Table of Contents

No. Title
Page
Number
I Introduction 3
II Laboratory safety rules and First Aid 4
III Common laboratory apparatus 16
IV Experiment No. 1 Separation of Mixtures 23
V Experiment No. 2 Preparation of Solutions Dilutions 26
Experiment No. 3 Qualitative Analysis: A-Flame Test of some
VI 36
(cations)

Experiment No. 4 Identification for B-Effect of Adding NaOH(aq)

VII 41
Solution(cations)

Experiment No. 5 Identification of some Anions

VIII 44
C

X Experiment No. 6 Types of Chemical Reactions 48

XI Experiment No. 7 Solubility Test for Organic Compounds 56
XII Experiment No. 8 Unsaturation 61
Experiment No. 9 Classifying Alcohols using Acidified Potassium
XIII 64
Dichromate

ExperimentNo.10 Differentiation between Aldehydes

XIV 66
and Ketones by Tollens test

Experiment No.11 Identification of some Biomolecules

XV 69
(Biuret, Fehling, and Emulsification tests)

XVI Experiment No.12 Titration 81

 Introduction
Welcome to the Chemistry Laboratory at the Batterjee Medical College (BMC). You
will find that experimentation helps you to understand the lecture material since
chemistry is an experimental science. In the laboratory, you will go over many practical
applications of the theories you learn in class. Use the laboratory as a study aid to help
you understand chemistry and perhaps you will even have some fun.

This lab manual is written to give students the opportunity to perform experiments that.
explore important chemical concepts and introduce proper lab techniques and safety. As
well as helping you develop skills in solving problems. Whenever you need a lab
technique you will be given complete instructions on how to execute it, but you must be
able to figure out how to apply those techniques in discovering the solutions to the
problems presented. It is critical that you read the experiment before coming to the
laboratory and attempt to understand the theory behind the experiment and the
methods you will use in the laboratory to investigate that theory.

BEST REGARDS
Department of Chemistry-PY
LABORATORY SAFETY RULES
Common lab safety rules to be followed:

1. Do not drink, eat, chew on pen or gum while working in the

lab.

2. Never smell or taste chemicals unless asked to follow specific

precautions.

3. Avoid touching face, mouth or eyes.

4. Always tie hair back.

5. Avoid wearing flammable attire such as; cosmetics, synthetic

finger nails, and eyelashes.
These safety rules should strictly be followed.

Better be safe than sorry . . .

FIRST AID
 FIRST AID

Injury: Burns

What To Do: Immediately flush with cold water until

burning sensation is lessened.

Injury: Cuts, bruises

What To Do: Do not touch an open wound without

safety gloves. Pressing directly on minor
cuts will stop bleeding in a few minutes.

Apply a cold compress to bruises to reduce swelling.

Injury: Fainting

What to do: Provide fresh air and have the person recline
so that his head is lower than the rest of his
body.
Injury: Poisoning

What To Do: Find out what substance was responsible for the
poisoning and alert the teacher immediately.

Injury: Spills on the skin

What To Do: Flush with large quantities of water.

Injury: Electrical shock

What To Do: Shut off the current at the source. Remove wire
with rubber gloves. Alert the teacher immediately.
 COMMON
LABORATORY
APPARATUS
 COMMON LABORATORY APPARATUS

TEST TUBES:

Used as containers for holding chemicals during heating

or other reactions.

TEST TUBE RACKS:

Used to support the test tubes.

TEST TUBE HOLDER:

Used to hold the test tube while heating.

STIRRING ROD / GLASS ROD:

Used for stirring or mixing chemicals.

ERLENMEYER FLASKS / CONICAL FLASKS:

Used as mixing vessels or as containers for heating.

They give only approximate volumes.
VOLUMETRIC FLASKS:

Used to measure one specific volume of liquid.

GRADUATED CYLINDERS /MEASURING CYLINDERS:

Used to measure volumes of liquids in milliliters (ml).

BEAKERS:

Used as containers for chemicals.

They do not give exact volumes of liquids.

PIPETTES :

Used to measure and deliver exact volumes of liquid.

Graduated Pipette Volumetric Pipette Pipette (dropper)

PIPETTE AIDS / PIPETTE FILLERS:

Used with the pipette to take and deliver an exact amount of liquid.

FUNNELS:

Used to aid in the transfer of liquid from one vessel to another.

DIGITAL BALANCE:

Used to measure the mass of an object in grams.

HOT PLATE STIRRER:

Used as a heat source and for stirring purposes simultaneously.

SPATULA:

Used to spoon out or dispense solid chemicals from

their containers.
BUNSEN BURNER:

Used for heating.

TRIPODS:

A three-legged stand used to support the glass apparatus

when heating.

WIRE GAUZE:

Used to protect glass apparatus from direct application of heat.

RINGSTAND/ IRON STAND:

used to support the burette, the burette clamp, and iron ring.

BURETTE CLAMP:

Holds the burette.

BURETTE:

Used to suspense volumes of liquid in titration.

BEAKER TONGS:

used to move beakers containing hot liquids.

MEDICINE DROPPER:

Used to transfer a small volume of liquid.

On top of each medicine dropper is a rubber bulb.

WASH BOTTLES:

Have spout that deliver wash solution to a specific area.

Distilled water is the only liquid that should be used in
a wash bottle.

REAGENT BOTTLES :

Used to store small amount of chemicals.

TEST TUBE BRUSH:

Used for cleaning purposes.

e.g., to clean test tubes and graduated cylinders etc.

EVAPORATING DISH:

Are made from glazed porcelain and are used to hold

samples under high heat conditions.

Questions

1. What is the correct action in case of lab burns?

a) Immediately flush with cold water until the burning sensation is lessened.
b) Provide fresh air and have the person recline.
c) Pressing directly on the burn for a few minutes.
d) Apply baking soda solution.

2. Which of the following is used to suspense volumes of liquid in titration?

a) Beakers
b) Burettes
c) Measuring flasks
d) Measuring cylinders
 Experiment No. 1
Separation of Mixtures

I. Introduction:
Mixtures are two or more substances mixed without chemical reaction and can be
separated by physical means into their original components.
There are two types of mixtures:
II.

Homogeneous mixtures are those whose components cannot be distinguished by the

naked eye. Examples include; saline solution, tap water, aqueous sugar solution, etc.

Heterogeneous mixtures are those whose components can be distinguished by the

naked eye. Examples include; sand in water, suspension of Augmentin (antibiotic) in
water, etc.

Filtration and Evaporation are examples of the techniques used for separation
of mixtures.

Filtration is a separation method used to separate insoluble solids from a liquid.

Evaporation is a separation method used to separate a soluble solid and a liquid.

II. Objectives:
To separate mixtures using the techniques; of filtration, and evaporation.
A- Filtration:
Materials:
A mixture of sand and water, filter paper, funnel, conical flask and beaker.

Procedure:
1. Set an apparatus as shown in the figure.
2. Carefully pour the mixture into the funnel. Water will
pass through the filter paper into the beaker, while the sand
is retained on the filter paper.
Note: the liquid that passes through the filter paper is called the filtrate.
B- Evaporation:
Materials:
A solution of salt in water, evaporating dish, a 10 ml -measuring cylinder, and a hot
plate.
Procedure:
1. Weigh the evaporating dish empty (W1)
2. Place 10 ml of the aqueous salt solution in the evaporating dish.
3. Heat the solution to dryness. The water will evaporate, leaving the salt in the dish.
4. Weigh the evaporating dish containing the salt (W2)
5. Find the mass of the salt (Ws = W2 - W1
 Questions
1. A mixture of water and soil are mixed as shown in the figure.

(i) What is the name given to the shown separation

technique?

(ii) Name two substances that could be separated using this

technique.

(iii) Name the piece of equipment labeled A.

(iv) Would you expect to find the solid in A or B at the end of the experiment?

2. A mixture of sand and NaCl was stirred up with water and then filtered as shown
in the figure.

(i) Name the substance A that is retained on the filter paper.

(ii) Name the substance B (the filtrate) that passes through the filter
paper

3. What separation method is used to separate a soluble solid from its liquid solvent?