Structural Design I CE451 Mr.

Khalid Bobtina
Fall 2024-2025 Lecture 4

Design of column:
A vertical Structural member, Transmits axial compressive loads with or
without moment. Transmit loads from the floor & roof to the foundation. A
structural design of a concrete column is quite complicated procedures.
Evaluation, however, of a given column section and reinforcement is
straightforward process. This is because pure axial compression is rarely the
case in column analysis. Some value of moment is always there due to end
restraint, or accidental eccentricity due to out of alignment. ACI established the
minimum eccentricity on a concrete column, regardless of the structural
analysis proposed for the column, which is defined as the maximum axial
compression load that a column can be designed for. On the other hand , the
treatment of lateral forces (wind and earth quick's ) are outside of the scope of
this project , the inertial effects are due to the vertical loads only we be
considers .

Type of Column
-Columns can be classified on the basis of the form and arrangement of
reinforcement, as shown in Fig.2

Fig. (2) Types of Columns based on the form and type of Reinforcement

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Structural Design I CE451 Mr. Khalid Bobtina
Fall 2024-2025 Lecture 4

Based on the position of the load on the cross section, columns can be classified
as concentrically or eccentrically loaded as shown in fig. 3

Fig. (3). Types of Columns based on the position of the load on the Cross-Section

concentrically loaded columns fig. (3 a) carry no moment. Eccentrically loaded

columns fig. (3 b and c ) subjected to moment in addition to the axial force. The
moment can be converted to a load (P) and an eccentricity “e” as shown in fig.
(3 b and c). The moment can b unaxial, as in the case of an exterior column in
a multistory building frame or when two adjacent panels are not similarly loaded
such as columns (A) and (B) in figure 4.

A column is considered biaxially loaded when bending occurs about the (x) and
(y) axes, Such as in the case of corner column (c) of fig. (4 b).However , almost
of the loads were placed center to center to the columns in this project ,therefor
they can designed as concentrically loaded columns that carry no moment.

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 Structural Design I CE451 Mr. Khalid Bobtina
Fall 2024-2025 Lecture 4

Fig. (4). Bending of columns

ACI Requirements and limitation for column design :-

The longitudinal ratio (p) should be within (0.01-0.08) according to the ACI- Code
(10.9.1).
The minimum Numbers of longitudinal bars should not be less than (4) bars in
rectangular or circular tied columns, and (6) bars in spiral columns according to ACI-
Code (10.9.2).
16 bars is the minimum size of steel provided for the longitudinal reinforcement.
The clear distance between longitudinal bars shall be not less than (1.5db) nor less than
(40mm) 𝑺𝒄 ≥ 𝐦𝐚𝐱 "𝟏. 𝟓𝒅𝒃 𝒐𝒓 𝟒𝟎𝒎𝒎" according to ACI-Code(7.6.3).
Minimum spacing for Ties: ACI-Code (7.10.5.2).
16  b

The minimum of 48  s
 Least Dimensionof Column

The clear spacing between spirals shall not exceed (80mm), nor be less than (25)mm
according to ACI-Code(7.10.4.3).
All members shall be designed for the eccentricity this loading condition, but not less
than (0.5h) for spirally reinforced columns or (0.1h) for tied columns, about either
principle axis.

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 Structural Design I CE451 Mr. Khalid Bobtina
Fall 2024-2025 Lecture 4

Strength of Non–Slender Concentrically Loaded Columns :

Consider a column of gross cross – sectional (Ag) with width (b) and total depth
(h), reinforced with a total area of steel (Ast) on all faces of the column. The net cross-
sectional area of the concrete is (Ag - Ast).

The maximum concentric load capacity of the column can b obtained by adding
the contribution of the concrete, which is (Ag - Ast) 0.85f’c , and the contribution of the
steel, which is (Ast fy) where (Ag) are thee total gross area of the concrete section and
(Ast) is the total steel area = As + A’s.

The value of (0.85f’c) instead of (f’c) is used in the calculation since it is found
the maximum attainable strength in the actual structure approximates (0.85f’c ) . Thus
the nominal concentric load capacity, ( Po ) .can b expressed as:

Po  0.85 fc Ag  Ast   Ast f y

It is highly improbable to attain zero eccentricity in actual structures.

Eccentricities could easily develop because of factors such slight inaccuracies in the
layout of columns and unsymmetrical loading due to the difference in thickness of the
slabs in adjacent spans or imperfections in the alignment, as indicated earlier. Hence a
minimum eccentricity of (10%) of the thickness of the column in the direction
perpendicular to its axis of bending is considered as an acceptable assumption for
columns with ties and (5%) for spirally reinforced columns.

To reduce the calculations necessary for analysis and design for minimum
eccentricity, The ACI-Code specifies a reduction of (20%) in the axial load for tied
columns and a (15%) reduction for spiral columns.

Fig. (5). column geometry: stress and strain diagram

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 Structural Design I CE451 Mr. Khalid Bobtina
Fall 2024-2025 Lecture 4

Using these factors, the maximum nominal axial load capacity of columns
cannot be taken greater than:

- For Tied reinforced columns;

Pn (max)  0.8 0.85 f c Ag  Ast   Ast f y 

- For spirally reinforced columns;

Pn(max)  0.85 0.85 f c Ag  Ast   Ast f y 

Limits for reinforced ratio

𝐴𝑠𝑡
Let 𝜌𝑔 =
𝐴𝑔

ACI Code 10.9.1 requires 0.01 ≤ 𝜌𝑔 ≤ 0.08

Maximum number of bars in circular column is 6 , triangular is 3 and
rectangular is 4.

Example1
Design a square tied column to support an axial dead load of 400 K and a live load of
232 K using f′ c =5 ksi , fy=60 ksi, and a steel ratio of about 5% .Design the necessary
ties.
Solution
1. Calculate Pu =1.2 PD + 1.6 PL =1.2(400) + 1.6(232) = 851K ,
Pu = 851 = 0.65 (0.8) Ag [0.85 × 5 + 0.05 (60 – 0.8 × 5 )],
Ag = 232.5 in2 , and column side =15.25in ,so use 16in .(Actual Ag = 256in2.)
2. Because a larger section is adopted , the steel percentage may be reduced by
using Ag = 256 in2
in Eq . 851 = 0.65 (0.8) [ 0.85 × 5 × 256 + Ast ( 60 − 0.85 × 5 ) ]
Ast = 9.84in2 Use eight no 10 bars ( Ast = 10.16in2 ).

3. Design of ties (by calculation or fromTable10.1): Choose no 3 ties with

spacings equal to the least of S1 = 16 ( 10 /8 ) = 20in .,S2 = 48 ( 3/ 8 ) = 18in.
,or S3 = column side =16in. Use no.3 ties spaced at 16in.Clear distance

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Structural Design I CE451 Mr. Khalid Bobtina
Fall 2024-2025 Lecture 4

between bars is 4.25in. ,which is less than 6in. Therefore, no additional ties are
required.
Example 2:

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Structural Design I CE451 Mr. Khalid Bobtina
Fall 2024-2025 Lecture 4

Example3:

Solution: