Lecture 03

Design of Doubly Reinforced

Beam in Flexure

By : Prof. Dr. Qaisar Ali

1
 Lecture Contents

⚫ Background

⚫ Mechanics of Doubly Reinforced Beam

⚫ Design Procedure

⚫ Design of Doubly Reinforced Beam in flexure (Example)

⚫ References

⚫ Appendix

2
 Learning Outcomes

⚫ At the end of this lecture, students will be able to;

 Define a doubly reinforced beam.

 Understand the mechanics of a doubly reinforced beam.

 Analyze and Design Doubly reinforced beam in flexure.

3
 Background

⚫ Introduction
 As we know that flexural capacity of a beam is given by
𝑎
∅𝑀𝑛 = ∅𝐴𝑠𝑓𝑦 𝑑 −
2
Taking ∅𝑀𝑛 = 𝑀𝑢
𝑎
∅𝐴𝑠𝑓𝑦 𝑑 − = 𝑀𝑢
2
 This equation clearly shows that for a beam with specified material
properties, we must increase either the area of steel 𝐴𝑠 or the
effective depth, 𝑑 to meet the given demand moment 𝑀𝑢.

 However, if the cross-sectional dimensions of beam are restricted due

to architectural or some other considerations, then we are only left
with increasing Area of steel.

4
 Background

⚫ Introduction
 Unfortunately, we cannot increase the area of steel beyond the
maximum reinforcement limit.

 If 𝐴𝑠 exceeds 𝐴 𝑠𝑚𝑎𝑥 , the strain in concrete will reach a value of 0.003

before strain in the tension steel reaches 𝜖 𝑡𝑦 + 0.003, thus violating
the ACI Code recommendation for ensuring ductility.

0.003

c
d
h

d-c
As𝐴𝑠𝑚𝑎𝑥
𝐴𝑠 >
𝜖𝑠
𝜖𝑠 < 𝜖𝑦𝑡 +0.003
bw

5
 Background

⚫ Introduction
 However, if we strengthen the compression zone by either increasing
𝑓𝑐′ or placing some additional reinforcement, the crushing of concrete
will be delayed and the load at which strain reaches 0.003 will be
increased.

 When this happens, the range of 𝐴 𝑠𝑚𝑎𝑥 is extended and 𝐴𝑠 on the

tension side can be raised without compromising ductility, which will
also increase flexural capacity of the beam.

 Practically this can be achieved simply by placing some additional

steel on both faces (tension and compression) of the beam.

 Such type of beam with both tension and compression reinforcement

is known as Doubly reinforced beam.

6
 Mechanics of Doubly Reinforced Beam

⚫ Determination of flexural capacity

0.85𝑓𝑐′
𝜖𝑢 = 0.003 𝑑′
𝑥 𝑎/2
𝐶𝑠 = 𝐴 𝑠 ′𝑓𝑠′
𝜖𝑠′ 𝑎 = 𝛽1𝑐 𝐶
Compression c 𝐶𝑐
zone

h Tension d
N.A
= 𝑑−
𝑎
+ 𝑑 − 𝑑′
Zone 2
𝑇′ = 𝐴𝑠′𝑓𝑦
𝜖𝑠 = 𝑓𝑦/𝐸𝑠 𝑇 = 𝐴𝑠𝑡 𝑓𝑦 𝑇 = 𝐴𝑠𝑚𝑎𝑥(𝑆𝑅)𝑓𝑦
bw
(a) (b) (c) (d) (e)

The total nominal flexural capacity 𝑀𝑛(𝐷𝑅) is given by; Cc = Compression force due to
concrete in compression region.
𝑀𝑛(𝐷𝑅) = 𝑀𝑛1 + 𝑀𝑛2
Cs = Compression force in steel in
compression region needed to balance
𝑀𝑛1 = Maximum Resisting Moment provided by Asmax
the tension force in addition to the
𝑀𝑛2 = Maximum Resisting Moment provided by the Compression Steel tension force provided by Asmax (SR).

7
 Mechanics of Doubly Reinforced Beam

⚫ Determination of flexural capacity

Design flexural capacity is given by
∅𝑀𝑛(𝐷𝑅) = ∅𝑀𝑛1 + ∅𝑀𝑛2

Here,
𝑎𝑚𝑎𝑥
∅𝑀𝑛1 = ∅𝐴𝑠,𝑚𝑎𝑥(𝑆𝑅) × 𝑓𝑦 𝑑 − → 𝑙𝑒𝑡𝑠 𝑐𝑎𝑙𝑙 𝑖𝑡 ∅𝑀𝑛,𝑚𝑎𝑥(𝑆𝑅)
2
and
∅𝑀𝑛2 = ∅𝐴𝑠′ 𝑓𝑠 ′ × (𝑑 − 𝑑′ )

So, Note:
∅𝑀𝑛(𝐷𝑅) = ∅𝑀𝑛,𝑚𝑎𝑥(𝑆𝑅) + ∅𝐴𝑠′𝑓𝑠′(𝑑 − 𝑑′) For compression steel, we used 𝑓𝑠′
instead of 𝑓𝑦.
It is because we do not know
whether the compression steel will
yield or not.

8
 Mechanics of Doubly Reinforced Beam

⚫ Determination of flexural capacity

For no failure, ∅𝑀𝑛(𝐷𝑅) ≥ 𝑀𝑢
Taking 𝑀𝑢 = ∅𝑀𝑛(𝐷𝑅)
𝑀𝑢 = ∅𝑀𝑛,𝑚𝑎𝑥(𝑆𝑅) + ∅𝐴 𝑠′ 𝑓𝑠′ 𝑑 − 𝑑′

Solving for 𝐴𝑠′ gives

𝑀𝑢 − ∅𝑀 𝑛,𝑚𝑎𝑥 𝑆𝑅
𝐴𝑠′ =
∅𝑓𝑠′ 𝑑 − 𝑑′

Taking 𝑀𝑢 − ∅𝑀𝑛,𝑚𝑎𝑥 𝑆𝑅 = 𝑀𝑢′ 𝑀𝑢′ is the extra moment to be

carried by compression steel
𝑀𝑢′
𝐴𝑠′ = ----- (3.1)
∅𝑓𝑠′ 𝑑 − 𝑑′
What are the unknowns in eq. (3.1) ?

9
 Mechanics of Doubly Reinforced Beam

⚫ Determination of flexural capacity

 Calculation of ∅𝑴𝒏,𝒎𝒂𝒙(𝑺𝑹)
𝑎𝑚𝑎𝑥 𝑓𝑐′ 𝑏 𝑤 𝑑
∅𝑀𝑛,𝑚𝑎𝑥(𝑆𝑅) = 0.9𝐴𝑠,𝑚𝑎𝑥 𝑆𝑅 𝑓𝑦 𝑑 − 𝐴𝑠𝑚𝑎𝑥(40) =
2 136
Here 𝑓𝑐′ 𝑏 𝑤 𝑑
𝐴𝑠,𝑚𝑎𝑥(𝑆𝑅) 𝑓𝑦 𝐴𝑠𝑚𝑎𝑥(60) =
223
𝑎𝑚𝑎𝑥 =
0.85𝑓𝑐′𝑏𝑤
Putting value of 𝐴𝑠,𝑚𝑎𝑥 𝑆𝑅 and 𝑎 𝑚𝑎𝑥 and simplifying gives

∅𝑀 𝑛,𝑚𝑎𝑥 𝑆𝑅 ,40 = 0.219𝑓𝑐′𝑏 𝑤 𝑑2 ----- (3.2a)

For detailed derivation of
and eq.(3.2a) and (3.2b), refer to
the Appendix.
∅𝑀 𝑛,𝑚𝑎𝑥 𝑆𝑅 ,60 = 0.204𝑓𝑐′𝑏 𝑤 𝑑2 ----- (3.2b)

10
 Mechanics of Doubly Reinforced Beam

⚫ Determination of flexural capacity

 Computation of 𝒇𝒔′
𝜖𝑢
𝑃 𝑄
d′ 𝜖𝑠′
𝑓𝑠′ = 𝐸𝑠𝜖𝑠′ 𝑆 𝑇
𝐴𝑠′ c
c - d′
𝜖𝑠′ can be calculated by similarity of triangles d
𝑅
h

From ∆𝑃𝑄𝑅 an ∆𝑆𝑇𝑅 , we have 𝐴A𝑠𝑡s

d-c

𝑆𝑇 𝑃𝑄 𝑈
𝜖𝑠
𝑉

=
𝑆𝑅 𝑃𝑅 bw

Since
𝑆𝑇 = 𝜖 𝑠 ′ , 𝑆𝑅 = 𝑐 − 𝑑 ′ , 𝑃𝑄 = 𝜖𝑢 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝑃𝑅 = 𝑐
Therefore,
𝜖𝑠′ 𝜖 𝑐 − 𝑑′ 𝜖𝑢
= 𝑢 ⇒ 𝜖𝑠 ′ = ----- (3.3) What are the unknowns here?
𝑐 − 𝑑′ 𝑐 𝑐

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 Mechanics of Doubly Reinforced Beam

⚫ Determination of flexural capacity

 Computation of 𝒇𝒔′
𝜖𝑢
𝑃 𝑄
d′ 𝜖𝑠′
Again, from ∆𝑃𝑄𝑅 𝑎𝑛𝑑 ∆𝑉𝑈𝑅, we have 𝑆 𝑇
𝐴𝑠′ c
c - d′

𝑃𝑅 𝑉𝑅 𝑐 𝑑−𝑐 d
= ⇒ = h
𝑅

𝑃𝑄 𝑉𝑈 𝜖𝑢 𝜖𝑠
d-c
𝐴A𝑠𝑡s
𝜖𝑢 𝑈
𝜖𝑠
𝑉

𝑐= 𝑑
𝜖𝑢 + 𝜖𝑠 bw

𝜖𝑢 = 0.003 (ACI 318 – 19, R21.2.2)

0.003
𝑐= 𝑑 and
0.003 + [𝜖 𝑦𝑡 + 0.003]
𝜖𝑠 = 𝜖𝑦𝑡 + 0.003 (ACI 318-19 Table 21.2.2)
Which on solving gives;
𝑐 = 0.4065𝑑 𝑓𝑦 = 40𝑘𝑠𝑖 &
𝑐 = 0.3718𝑑 𝑓𝑦 = 60𝑘𝑠𝑖

12
 Mechanics of Doubly Reinforced Beam

⚫ Determination of flexural capacity

 Computation of 𝒇𝒔′
 For Grade 40 steel: Putting 𝑐 = 0.4065𝑑 in eq. (3.3), we get

𝑐 − 𝑑′ 𝜖𝑢 0.4065𝑑 − 𝑑′ × 0.003
𝜖𝑠 ′ = = = 0.003 − 0.00738𝑑′/𝑑
𝑐 0.4065𝑑
𝑓𝑠′ = 𝐸𝑠𝜖𝑠′ = 29000 0.003 − 0.00738𝑑′/𝑑

′
𝑑′ Important Note:
𝑓𝑠,40 = 87 − 214 ≤ 40𝑘𝑠𝑖 ----- (3.4a)
𝑑 • Depending upon the ratio of
𝑑′/𝑑, the steel in compression
 For Grade 60 steel: Similarly, for 𝑐 = 0.3718𝑑 zone may or may not yields.

𝑓𝑠′ = 𝐸𝑠𝜖𝑠′ = 29000 0.003 − 0.008069𝑑′/𝑑 • It should be noted that yielding

of compression steel is NOT
′
𝑑′ necessary like that of tension
𝑓𝑠,60 = 87 − 234 ≤ 60𝑘𝑠𝑖 ----- (3.4b)
𝑑 steel.

13
 Mechanics of Doubly Reinforced Beam

⚫ Determination of Maximum Reinforcement Limit

𝑑′
Consider the figure shown 𝑎/2
𝐶𝑠 = 𝐴𝑠′𝑓𝑠′
Compression c a 𝐶𝑐
Equating horizontal forces; h zone

∑𝐹𝑥 = 0
N.A
d 𝑎 + 𝑑 − 𝑑′
Tension 𝑑−
Zone 2
𝐶𝑐 + 𝐶𝑠 = 𝑇
𝑇 = 𝐴𝑡𝑓𝑦 𝑇 = 𝐴𝑠′𝑓𝑦
0.85𝑓′𝑎𝑏 + 𝐴′ 𝑓 ′ = 𝐴 𝑓 bw
𝑐 𝑤 𝑠 𝑠 𝑠𝑡 𝑦

When 𝑎 = 𝛽1𝑐 then 𝐴𝑠𝑡 = 𝐴𝑠,𝑚𝑎𝑥(𝐷𝑅)

𝐴𝑠,𝑚𝑎𝑥(𝐷𝑅) is the maximum
𝐴𝑠,𝑚𝑎𝑥(𝐷𝑅) 𝑓𝑦 = 0.85𝑓𝑐′𝛽1(𝑐𝑏𝑤) + 𝐴𝑠′𝑓𝑠′ reinforcement limit for doubly
reinforced beam

0.85𝑓𝑐′𝛽 1 (𝑐𝑏 𝑤 ) 𝐴𝑠′ 𝑓𝑠 ′

𝐴𝑠,𝑚𝑎𝑥(𝐷𝑅) = +
𝑓𝑦 𝑓𝑦

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 Mechanics of Doubly Reinforced Beam

⚫ Determination of Maximum Reinforcement Limit

0.85𝑓𝑐′𝛽 1 (𝑐𝑏𝑤 )
= 𝐴𝑠,𝑚𝑎𝑥(𝑆𝑅)
𝑓𝑦
𝑓𝑠′
𝐴𝑠,𝑚𝑎𝑥(𝐷𝑅) = 𝐴𝑠,𝑚𝑎𝑥(𝑆𝑅) + 𝐴′
𝑓𝑦 𝑠 𝑝𝑣𝑑 𝐴𝑠′ 𝑝𝑣𝑑 is the steel area
provided in the compression
On putting value of 𝐴𝑠,𝑚𝑎𝑥(𝑆𝑅), we get zone of the beam.

𝑓𝑐′ 𝑓𝑠′
𝐴𝑠,𝑚𝑎𝑥(𝐷𝑅),40 = 𝑏 𝑑+ 𝐴′ ----- (3.5a)
136 𝑤 𝑓𝑦 𝑠 𝑝𝑣𝑑

and

𝑓𝑐′ 𝑓𝑠′
𝐴𝑠,𝑚𝑎𝑥(𝐷𝑅),60 = 𝑏 𝑑+ 𝐴′ ----- (3.5b)
223 𝑤 𝑓𝑦 𝑠 𝑝𝑣𝑑

15
 Design Procedure

⚫ Summary of design steps for a doubly reinforced beam

 Step No.1,2 and 3: Sizes, Loads and Analysis

 Step No.4: Checking the behavior of section (whether SR or DR)

 Step No.5: Determination of Compression steel area

 Step No.6: Determination of Tension steel area

 Step No.7: Detailing of reinforcement

 Step No.8: Applying maximum reinforcement check

 Step No.9: Drafting

 Step No.10: Check for yielding of compression steel (optional)

 Step No.11: Check flexural capacity of section (optional)

16
 Design of Doubly Reinforced Beam in
Flexure

⚫ Example 3.1
 Design the given reinforced concrete beam for an ultimate flexural
demand of 4590 in-kip. The beam′s cross-sectional dimensions are
restricted. Material strengths to be used are also limited as 𝑓𝑐′ = 3𝑘𝑠𝑖
and 𝑓𝑦 = 40𝑘𝑠𝑖.

𝑤𝑢 = 3.4𝑘/𝑓𝑡

21.5 "
24"

𝑙 = 30′

12"

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 Design of Doubly Reinforced Beam in
Flexure

⚫ Solution
 Step No.1: Checking behavior of section
Calculate area of steel based on singly reinforced beam mechanics

2.614𝑀𝑢 2.614 × 4590

𝑎=𝑑− 𝑑2 − = 21.5 − 21.52 − = 10.14"
𝑓𝑐′ 𝑏 𝑤 3 × 12

𝑀𝑢 4590
𝐴𝑠 = 𝑎 = = 7.76𝑖𝑛2
0.9𝑓𝑦 𝑑− 10.14
2 0.9 × 40 21.5 −
2
Now,
𝑓𝑐′ 𝑏 𝑤 𝑑 3 × 12 × 21.5
𝐴𝑠,𝑚𝑎𝑥 𝑆𝑅 ,40 = = = 5.69𝑖𝑛2
136 136
Since 𝐴𝑠 > 𝐴 𝑠,𝑚𝑎𝑥 𝑆𝑅 , the beam cannot be designed as singly reinforced.
Now designing the beam as doubly reinforced.

18
 Design of Doubly Reinforced Beam in
Flexure

⚫ Solution
 Step No.2: Determination of Compression steel area
𝑀 ′ = 𝑀 − ∅𝑀 = 4590 − 0.219𝑓′𝑏 𝑑2
𝑢 𝑢 𝑛,𝑚𝑎𝑥 𝑆𝑅 ,40 𝑐 𝑤

𝑀𝑢′ = 4590 − 3644.38 = 945.62 𝑖𝑛. 𝑘𝑖𝑝

Assuming 𝑑 ′ = 2.5"

′
𝑑′ 2.5
𝑓𝑠,40 = 87 − 214 = 87 − 214 = 62.12𝑘𝑠𝑖 > 𝑓𝑦
𝑑 21.5

′
Use 𝑓𝑠,40 = 𝑓𝑦 = 40𝑘𝑠𝑖

Now,

𝑀𝑢′ 945.62
𝐴′𝑠 = = = 1.38𝑖𝑛2
∅𝑓𝑠′ 𝑑 − 𝑑′ 0.9 × 40 21.5 − 2.5

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 Design of Doubly Reinforced Beam in
Flexure

⚫ Solution

 Step No.3: Determination of Tension steel area

Tension steel area is the sum of maximum singly reinforcement and
compression reinforcement.

𝐴𝑠𝑡 = 𝐴𝑠,𝑚𝑎𝑥 𝑆𝑅 + 𝐴𝑠′

Here,
𝑓𝑐′ 𝑏 𝑤 𝑑
𝐴𝑠,𝑚𝑎𝑥 𝑆𝑅 = = 5.69𝑖𝑛2
136
So, by substituting values, we get

𝐴𝑠𝑡 = 5.69 + 1.38

𝐴𝑠𝑡 = 7.07𝑖𝑛2

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 Design of Doubly Reinforced Beam in
Flexure

⚫ Solution
 Step No.4: Detailing of reinforcement

Using #8 bar, with bar area 𝐴𝑏 = 0.79𝑖𝑛2

𝐴𝑠𝑡 7.07
No. of bars to be provided on tension side = = = 8.95 ≈ 9
𝐴𝑏 0.79
𝐴𝑠′ 1.38
No. of bars to be provided on compression side = = = 1.8 ≈ 2
𝐴𝑏 0.79

Hence, provide

 9 #8 (in 3 layers) on tension side and

 2 #8 (in 1 layer) on compression side.

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 Design of Doubly Reinforced Beam in
Flexure

⚫ Solution
 Step No.5: Applying maximum reinforcement check
Using eq. (3.5a)

𝑓𝑐′ 𝑓𝑠′ 𝑓𝑠′ = 𝑓𝑦

𝐴𝑠,𝑚𝑎𝑥(𝐷𝑅),40 = 𝑏 𝑑+ 𝐴′
136 𝑤 𝑓𝑦 𝑠 𝑝𝑣𝑑
• 𝐴𝑠′ 𝑝𝑣𝑑 is area of provided
compression steel.
𝐴𝑠,𝑚𝑎𝑥(𝐷𝑅),40 = 5.69 + 1 2 × 0.79 = 7.27𝑖𝑛2

Provided area of tension steel is,

𝐴𝑠𝑡,𝑝𝑣𝑑 = 9 0.79 = 7.11𝑖𝑛2

Since 𝐴𝑠𝑡,𝑝𝑣𝑑 < 𝐴𝑠,𝑚𝑎𝑥(𝐷𝑅),40 → 𝑂𝐾!

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 Design of Doubly Reinforced Beam in
Flexure

⚫ Solution
 Step No.5: Applying maximum reinforcement check

 Although providing 9 bars in three layers is adequate, it is

preferable to arrange as many bars as possible on the bottom
most side to increase the effective depth “d”.

 Therefore, providing 10 #8 bars in three layers (4+4+2), we have

𝐴𝑠𝑡,𝑝𝑣𝑑 = 10 0.79 = 7.9𝑖𝑛2 > 𝐴𝑠,𝑚𝑎𝑥(𝐷𝑅),40 → 𝑁𝑜𝑡 𝑂𝐾!

 The range of 𝐴𝑠,𝑚𝑎𝑥(𝐷𝑅),40 can be extended by simply providing a

few extra bars in the compression zone only. Therefore,
providing one extra #8 bar, we get

𝐴𝑠,𝑚𝑎𝑥(𝐷𝑅),40 = 5.69 + 3 × 0.79 = 8.06𝑖𝑛2 > 𝐴𝑠𝑡,𝑝𝑣𝑑 → 𝑂𝐾!

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 Design of Doubly Reinforced Beam in
Flexure

⚫ Solution

 Step No.6: Drafting

Provide 10 #8 (in 3 layers) on tension side and 3 #8 (in 1 layer) on compression
side of beam.

3 - #8 bars

h = 24"

(4+4+2) - #8 bars
bw = 12"

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 Design of Doubly Reinforced Beam in
Flexure

⚫ Solution

 Step No.7: Check for yielding of compression steel (optional)

 Calculate actual 𝑑 and 𝑑′ as follows
𝐴1𝑦1 + 𝐴2𝑦2 + 𝐴3𝑦3
ത=
𝑦
𝐴1 + 𝐴2 + 𝐴3
4,#8 bars
3 8
𝑦1 = 1.5 + + = 2.375"
8 16
24"
8 8
𝑦2 = 𝑦1 + + 1.5 + = 4.875"
16 16

8 8 (4+4+2),#8 bars
𝑦3 = 𝑦2 + + 1.5 + = 7.375"
16 16
12"

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 Design of Doubly Reinforced Beam in
Flexure

⚫ Solution
 Step No.7: Check for yielding of compression steel (optional)
𝐴1 = 𝐴2 = 4(0.79) = 3.16𝑖𝑛2 and 𝐴3 = 2(0.79) = 1.58𝑖𝑛2

തas follows
Determine 𝑦
3.16(2.375) + 3.16(4.875) + 1.58(7.375)
ത=
𝑦 = 4.375"
3.16 + 3.16 + 1.58

ത= 24 − 4.375 = 19.625"
𝑑 =ℎ−𝑦

3 8
𝑑 ′ = 1.5 + + = 2.375"
8 16
Now
2.375
′
𝑓𝑠,40 = 87 − 214 = 61.1𝑘𝑠𝑖 > 40𝑘𝑠𝑖 → Compression steel yields!
19.625

26
 Design of Doubly Reinforced Beam in
Flexure

⚫ Solution
 Step No.8: Check flexural capacity of section (optional)
Flexural capacity of doubly reinforced beam can be calculated as;
𝑎
∅𝑀𝑛(𝐷𝑅) = ∅ 𝐶𝑐 𝑑 − + 𝐶𝑠 𝑑 − 𝑑′ 𝑑′ 𝐶𝑠
2 𝐶𝑐
𝑎
𝐴𝑠′ = 2.37𝑖𝑛2
Here,
𝑑 − 𝑑′
𝑁. 𝐴
𝐶𝑐 = 0.85𝑓𝑐′𝑏 𝑤𝑎 and 𝐶𝑠 = 𝐴𝑠′ 𝑓𝑠 ′ 24″ 𝑑 𝑑 − 𝑎/2

For doubly reinforced beam,

𝐴𝑠𝑡 = 7.9𝑖𝑛2
𝑇
𝑎 is given by

𝐴𝑠𝑡𝑓𝑦 − 𝐴𝑠′ 𝑓𝑠 ′ 12″

𝑎=
0.85𝑓𝑐′𝑏𝑤

7.9 × 40 − 2.37 × 40
𝑎= = 7.23𝑖𝑛
0.85 × 3 × 12

27
 Design of Doubly Reinforced Beam in
Flexure

⚫ Solution
 Step No.8: Check flexural capacity of section (optional)
Calculating compressive forces offered by concrete and compression steel

𝐶𝑐 = 0.85𝑓𝑐′𝑏 𝑤𝑎 = 0.85 × 3 × 12 × 7.23 = 221.238𝑘𝑖𝑝 and

𝐶𝑠 = 𝐴𝑠′ 𝑓𝑠′ = 2.37 40 = 94.8𝑘𝑖𝑝

Now,
7.23
∅𝑀𝑛(𝐷𝑅) = 0.9 221.238 19.625 − + 94.8 19.625 − 2.375
2

∅𝑀𝑛(𝐷𝑅) = 4659.59 𝑖𝑛. 𝑘 > 𝑀𝑢 → 𝑂𝐾!

28
 References

⚫ Design of Concrete Structures 14th / 15th edition by Nilson, Darwin and

Dolan.

⚫ Building Code Requirements for Structural Concrete (ACI 318-19)

29
 Appendix

⚫ Calculation of ∅𝑴𝒏,𝒎𝒂𝒙(𝑺𝑹) for Grade 40 and Grade 60 steel

As we know that
𝑎 𝑚𝑎𝑥
∅𝑀𝑛,𝑚𝑎𝑥(𝑆𝑅) = 0.9𝐴𝑠,𝑚𝑎𝑥 𝑆𝑅 𝑓𝑦 𝑑 − ----- (A)
2

 For Grade 40 steel:

𝑓𝑐′ 𝑏 𝑤 𝑑
𝐴𝑠,𝑚𝑎𝑥 = 𝑎𝑛𝑑
136
𝐴𝑠,𝑚𝑎𝑥𝑓𝑦 𝑓𝑐′ 𝑏 𝑤 𝑑/136 × 40 40
𝑎𝑚𝑎𝑥 = = = 𝑑
0.85𝑓𝑐′𝑏𝑤 0.85𝑓𝑐′𝑏𝑤 136 × 0.85

Putting these values in equation (A) , we get

𝑓𝑐′ 𝑏 𝑤 𝑑 1 40
∅𝑀𝑛,𝑚𝑎𝑥 𝑆𝑅 ,40 = 0.9 × 40 𝑑 − 𝑑
136 2 136 × 0.85

30
 Appendix

⚫ Calculation of ∅𝑴𝒏,𝒎𝒂𝒙(𝑺𝑹) for Grade 40 and Grade 60 steel

 For Grade 40 steel:
0.9 × 40 0.9 × 40 1 40
∅𝑀𝑛,𝑚𝑎𝑥 𝑆𝑅 ,40 = 𝑓𝑐′ 𝑏𝑤 𝑑2 − × 𝑓𝑐′ 𝑏 𝑤 𝑑2
136 136 2 136 × 0.85

0.9 × 40 ′ 0.9 × 402

∅𝑀𝑛,𝑚𝑎𝑥 𝑆𝑅 ,40 = 2
𝑓𝑐 𝑏 𝑤 𝑑 − 2
𝑓𝑐′ 𝑏 𝑤 𝑑2
136 136 × 0.85 × 2

0.9 × 40 0.9 × 402

∅𝑀𝑛,𝑚𝑎𝑥 𝑆𝑅 ,40 = − 2
𝑓𝑐′ 𝑏 𝑤 𝑑2
136 136 × 0.85 × 2

Which on solving gives

∅𝑀𝑛,𝑚𝑎𝑥 𝑆𝑅 ,40 = 0.219𝑓𝑐′𝑏 𝑤 𝑑2

31
 Appendix

⚫ Calculation of ∅𝑴𝒏,𝒎𝒂𝒙(𝑺𝑹) for Grade 40 and Grade 60 steel

 For Grade 60 steel:

Similarly,

𝑓𝑐′ 𝑏 𝑤 𝑑
𝐴𝑠,𝑚𝑎𝑥,60 =
223

Putting in equation (A), will yield

0.9 × 60 0.9 × 602

∅𝑀𝑛,𝑚𝑎𝑥 𝑆𝑅 ,60 = − 2
𝑓𝑐′ 𝑏 𝑤 𝑑2
223 223 × 0.85 × 2

Which on solving gives

∅𝑀𝑛,𝑚𝑎𝑥 𝑆𝑅 ,60 = 0.204𝑓𝑐′𝑏 𝑤 𝑑2

32