associated with each process and the CPU allocation to the process with he highest
priority when the CPU is available .In non-preemptive priority , a process will finish its
execution although a process of higher priority try to allocate the CPU when it.

Flowchart
Program Code
#include<stdio.h>

int main()
{
int burst_time[20], process[20], waiting_time[20], turnaround_time[20], priority[20];
int i, j, limit, sum = 0, position, temp;
float average_wait_time, average_turnaround_time;
printf("Enter Total Number of Processes:\t");
scanf("%d", &limit);
printf("\nEnter Burst Time and Priority For %d Processes\n", limit);
for(i = 0; i < limit; i++)
{
printf("\nProcess[%d]\n", i + 1);
printf("Process Burst Time:\t");
scanf("%d", &burst_time[i]);
printf("Process Priority:\t");
scanf("%d", &priority[i]);
process[i] = i + 1;
}
for(i = 0; i < limit; i++)
{
position = i;
for(j = i + 1; j < limit; j++)
{
if(priority[j] < priority[position])
{
position = j;
}
}
temp = priority[i];
priority[i] = priority[position];
priority[position] = temp;
temp = burst_time[i];
burst_time[i] = burst_time[position];
burst_time[position] = temp;
temp = process[i];
process[i] = process[position];
process[position] = temp;
}
waiting_time[0] = 0;
for(i = 1; i < limit; i++)
{
waiting_time[i] = 0;
for(j = 0; j < i; j++)
{
waiting_time[i] = waiting_time[i] + burst_time[j];
 }
sum = sum + waiting_time[i];
}
average_wait_time = sum / limit;
sum = 0;
printf("\nProcess ID\t\tBurst Time\t Waiting Time\t Turnaround Time\n");
for(i = 0; i < limit; i++)
{
turnaround_time[i] = burst_time[i] + waiting_time[i];
sum = sum + turnaround_time[i];
printf("\nProcess[%d]\t\t%d\t\t %d\t\t %d\n", process[i], burst_time[i], waiting_time[i],
turnaround_time[i]);
}
average_turnaround_time = sum / limit;
printf("\nAverage Waiting Time:\t%f", average_wait_time);
printf("\nAverage Turnaround Time:\t%f\n", average_turnaround_time);

return 0;
}

Output
 LAB 4
Priority based Preemptive Process Scheduling Algorithm.
Algorithm:
Step 1 Input: Get the total number of processes.
Step 2.For each process:
Input the arrival time, burst time, and priority.
Step 3.Sort processes by arrival time to ensure they are handled in the order they arrive.
Step 4.Initialize variables:
Set total burst time and process status.
Step5. For each time unit (from the first process' arrival time):

o​ Select the process with the highest priority (among available processes).
o​ Calculate completion time, waiting time, and turnaround time for the selected
process.
o​ Mark the process as executed.

Step 6.Compute the average waiting time and average turnaround time.

Step 7.Exit the program

Flowchart
Program code:

#include<stdio.h>

struct process
{
char process_name;
int arrival_time, burst_time, ct, waiting_time, turnaround_time, priority;
int status;
}process_queue[10];
int limit;

void Arrival_Time_Sorting()
{
struct process temp;
int i, j;
for(i = 0; i < limit - 1; i++)
{
for(j = i + 1; j < limit; j++)
{
if(process_queue[i].arrival_time > process_queue[j].arrival_time) {
temp = process_queue[i];
process_queue[i] = process_queue[j];
process_queue[j] = temp; } } } }
int main() {
int i, time = 0, burst_time = 0, largest;
char c;
float wait_time = 0, turnaround_time = 0, average_waiting_time, average_turnaround_time;
printf("\nEnter Total Number of Processes:\t");
scanf("%d", &limit);
for(i = 0, c = 'A'; i < limit; i++, c++)
{
process_queue[i].process_name = c;
printf("\nEnter Details For Process[%C]:\n", process_queue[i].process_name);
printf("Enter Arrival Time:\t");
scanf("%d", &process_queue[i].arrival_time );
printf("Enter Burst Time:\t");
scanf("%d", &process_queue[i].burst_time);
printf("Enter Priority:\t");
scanf("%d", &process_queue[i].priority);
process_queue[i].status = 0;
burst_time = burst_time + process_queue[i].burst_time;
}
Arrival_Time_Sorting();
process_queue[9].priority = -9999;
printf("\nProcess Name\tArrival Time\tBurst Time\tPriority\tWaiting Time");
 for(time = process_queue[0].arrival_time; time < burst_time;) {
largest = 9;
for(i = 0; i < limit; i++)
{
if(process_queue[i].arrival_time <= time && process_queue[i].status != 1 &&
process_queue[i].priority > process_queue[largest].priority)
{
largest = i; } }
time = time + process_queue[largest].burst_time;
process_queue[largest].ct = time;
process_queue[largest].waiting_time = process_queue[largest].ct - process_queue[largest].arrival_time
- process_queue[largest].burst_time;
process_queue[largest].turnaround_time = process_queue[largest].ct -
process_queue[largest].arrival_time;
process_queue[largest].status = 1;
wait_time = wait_time + process_queue[largest].waiting_time;
turnaround_time = turnaround_time + process_queue[largest].turnaround_time;
printf("\n%c\t\t%d\t\t%d\t\t%d\t\t%d", process_queue[largest].process_name,
process_queue[largest].arrival_time, process_queue[largest].burst_time, process_queue[largest].priority,
process_queue[largest].waiting_time);
}
average_waiting_time = wait_time / limit;
average_turnaround_time = turnaround_time / limit;
printf("\n\nAverage waiting time:\t%f\n", average_waiting_time);
printf("Average Turnaround Time:\t%f\n", average_turnaround_time);
}

Output
 LAB 4
Round Robin Process Scheduling with Arrival Time(Preemptive Scheduling
Algorithm)

Introduction
Round Robin (RR) process scheduling algorithm treat with the ready queue as a FIFO queue as
processes. Processes are added to the tail of the ready queue.
In the round robin algorithm, every process gets an equal time of execution which is defined by
the quantum time. Therefore, no process will be able to hold the CPU for a longer time period.
The round-robin job scheduling algorithm is, therefore, used in a multi-user, timesharing or
multi-tasking operating systems.

Program Code
#include<stdio.h>
int main() {
int count,j,n,time,remain,flag=0,time_quantum;
int wait_time=0,turnaround_time=0,at[10],bt[10],rt[10];
printf("Enter Total Process:\t "); scanf("%d",&n);
remain=n;
for(count=0;count<n;count++)
{
printf("Enter Arrival Time and Burst Time for Process Process Number %d
:",count+1);
scanf("%d",&at[count]);
scanf("%d",&bt[count]);
rt[count]=bt[count];
}
printf("Enter Time Quantum:\t");
scanf("%d",&time_quantum);
printf("\n\nProcess\t|Turnaround Time|Waiting Time\n\n");
for(time=0,count=0;remain!=0;)
{
if(rt[count]<=time_quantum && rt[count]>0)
{
time+=rt[count];
rt[count]=0;
flag=1;
}
else if(rt[count]>0)
{
rt[count]-=time_quantum;
time+=time_quantum;
}
if(rt[count]==0 && flag==1)
{
remain--;
printf("P[%d]\t|\t%d\t|\t%d\n",count+1,time-at[count],time-at[count]-bt[count]);
wait_time+=time-at[count]-bt[count];
turnaround_time+=time-at[count];
flag=0;
}
if(count==n-1)
count=0;
else if(at[count+1]<=time)
count++;
else
count=0; }
printf("\nAverage Waiting Time= %f\n",wait_time*1.0/n);
printf("Avg Turnaround Time = %f",turnaround_time*1.0/n);
return 0;
}

Output
 LAB 5

Program to simulate contigious memory allocation techniques: Worst Fit ,Best

Fit, First Fit.

Introduction
Contiguous memory allocation is a memory management technique where a process is allocated
a single, continuous block of memory. This approach is simple and efficient, as it allows for easy
memory allocation and deallocation. In contiguous memory allocation, each process is given a
contiguous block of memory, which can be allocated using the First-Fit, Best-Fit, or Worst-Fit
algorithms.

Algorithm

Step 1.Read the number of blocks (numBlocks) and the number of files (numFiles).

Step 2.Read the sizes of the blocks into an array (block[]).

Step3.Read the sizes of the files into an array (file[]).

Step4.Initialize:Create an array (blockFlag[]) to track allocated blocks, initialized to 0 (all blocks

are free).

Step5.Allocate Files:

For each file and For block:

If the block is free and can accommodate the file:

Allocate the block to the file.

Calculate and store the fragmentation.

Mark the block as allocated.

Move to the next file.

Step6.Print the file number, file size, allocated block number, block size, and fragmentation for
each file.
Flowchart
Program Code

#include <stdio.h>
#include <conio.h>
#define MAX 25
int main() {
int frag[MAX], block[MAX], file[MAX], i, j, numBlocks, numFiles, temp;
static int blockFlag[MAX], fileBlock[MAX];
printf("\n\tMemory Management Scheme - First Fit");
printf("\nEnter the number of blocks: ");
scanf("%d", &numBlocks);
printf("Enter the number of files: ");
scanf("%d", &numFiles);
printf("\nEnter the size of the blocks:\n");
for (i = 1; i <= numBlocks; i++) {
printf("Block %d: ", i);
scanf("%d", &block[i]); }
printf("Enter the size of the files:\n");
for (i = 1; i <= numFiles; i++) {
printf("File %d: ", i);
scanf("%d", &file[i]);
}
for (i = 1; i <= numBlocks; i++) {
blockFlag[i] = 0; }
for (i = 1; i <= numFiles; i++) {
for (j = 1; j <= numBlocks; j++) {
if (blockFlag[j] != 1) {
temp = block[j] - file[i];
if (temp >= 0) {
fileBlock[i] = j;
frag[i] = temp;
blockFlag[j] = 1;
break; } }
}}
printf("\nFile No:\tFile Size:\tBlock No:\tBlock Size:\tFragmentation");
for (i = 1; i <= numFiles; i++) {
printf("\n%d\t\t%d\t\t%d\t\t%d\t\t%d",
i, file[i], fileBlock[i], block[fileBlock[i]], frag[i]); }
getch(); }
Output
Best-FIT
Algorithm
Step 1.Read the number of blocks (numBlocks) and the number of files (numFiles).
Step 2.Read the sizes of the blocks into an array (block[]).
Step 3.Read the sizes of the files into an array (file[]).
Step 4.Create an array (blockFlag[]) to track allocated blocks, initialized to 0 (all blocks are
free).
Step 5.Allocate Files:
For each file:
Set lowest to a large value (e.g., 10000).
For each block:
If the block is free and can accommodate the file:
Calculate the leftover space (temp).
If temp is less than lowest, update lowest and record the block index.
If a suitable block is found, allocate it to the file and mark it as allocated.
Step 6.Print the file number, file size, allocated block number, block size, and fragmentation for
each file.

Program Code
#include <stdio.h>
#include <conio.h>
#define MAX 25

int main() {
int frag[MAX], block[MAX], file[MAX], i, j, numBlocks, numFiles, temp, lowest;
static int blockFlag[MAX], fileBlock[MAX];
printf("\n\tMemory Management Scheme - Best Fit");
printf("\nEnter the number of blocks: ");
scanf("%d", &numBlocks);
printf("Enter the number of files: ");
scanf("%d", &numFiles);
printf("\nEnter the size of the blocks:\n");
for (i = 1; i <= numBlocks; i++) {
printf("Block %d: ", i);
scanf("%d", &block[i]); }
printf("Enter the size of the files:\n");
for (i = 1; i <= numFiles; i++) {
 printf("File %d: ", i);
scanf("%d", &file[i]); }
for (i = 1; i <= numBlocks; i++) {
blockFlag[i] = 0;
}
for (i = 1; i <= numFiles; i++) {
lowest = 10000;
for (j = 1; j <= numBlocks; j++) {
if (blockFlag[j] != 1) {
temp = block[j] - file[i];
if (temp >= 0 && lowest > temp) {
fileBlock[i] = j;
lowest = temp; } } }
frag[i] = lowest;
if (fileBlock[i] != 0) {
blockFlag[fileBlock[i]] = 1; } }
printf("\nFile No\tFile Size\tBlock No\tBlock Size\tFragmentation");
for (i = 1; i <= numFiles; i++) {
if (fileBlock[i] != 0) {
printf("\n%d\t\t%d\t\t%d\t\t%d\t\t%d",
i, file[i], fileBlock[i], block[fileBlock[i]], frag[i]); } }
​ ​ ​ ​ getch(); }
Output
Worst-Fit
Algorithm
Step 1.Read nb (number of blocks) and nf (number of files).
Step 2.Read sizes of blocks into array b[] and sizes of files into array f[].
Step 3.Initialize:
Create arrays bf[] (block allocation status) and ff[] (file allocation status) initialized to 0 and -1,
respectively.
Step 4.Allocate Memory:
For each file i:
Set highest to -1.
For each block j:
If block j is free and can fit file i:
Update highest if block j is larger than the current largest suitable block.
If highest is found:
Allocate block to file, mark it as used, and calculate fragmentation.
Step 5.Print file number, file size, allocated block number, block size, and fragmentation.
Flowchart
Program Code
#include <stdio.h>
#include <conio.h>
#define MAX 25
int main() {
int frag[MAX], b[MAX], f[MAX], i, j, nb, nf, temp, highest = 0;
static int bf[MAX], ff[MAX];
​ printf("\n\tMemory Management Scheme - Worst Fit");
printf("\nEnter the number of blocks: ");
scanf("%d", &nb);
printf("Enter the number of files: ");
scanf("%d", &nf);
printf("\nEnter the size of the blocks:\n");
for (i = 1; i <= nb; i++) {
printf("Block %d: ", i);
scanf("%d", &b[i]);
}
printf("Enter the size of the files:\n");
for (i = 1; i <= nf; i++) {
printf("File %d: ", i);
scanf("%d", &f[i]); }
for (i = 1; i <= nb; i++) {
bf[i] = 0; }
for (i = 1; i <= nf; i++) {
highest = -1;
for (j = 1; j <= nb; j++) {
if (bf[j] != 1) {
temp = b[j] - f[i];
if (temp >= 0 && (highest == -1 || b[highest] < b[j])) {
highest = j; } } }
if (highest != -1) {
ff[i] = highest;
bf[highest] = 1;
 frag[i] = b[highest] - f[i];
} else {
ff[i] = -1;
frag[i] = -1; } }
printf("\nFile_no:\tFile_size:\tBlock_no:\tBlock_size:\tFragmentation");
for (i = 1; i <= nf; i++) {
printf("\n%d\t\t%d\t\t%d\t\t%d\t\t%d", i, f[i], ff[i], (ff[i] != -1 ? b[ff[i]] : 0),
(ff[i] != -1 ? frag[i] : 0)); }
​ ​ getch();}

Output
 LAB 6

Program to simulate page replacement algorithm: FIF0, LRU, LRU.

Introduction
A page replacement algorithm is a method used in operating systems to manage the contents of
the page table and decide which memory pages to swap out when a page fault occurs. When a
program accesses a page that is not currently in physical memory (RAM), the operating system
must bring that page into memory, which may require evicting an existing page to make space.

1. Least recently used (LRU)

This algorithm replaces the page that has not been used for the longest period of time. It is based
on the assumption that pages used recently will likely be used again soon.

Algorithm

Step1.Read the number of page references (m).

Step 2.Read the reference string into an array rs[].

Step 3.Read the number of available frames (f).

Step 4.Initialize:

Create an array a[] to hold the current pages in frames (initialized to -1).

Create an array cntr[] to count the usage frequency of each frame (initialized to 0).

Set pf (page fault count) to 0.

Step 5.Page Replacement Process:

For each page reference rs[i]:

Check if rs[i] is already in a[]:

If found, increment the corresponding counter in cntr[].

If not found:

Find the frame with the least frequency (minimum in cntr[]).

Replace that frame with rs[i].

Reset the counter for the new page and increment pf.

Step 6.Print the current state of frames after each reference.

Step 7.Print the total number of page faults at the end.

Flowchart
Program code
#include <stdio.h>
#define MAX_REFERENCES 50
#define MAX_FRAMES 20
int main() {
int rs[MAX_REFERENCES];
int i, j, k, m, f;
int cntr[MAX_FRAMES];
int a[MAX_FRAMES];
int min, pf = 0;
printf("\nEnter number of page references: ");
scanf("%d", &m);
printf("\nEnter the reference string: ");
for (i = 0; i < m; i++) {
scanf("%d", &rs[i]); }
printf("\nEnter the available number of frames: ");
scanf("%d", &f);
for (i = 0; i < f; i++) {
cntr[i] = 0;
a[i] = -1;
}
printf("\nThe Page Replacement Process is:\n");
for (i = 0; i < m; i++) {
for (j = 0; j < f; j++) {
if (rs[i] == a[j]) {
cntr[j]++;
break; } }
if (j == f) {
min = 0;
for (k = 1; k < f; k++) {
if (cntr[k] < cntr[min]) {
min = k; } }
a[min] = rs[i];
cntr[min] = 1;
pf++;
}
for (j = 0; j < f; j++) {
printf("\t%d", a[j]); }
if (j == f) {
printf("\tPF No. %d", pf); }
printf("\n"); }
 printf("\nTotal number of page faults: %d\n", pf);
​ return 0;}

Output
First-In First-Out
The oldest page in memory (the one that has been in memory the longest) is replaced. This
algorithm is simple to implement but can lead to suboptimal performance, known as the
"Belady's anomaly," where increasing the number of page frames can lead to an increase in page
faults.
Algorithm
Step1.Read the length of the reference string (n).
Step 2.Read the reference string into an array rs[].
Step 3.Read the number of available frames (f).
Step 4.Initialize:
Create an array m[] to hold the current pages in frames (initialized to -1).
Set pf (page fault count) to 0 and count to 0.
Step 5.Process Each Page Reference:
For each page rs[i]:
If rs[i] is not in m[]:
Add rs[i] to m[count].
Increment count and pf.
If count equals f, reset count to 0 (to overwrite the oldest page).
Print the current state of frames.
Step 6.Print the total number of page faults (pf).
Flowchart
Program Code
#include <stdio.h>
#define MAX_FRAMES 10
#define MAX_REFERENCES 25
int main() {
int i, j, k, f, pf = 0, count = 0;
int rs[MAX_REFERENCES];
int m[MAX_FRAMES];
int n;
printf("\nEnter the length of the reference string: ");
scanf("%d", &n);
printf("\nEnter the reference string: ");
for (i = 0; i < n; i++) {
scanf("%d", &rs[i]);
}
printf("\nEnter the number of frames: ");
scanf("%d", &f);
for (i = 0; i < f; i++) {
m[i] = -1;
}
printf("\nThe Page Replacement Process is:\n");
for (i = 0; i < n; i++) {
for (k = 0; k < f; k++) {
if (m[k] == rs[i]) {
break; } }
if (k == f) {
m[count] = rs[i];
count++;
pf++; }
for (j = 0; j < f; j++) {
printf("\t%d", m[j]); }
if (k == f) {
printf("\tPF No. %d", pf); }
printf("\n");
if (count == f) {
count = 0; }}
printf("\nThe number of Page Faults using FIFO are: %d\n", pf);
return 0;
}
Output
LFU(Least frequently used )
This algorithm replaces the page that has been used the least frequently. It keeps
track of how often each page is accessed and evicts the one with the lowest access
count.
Algorithm
Step1.Read the number of page references (m).
Step 2.Read the reference string into an array rs[].
Step 3.Read the number of available frames (f).
Step 4.Initialize:
Create an array a[] to hold the current pages in frames (initialized to -1).
Create an array cntr[] to count the usage frequency of each frame (initialized to
0).Set pf (page fault count) to 0.
Step 5.Process Each Page Reference:
For each page reference rs[i]:
Check if rs[i] is already in a[]:
If found, increment the corresponding counter in cntr[].
If not found:
Find the frame with the least frequency (minimum in cntr[]).
Replace that frame with rs[i].
Reset the counter for the new page and increment pf.
Step 6.Print the current state of frames after each reference.
Step 7.Print the total number of page faults at the end.
Flowchart
Program Code
#include <stdio.h>
#define MAX_REFERENCES 50
#define MAX_FRAMES 20
int main() {
int rs[MAX_REFERENCES];
int i, j, k, m, f;
int cntr[MAX_FRAMES];
int a[MAX_FRAMES];
int min, pf = 0;
printf("\nEnter number of page references: ");
scanf("%d", &m);
printf("\nEnter the reference string: ");
for (i = 0; i < m; i++) {
scanf("%d", &rs[i]); }
printf("\nEnter the available number of frames: ");
scanf("%d", &f);
for (i = 0; i < f; i++) {
cntr[i] = 0;
a[i] = -1; }
printf("\nThe Page Replacement Process is:\n");
for (i = 0; i < m; i++) {
for (j = 0; j < f; j++) {
if (rs[i] == a[j]) {
cntr[j]++;
break; } }
if (j == f) {
min = 0;
for (k = 1; k < f; k++) {
if (cntr[k] < cntr[min]) {
min = k; } }
a[min] = rs[i];
cntr[min] = 1;
pf++; }
for (j = 0; j < f; j++) {
printf("\t%d", a[j]); }
if (j == f) {
printf("\tPF No. %d", pf); }
printf("\n");
​ } printf("\nTotal number of page faults: %d\n", pf);
return 0;}
Output
 LAB 7
Program to simulate Disk Scheduling algorithm: FCFS, SCAN
1. FIRST-COME FIRST-SERVE
Algorithm
Step1.Read the number of processes (total_process).
Step 2Read the burst times for each process into an array burst_time[].
Step 3.Initialize:
Set waiting_time[0] to 0 (the first process has no waiting time).
Step 4.Calculate Waiting Time:
For each process from 1 to total_process - 1:
Calculate waiting_time[i] as the sum of burst_time[0] to burst_time[i-1].
Step 5.Calculate Turnaround Time:
For each process:
Calculate turnaround_time[i] as burst_time[i] + waiting_time[i].
Step 6.Print the burst time, waiting time, and turnaround time for each process.
Step 7.Calculate and print the average waiting time and average turnaround time.
Flowchart
Program code
#include<stdio.h>

int main()
{
float burst_time[30], waiting_time[30], turnaround_time[30];
float average_waiting_time = 0.0, average_turnaround_time = 0.0;
int count, j, total_process;
printf("Enter The Number of Processes To Execute:\t");
scanf("%d", &total_process);
printf("\nEnter The Burst Time of Processes:\n\n");
for(count = 0; count < total_process; count++)
{
printf("Process [%d]:", count + 1);
scanf("%f", &burst_time[count]);
}
waiting_time[0] = 0;
for(count = 1; count < total_process; count++)
{
waiting_time[count] = 0;
for(j = 0; j < count; j++)
{
waiting_time[count] = waiting_time[count] + burst_time[j];
}
}
printf("\nProcess\t\tBurst Time\tWaiting Time\tTurnaround Time\n");
for(count = 0; count < total_process; count++)
{
turnaround_time[count] = burst_time[count] + waiting_time[count];
average_waiting_time = average_waiting_time + waiting_time[count];
average_turnaround_time = average_turnaround_time + turnaround_time[count];
printf("\nProcess [%d]\t\t%.2f\t\t%.2f\t\t%.2f", count + 1, burst_time[count], waiting_time[count],
turnaround_time[count]);
}
printf("\n");
average_waiting_time = average_waiting_time / count;
average_turnaround_time = average_turnaround_time / count;
printf("\nAverage Waiting Time = %f", average_waiting_time);
printf("\nAverage Turnaround Time = %f", average_turnaround_time);
printf("\n");
return 0;
}
Output
SCAN disk scheduling algorithm
Algorithm
1.​ Input:
●​ Read the total number of disk locations (limit).
●​ Read the position of the disk head (disk_head).
●​ Read the disk request queue into an array elements[].
2.​ Sort Requests:
●​ Sort the disk requests in ascending order.
3.​ Divide Requests:
●​ Initialize two arrays: left[] for requests less than or equal
to disk_head and right[] for requests greater than disk_head.
●​ Iterate through the sorted requests:
●​ If a request is less than or equal to disk_head, add it to left[].
●​ Otherwise, add it to right[].
4.​ Scan Algorithm:
●​ Create a combined order of servicing requests:
●​ First, service the left[] requests in reverse order.
●​ Then, service the disk_head position.
●​ Finally, service the right[] requests in order.
5.​ Output:
●​ Print the order in which the disk requests will be serviced.
Program code
#include <stdio.h>
#define MAX_ELEMENTS 20
void scan_algorithm(int left[], int right[], int count, int limit) {
int arr[MAX_ELEMENTS];
int x = count - 1, y = count, c = 0, d = 0;
while (x >= 0) {
arr[d++] = left[x--];}
arr[d++] = 0;
while (y < limit) {
arr[d++] = right[c++];
}
printf("\nScanning Order:\n");
for (int j = 0; j < d; j++) {
printf("%d ", arr[j]); }
printf("\n");
}
void division(int elements[], int limit, int disk_head) {
int count = 0, p = 0, q = 0;
int left[MAX_ELEMENTS], right[MAX_ELEMENTS];
while (count < limit && elements[count] <= disk_head) {
count++; }
for (q = 0; q < count; q++) {
left[q] = elements[q]; }
for (p = 0; p < limit - count; p++) {
right[p] = elements[count + p];}
scan_algorithm(left, right, count, limit);
}
void sorting(int elements[], int limit) {
for (int count = 0; count < limit - 1; count++) {
int small = elements[count];
int location = count;
for (int j = count + 1; j < limit; j++) {
if (small > elements[j]) {
small = elements[j];
location = j; } }
int temp = elements[location];
elements[location] = elements[count];
elements[count] = temp; }}
int main() {
int elements[MAX_ELEMENTS], limit, disk_head;
printf("Enter total number of locations: ");
scanf("%d", &limit);
printf("Enter position of disk head: ");
 scanf("%d", &disk_head);
printf("Enter elements of disk head queue:\n");
for (int count = 0; count < limit; count++) {
printf("Element[%d]: ", count + 1);
scanf("%d", &elements[count]);}
sorting(elements, limit);
division(elements, limit, disk_head);
return 0; }
Output