A Review on Ayurvedic Preparation Bhasma

A REVIEW ON AYURVEDIC PREPRATION BHASMA

1. INTRODUCTION
Ayurveda, often referred to as the "science of life," is one of the world's oldest
holistic healing systems, originating in India over 5,000 years ago. The term
Ayurveda is derived from the Sanskrit words Ayus (life) and Veda (knowledge),
signifying a profound understanding of life and health. This ancient system of
medicine emphasizes the balance of mind, body, and spirit to achieve optimal health
and well-being. Among the various branches of Ayurveda, Rasa Shastra holds a
unique position, as it deals with the preparation and therapeutic use of herbo-mineral
and metallic formulations known as Bhasma. Bhasma, a cornerstone of Rasa Shastra,
are finely powdered substances obtained through a meticulous process of
purification (Shodhana) and incineration (Marana). These formulations are prepared
from metals, minerals, and herbs, which are treated with herbal juices or decoctions
and subjected to controlled heat treatment. The result is a biologically active,
nontoxic, and highly bioavailable product that has been used for centuries to treat a
wide range of chronic and debilitating diseases. The use of Bhasma is not limited to
Ayurveda; it finds mention in ancient Chinese and Egyptian civilizations as well,
highlighting its global historical significance. The preparation of Bhasma is both an
art and a science, involving elaborate procedures to ensure the removal of toxic
impurities and the enhancement of therapeutic properties. The end product is often
characterized by its ultra-fine particle size, resembling nanoparticles, which
facilitates easy absorption and assimilation in the body. This unique feature has led
modern researchers to classify Bhasma as one of the earliest forms of
nanotechnology. For instance, Swarna Bhasma (gold ash) contains gold
nanoparticles, while Tamra Bhasma (copper ash) exhibits copper nanoparticles, both
of which have shown promising therapeutic potential. Bhasma are widely prescribed
in Ayurveda for their Rasayana (rejuvenating) and Yogavahi (drug-targeting)
properties. They are known to modulate the immune system, delay aging, and
enhance the efficacy of other herbal formulations. Despite their widespread use in
traditional medicine, Bhasma face challenges in terms of standardization, safety, and
global acceptance. The lack of rigorous scientific validation and standardized
manufacturing processes has often raised concerns about their safety and efficacy.
However, recent advancements in analytical techniques and nanotechnology have
opened new avenues for the scientific exploration of Bhasma, paving the way for
their integration into modern medicine. [7]

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Table 1: Company and Marketed Formulation of Bhasma

Company Name Marketed Formulation of Bhasma

Shree Siddhashram Pharmacy, Jaipur, Abhrak Bhasma, Bang Bhasma, Kashish

Rajasthan Bhasma, Ropya Bhasma, Tamra Bhasma,
Swarna Bhasma

Shree Baidyanath Ayurved Bhawan (P) Ltd., Abhrak Bhasma, Akik Bhasma, Vaikrant
Kolkata Bhasma, Godanti (Harital) Bhasma
Dindayal Aushadhi Pvt. Ltd. Dindayal City Kashish Bhasma, Ropya Bhasma, Tamra
Mall, Gwalior Bhasma, Swarna Bhasma, Naga Bhasma

Gurukul Kangri Pharmacy, Haridwar Swarna Bhasma, Ropya Bhasma, Tamra

Bhasma

Unjha Ayurvedic Pharmacy, Unjha, Gujarat

Abhrak Bhasma, Bang Bhasma, Kashish
Bhasma, Dhanwantary Prasad, Ropya Bhasma,
Tamra Bhasma

FIG.1 KASHISH BHASMA

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2. CLASSIFICATION OF BHASMA

 Metal-based Bhasma
 Mineral-based Bhasma
 Herbal Bhasma

Classification of Bhasma

Bhasma, a unique category of Ayurvedic formulations, are classified based on their source
materials. These materials undergo elaborate processes of purification (Shodhana) and incineration
(Marana) to transform them into biologically active, nontoxic, and therapeutically potent
substances. The classification of Bhasma is primarily divided into three categories: Metal-based
Bhasma, Mineral-based Bhasma, and Herbal Bhasma. Each category has distinct properties,
preparation methods, and therapeutic applications, making them suitable for treating a wide range
of ailments. [3]

1. Metal-based Bhasma

Metal-based Bhasma are prepared from various metals, which are purified and processed to
eliminate toxicity and enhance their therapeutic efficacy. These Bhasma are known for their
rejuvenating, immunomodulatory, and disease-specific properties. Some of the most commonly
used metals include gold, silver, iron, and copper. [7]

 Swarna Bhasma (Gold Bhasma): Swarna Bhasma is prepared from pure gold and is one
of the most revered Bhasma in Ayurveda. It is known for its Rasayana (rejuvenating)
properties and is used to enhance immunity, improve vitality, and treat conditions like
asthma, diabetes, and neurological disorders. The nanoparticle form of gold in Swarna
Bhasma (56-57 nm) ensures high bioavailability and targeted drug delivery.
 Rajata Bhasma (Silver Bhasma): Rajata Bhasma is derived from silver and is primarily
used for its cooling and calming effects. It is beneficial in treating inflammatory conditions,
eye disorders, and mental health issues like anxiety and insomnia.
 Laura Bhasma (Iron Bhasma): Laura Bhasma is prepared from iron and is widely used
to treat anemia, fatigue, and other blood-related disorders. It is also known to improve
digestion and strengthen the body.
 Tamra Bhasma (Copper Bhasma): Tamra Bhasma, derived from copper, is used to treat
liver disorders, skin diseases, and respiratory conditions. Its nanoparticle form ensures
effective absorption and assimilation in the body.[7]

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FIG.2 METAL BHASMA

2. Mineral-based Bhasma

Mineral-based Bhasma are prepared from naturally occurring minerals and gems. These Bhasma
are rich in essential trace elements and are used to treat a variety of chronic and degenerative
diseases.

 Abhraka Bhasma (Mica Bhasma): Abhraka Bhasma is prepared from mica and is known
for its Rasayana properties. It is used to treat respiratory disorders like asthma and
tuberculosis, as well as to improve overall vitality and longevity.
 Pravala Bhasma (Coral Bhasma): Pravala Bhasma is derived from coral and is rich in
calcium. It is used to treat bone disorders, calcium deficiency, and conditions like
osteoporosis. It also has a cooling effect on the body and is used to treat hyperacidity and
peptic ulcers.
 Mukta Bhasma (Pearl Bhasma): Mukta Bhasma is prepared from pearls and is known
for its calming and nourishing properties. It is used to treat mental health disorders,
improve skin health, and enhance overall vitality.
 Vaikrant Bhasma (Tourmaline Bhasma): Vaikrant Bhasma is derived from tourmaline
and is used to treat urinary disorders, kidney stones, and metabolic imbalances. [1]

3. Herbal Bhasma

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Herbal Bhasma are prepared from medicinal plants or herbs, often in combination with metals or
minerals. These Bhasma combine the therapeutic properties of herbs with the bioavailability of
metals or minerals, making them highly effective in treating complex diseases.

 Mandura Bhasma (Iron Oxide with Herbs): Mandura Bhasma is prepared from iron
oxide and herbal extracts. It is primarily used to treat anemia, liver disorders, and digestive
issues. The herbal components enhance the absorption and efficacy of iron in the body.
 Trivanga Bhasma (Three Metals with Herbs): Trivanga Bhasma is a combination of
three metals—lead, tin, and zinc—processed with herbal extracts. It is used to treat
diabetes, skin diseases, and chronic inflammatory conditions.
 Shankha Bhasma (Conch Shell Bhasma): Shankha Bhasma is prepared from conch
shells and is used to treat digestive disorders, hyperacidity, and peptic ulcers. It is also
known to improve appetite and digestion.
 Godanti Bhasma (Gypsum Bhasma): Godanti Bhasma is derived from gypsum and is
used to treat fever, inflammatory conditions, and bone disorders. It has a cooling effect on
the body and is often prescribed for heat-related ailments. [1]

FIG.3 HERBAL BHASMA

3. IMPORTANCE OF BHASMA

1. Maintain optimum alkalinity for optimum health

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2. Provide easily absorbed and usable calcium

3. Cleanse the kidneys, intestines, and liver
4. Maintain stronger bones and healthier teeth
5. Alleviate insomnia, depression[1]

4. PREPARATION OF BHASMA

The preparation of Bhasma is a highly intricate and systematic process that involves multiple
stages, each designed to ensure the removal of impurities, enhancement of therapeutic properties,
and transformation of raw materials into a bioavailable and nontoxic form. The two primary stages
in the preparation of Bhasma are Shodhana (Purification) and Marana (Incineration). These stages
are further divided into several steps, each of which plays a critical role in determining the quality,
safety, and efficacy of the final product.

1. Shodhana (Purification) Shodhana, or purification, is the first and most crucial step in the
preparation of Bhasma. The primary objective of Shodhana is to remove physical, chemical, and
toxic impurities from the raw materials, making them suitable for therapeutic use. This process
also enhances the bioavailability and therapeutic efficacy of the material.

Methods of Shodhana

The methods of Shodhana vary depending on the type of raw material (metal, mineral, or herb)
and its inherent properties. Some common methods include:

•Heating and Quenching (Agnikarma): The raw material is heated to a high temperature until it
becomes red-hot and is then quenched in a liquid medium such as herbal decoctions, cow’s milk,
or ghee. This process is repeated multiple times to remove impurities. For example, iron is heated
and quenched in sesame oil or cow’s urine during the preparation of Laura Bhasma.

•Treatment with Herbal Extracts: The raw material is treated with specific herbal juices or
decoctions to neutralize its toxic properties. For instance, metals like gold and silver are often
treated with the juice of Aloe Vera or Triphala (a combination of three fruits) during Shodhana.

•Washing and Grinding: The material is washed repeatedly with water or herbal liquids to
remove surface impurities. It is then ground into a fine powder to facilitate further processing.

•Use of Alkaline and Acidic Media: Some materials are treated with alkaline substances like ash
or acidic substances like lemon juice to dissolve impurities and enhance their therapeutic
properties.

Examples of Shodhana

•Swarna Shodhana (Purification of Gold): Gold is heated and quenched in sesame oil, cow’s
milk, or herbal decoctions multiple times to remove impurities.

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•Abhraka Shodhana (Purification of Mica): Mica is heated and quenched in cow’s urine or
Triphala decoction to eliminate toxic substances.

2. Marana (Incineration)

Marana, or incineration, is the second stage in the preparation of Bhasma. During this stage, the
purified material is subjected to controlled heat treatment in the presence of herbal juices or
decoctions. The process of Marana transforms the material into a fine, ash-like powder, which is
highly bioavailable and therapeutically potent.

Steps in Marana

1. Preparation of Kajjali: The prified material is mixed with sulfur or herbal extracts to form a
black sulfide compound known as Kajjali. This step is essential for metals like mercury and copper.

2. Pellet Formation (Chakrikarana): The mixture is ground into a fine paste and rolled into small
pellets or discs. These pellets are dried in the sun before incineration.

3. Incineration (Puta): The pellets are placed in earthen pots, sealed, and subjected to controlled
heat treatment in a furnace. The process of incineration is repeated multiple times, with the addition
of fresh herbal juices or decoctions after each cycle. The number of Puta (incineration cycles)
varies depending on the material and the desired properties of the Bhasma.

4. Testing and Quality Control: After each cycle of incineration, the Bhasma is tested for its
physical and chemical properties. Tests like Varitara (floating on water) and Nishchandratvam
(lusterlessness) are performed to ensure the quality of the Bhasma.

Types of Puta

The intensity and duration of heat treatment vary depending on the type of Puta used. Some
common types include:

•Gaja Puta: High-intensity heat treatment using cow dung cakes.

•Mahaputa: Extremely high-intensity heat treatment, often used for metals like gold and silver.

•Laghu Puta: Low-intensity heat treatment, suitable for minerals and herbs.

Examples of Marana

•Swarna Marana (Incineration of Gold): Purified gold is mixed with mercury and sulfur to form
Kajjali, which is then incinerated in a furnace for several cycles.

•Abhraka Marana (Incineration of Mica): Purified mica is incinerated with herbal juices like
Triphala decoction to produce Abhraka Bhasma. [7]

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Significance of Preparation Methods

The preparation of Bhasma is a blend of traditional knowledge and scientific principles. The
processes of Shodhana and Marana not only remove toxic impurities but also transform the raw
materials into a form that is easily absorbed and assimilated by the body. The use of herbal extracts
and controlled heat treatment ensures that the final product is nontoxic, bioavailable, and
therapeutically effective.

Moreover, the preparation methods highlight the importance of standardization and quality control
in Ayurvedic formulations. By adhering to traditional protocols and incorporating modern
analytical techniques, the safety and efficacy of Bhasma can be ensured, paving the way for their
integration into modern healthcare systems. [3]

5. CHARACTERIZATION OF BHASMA
The characterization of Bhasma is a critical step in ensuring its quality, safety, and therapeutic
efficacy. It involves a series of physical and chemical tests that are rooted in traditional Ayurvedic
principles and supported by modern scientific techniques. These tests help confirm the identity,
purity, and bioavailability of Bhasma, ensuring that it meets the required standards for therapeutic
use. Below is a detailed discussion of the physical and chemical characteristics used to evaluate
Bhasma?

1. Physical Characteristics

The physical properties of Bhasma are assessed to determine its texture, appearance, and
bioavailability. These characteristics are essential for ensuring that the Bhasma has been properly
prepared and is suitable for therapeutic use.

1.1. Color (Verna)

Each Bhasma has a specific color that depends on the parent material and the preparation process.

For example:

 Swarna Bhasma (Gold Bhasma) has a golden-yellow color.

 Tamra Bhasma (Copper Bhasma) has a reddish-brown color.
 Abhraka Bhasma (Mica Bhasma) is white or pale in color.
 The color of the Bhasma is observed under natural light to ensure consistency and purity.

1.2. Lusterlessness (Nishchandratvam)

 A properly prepared Bhasma should be devoid of any luster or shine.

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 This test is performed by observing the Bhasma under bright sunlight. If the Bhasma
reflects light or appears shiny, it indicates incomplete incineration, and further processing
is required.
 Lusterlessness ensures that the Bhasma is in its final, nontoxic form and is ready for
therapeutic use.

1.3. Lightness and Fineness (Varitara)

 This test evaluates the lightness and fineness of the Bhasma by checking its ability to float
on water.
 A small amount of Bhasma is sprinkled on the surface of stagnant water. If the Bhasma
floats, it indicates that it has been properly incinerated and is light and fine.
 This property is based on the principle of surface tension and ensures that the Bhasma is
easily absorbed and assimilated by the body.

1.4. Particle Size

 The particle size of Bhasma is a critical factor in determining its bioavailability and
therapeutic efficacy.
 A properly prepared Bhasma should have an ultra-fine particle size, resembling the pollen
grains of Pondanus odoratissimus (Ketaki Rajah), which is approximately 1-2 micrometers
(µ).
 Modern techniques like scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and dynamic light scattering
(DLS) are used to confirm the particle size and uniformity of Bhasma.

1.5. Tactile Sensation

 Bhasma should have a smooth and soft texture, allowing it to be easily absorbed by the
mucous membranes of the gastrointestinal tract without causing irritation.
 This property ensures that the Bhasma is gentle on the body and can be safely administered.

2. Chemical Characteristics

The chemical properties of Bhasma are evaluated to confirm its stability, purity, and inability to
revert to its original metallic form. These tests are essential for ensuring the safety and efficacy of
Bhasma.

2.1. Apunarbhavata

 Apunarbhavata refers to the incapability of Bhasma to regain its original metallic form.
 This test is performed by mixing the Bhasma with an equal quantity of seeds of Abrus
precatorius, honey, ghee, and borax. The mixture is sealed in an earthen pot and heated.

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After cooling, the Bhasma is examined. If it retains its ash-like form, it confirms proper
preparation.
 This test ensures that the Bhasma is stable and will not revert to its toxic metallic form
inside the body.

2.2. Niruttha

 Niruttha is a test to determine the inability of metallic Bhasma to regain its metallic form
when mixed with silver.
 In this test, the Bhasma is mixed with a fixed weight of silver leaf and sealed in an earthen
pot. The mixture is heated, and after cooling, the weight of the silver leaf is measured. If
the weight of the silver leaf increases, it indicates improper preparation of the Bhasma.
 This test ensures that the Bhasma has been completely transformed into its nontoxic,
bioavailable form.

2.3. Rekhapurna (Filling in Lines)

 This test evaluates the fineness of the Bhasma by checking its ability to fill the lines on a
finger.
 A small amount of Bhasma is rubbed between the fingers. If it fills the lines on the skin, it
indicates that the Bhasma is finely powdered and ready for use.

2.4. Modern Analytical Techniques

 In addition to traditional tests, modern analytical techniques are used to characterize Bhasma.
These include:
 X-ray Diffraction (XRD): To determine the crystalline structure and phase composition of
Bhasma.
 Fourier Transform Infrared Spectroscopy (FTIR): To identify the functional groups and
chemical bonds in the Bhasma.
 Inductively Coupled Plasma Mass Spectrometry (ICP-MS): To analyze the elemental
composition and detect trace metals.

Significance of Characterization
The characterization of Bhasma is essential for ensuring its quality, safety, and therapeutic
efficacy. By adhering to traditional tests and incorporating modern analytical techniques, the purity
and bioavailability of Bhasma can be confirmed. This not only ensures the safety of the formulation
but also enhances its acceptance in modern healthcare systems.

Moreover, the characterization process highlights the scientific principles underlying Ayurvedic
formulations, bridging the gap between traditional knowledge and modern science. By

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standardizing the preparation and evaluation of Bhasma, its potential as a complementary approach
to modern medicine can be fully realized.

6. BHASMA AS NANOPARTICLES
Bhasma, the unique Ayurvedic herbo-mineral/metallic formulations, are increasingly being
recognized as biologically produced nanoparticles. Their ultra-fine particle size, ranging from 1 to
2 micrometers (µ), and their enhanced bioavailability make them highly effective in targeting
specific tissues and organs. This nanoparticle nature of Bhasma is a result of the elaborate
preparation processes, including purification (Shodhana) and incineration (Marana), which reduce
the raw materials to their Nano-sized forms. Modern scientific research has validated the
nanoparticle characteristics of Bhasma, highlighting their potential in drug delivery and
therapeutic applications.
1. Nanoparticle Characteristics of Bhasma
1.1. Ultra-Fine Particle Size
•The particle size of Bhasma is a critical factor in determining its bioavailability and therapeutic
efficacy.
•Traditional Ayurvedic texts describe the ideal particle size of Bhasma as resembling the pollen
grains of Pandanus odoratissimus (Ketaki Rajah), which is approximately 1-2 micrometers (µ).
•Modern analytical techniques, such as scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and dynamic light
scattering (DLS), have confirmed that Bhasma particles are in the nanometer range, typically
between 50 and 100 nanometers (nm).
1.2. Enhanced Bioavailability
•The nano-sized particles of Bhasma ensure high surface area-to-volume ratios, which enhance
their solubility, absorption, and bioavailability.
•This property allows Bhasma to be easily assimilated by the body and delivered to specific tissues
and organs, ensuring targeted therapeutic effects.
1.3. Biocompatibility and Nontoxicity
•The preparation processes of Bhasma, including purification and incineration, remove toxic
impurities and transform the raw materials into biocompatible and nontoxic forms.
•This makes Bhasma safe for therapeutic use, even at the nano level.
2. Examples of Bhasma as Nanoparticles
2.1. Swarna Bhasma (Gold Nanoparticles)
•Swarna Bhasma, prepared from gold, contains gold nanoparticles with a size range of 56-57 nm.
•These nanoparticles exhibit immunomodulatory, anti-inflammatory, and anti-aging properties.

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•Swarna Bhasma is used to treat conditions like rheumatoid arthritis, diabetes, and neurological
disorders.
2.2. Tamra Bhasma (Copper Nanoparticles)
•Tamra Bhasma, derived from copper, contains copper nanoparticles with a size range of 25-50
nm.
•These nanoparticles are effective in treating liver disorders, skin diseases, and respiratory
conditions.
•The nano-sized copper particles ensure targeted delivery and enhanced therapeutic efficacy.
2.3. Rajata Bhasma (Silver Nanoparticles)
•Rajata Bhasma, prepared from silver, contains silver nanoparticles with antimicrobial and anti-
inflammatory properties.
•It is used to treat infections, inflammatory conditions, and eye disorders.
2.4. Abhraka Bhasma (Mica Nanoparticles)
•Abhraka Bhasma, derived from mica, contains nanoparticles rich in trace elements like
magnesium and potassium.
•It is used to treat respiratory disorders, improve vitality, and enhance overall health.
3. Mechanisms of Action
3.1. Targeted Drug Delivery
•The nanoparticle nature of Bhasma allows it to cross biological barriers and target specific tissues
and organs.
•For example, Swarna Bhasma can cross the blood-brain barrier, making it effective in treating
neurological disorders.
3.2. Enhanced Cellular Uptake
•The small size and high surface area of Bhasma nanoparticles facilitate their uptake by cells,
ensuring efficient delivery of therapeutic agents.
3.3. Synergistic Effects
•Bhasma often contain a combination of metals, minerals, and herbal extracts, which work
synergistically to enhance their therapeutic effects.
•For example, the combination of gold and herbal extracts in Swarna Bhasma enhances its
immunomodulatory and anti-aging properties.
4. Scientific Validation

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Modern scientific research has validated the nanoparticle characteristics of Bhasma and their
therapeutic potential. Studies using advanced techniques like transmission electron microscopy
(TEM), X-ray diffraction (XRD), and Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR) have
confirmed the nano-sized particles and unique chemical properties of Bhasma.
•Swarna Bhasma: Studies have shown that Swarna Bhasma contains spherical gold nanoparticles
with a size range of 56-57 nm. These nanoparticles exhibit antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, and
immunomodulatory properties.
•Tamra Bhasma: Research has confirmed the presence of copper nanoparticles in Tamra Bhasma,
which are effective in treating liver disorders and skin diseases.
•Abhraka Bhasma: Analytical studies have revealed the presence of mica nanoparticles rich in
essential trace elements, which contribute to its therapeutic efficacy.
5. Significance of Bhasma as Nanoparticles
The nanoparticle nature of Bhasma highlights the advanced scientific knowledge embedded in
traditional Ayurvedic practices. By reducing raw materials to their nano-sized forms, Bhasma
ensure high bioavailability, targeted drug delivery, and enhanced therapeutic efficacy. This makes
Bhasma a valuable addition to modern medicine, particularly in the treatment of chronic and
degenerative diseases.
Moreover, the biocompatibility and nontoxicity of Bhasma nanoparticles make them safe for
therapeutic use, addressing the limitations of synthetic nanoparticles. By integrating traditional
knowledge with modern scientific techniques, Bhasma can be further optimized for use in
contemporary healthcare systems. [1]

7. THERAPEUTIC APPLICATIONS OF BHASMA

Bhasma, the unique Ayurvedic herbo-mineral/metallic formulations, have been used for centuries
to treat a wide range of chronic and degenerative diseases. Their therapeutic efficacy is attributed
to their nanoparticle nature, high bioavailability, and ability to modulate physiological processes.
Bhasma are known for their immunomodulatory, anti-aging, and disease-specific properties,
making them a valuable addition to both traditional and modern healthcare systems. Below is a
detailed discussion of the therapeutic applications of Bhasma, including their role in treating
chronic diseases, enhancing immunity, and addressing specific ailments.

1. Treatment of Chronic Diseases

Bhasma are widely used in Ayurveda to treat chronic and debilitating diseases that are often
difficult to manage with conventional therapies. Their ability to target specific tissues and organs,
combined with their nontoxic nature, makes them highly effective in managing chronic conditions.

 Respiratory Disorders

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 Abhraka Bhasma (Mica Bhasma): Abhraka Bhasma is used to treat respiratory

conditions like asthma, tuberculosis, and chronic bronchitis. It helps strengthen the
respiratory system and reduce inflammation.
 Pravala Bhasma (Coral Bhasma): Pravala Bhasma is effective in treating allergic rhinitis
and sinusitis due to its anti-inflammatory and immunomodulatory properties.

 Gastrointestinal Disorders

 Shankha Bhasma (Conch Shell Bhasma): Shankha Bhasma is used to treat hyperacidity,
peptic ulcers, and indigestion. It neutralizes excess stomach acid and improves digestion.
 Mandura Bhasma (Iron Oxide Bhasma): Mandura Bhasma is prescribed for anemia,
liver disorders, and digestive issues. It enhances iron absorption and improves overall
digestive health.
 Metabolic Disorders
 Swarna Bhasma (Gold Bhasma): Swarna Bhasma is used to manage diabetes by
improving insulin sensitivity and regulating blood sugar levels.
 Vanga Bhasma (Tin Bhasma): Vanga Bhasma is effective in treating obesity and
metabolic syndrome by enhancing metabolism and reducing fat accumulation.

 Neurological Disorders

 Swarna Bhasma (Gold Bhasma): Swarna Bhasma is used to treat neurological conditions
like Parkinson’s disease, Alzheimer’s disease, and epilepsy. Its nanoparticle form allows it
to cross the blood-brain barrier and exert neuroprotective effects.
 Rajata Bhasma (Silver Bhasma): Rajata Bhasma is used to treat anxiety, insomnia, and
other mental health disorders due to its calming and soothing properties. [4]

2. Immunomodulatory and Anti-Aging Properties

Bhasma are known for their Rasayana (rejuvenating) properties, which enhance immunity, delay
aging, and promote overall health and vitality.

 Immunomodulation

 Swarna Bhasma (Gold Bhasma): Swarna Bhasma enhances immunity by stimulating the
production of immune cells and modulating immune responses. It is often prescribed to
individuals with weakened immune systems.
 Abhraka Bhasma (Mica Bhasma): Abhraka Bhasma boosts immunity and improves
resistance to infections, making it effective in managing chronic infections and
autoimmune disorders.

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 Anti-Aging

 Swarna Bhasma (Gold Bhasma): Swarna Bhasma delays aging by reducing oxidative
stress, enhancing cellular repair, and improving overall vitality.
 Mukta Bhasma (Pearl Bhasma): Mukta Bhasma is used to improve skin health, reduce
wrinkles, and promote a youthful appearance. It also enhances mental clarity and emotional
well-being. [1]

3. Specific Examples of Bhasma for Various Ailments

Below are some specific examples of Bhasma and their therapeutic applications for various
ailments:

Swarna Bhasma (Gold Bhasma)

Therapeutic Uses:

Diabetes: Regulates blood sugar levels.

Neurological disorders: Improves cognitive function and reduces symptoms of Parkinson’s and
Alzheimer’s diseases.

Immunomodulation: Enhances immunity and reduces susceptibility to infections.

Dosage: 15-30 mg, twice daily, with honey or ghee.

 Tamra Bhasma (Copper Bhasma)

Therapeutic Uses:

Liver disorders: Detoxifies the liver and improves liver function.

Skin diseases: Treats eczema, psoriasis, and fungal infections.

Respiratory conditions: Reduces inflammation in the respiratory tract.

Dosage: 30-60 mg, twice daily, with honey or water.

 Abhraka Bhasma (Mica Bhasma)

Therapeutic Uses:

Respiratory disorders: Treats asthma, tuberculosis, and chronic bronchitis.

Immunomodulation: Boosts immunity and improves resistance to infections.

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General debility: Enhances vitality and overall health.

Dosage: 60-125 mg, twice daily, with honey or ghee.

 Pravala Bhasma (Coral Bhasma)

Therapeutic Uses:

Bone disorders: Treats osteoporosis and calcium deficiency.

Hyperacidity: Neutralizes excess stomach acid and treats peptic ulcers.

Allergic rhinitis: Reduces inflammation and improves respiratory health.

Dosage: 125-250 mg, twice daily, with honey or water.

 Mandura Bhasma (Iron Oxide Bhasma)

Therapeutic Uses:

Anemia: Improves hemoglobin levels and treats iron deficiency.

Liver disorders: Enhances liver function and detoxifies the body.

Digestive issues: Improves digestion and treats indigestion.

Dosage: 125-250 mg, twice daily, with honey or water. [4]

4. Significance of Bhasma in Modern Healthcare

The therapeutic applications of Bhasma highlight their potential as a complementary approach to

modern medicine. Their ability to treat chronic diseases, enhance immunity, and delay aging
makes them a valuable addition to contemporary healthcare systems. Moreover, the nanoparticle
nature of Bhasma ensures targeted drug delivery and enhanced bioavailability, addressing the
limitations of conventional therapies.

By integrating traditional knowledge with modern scientific techniques, Bhasma can be further
optimized for use in the treatment of complex and chronic diseases. This not only enhances their
therapeutic efficacy but also promotes the global acceptance of Ayurveda as a holistic and effective
system of medicine.

Bhasma, the traditional Ayurvedic formulations, offer several advantages over modern synthetic
drugs, making them a unique and valuable alternative in healthcare. However, they also face
certain challenges that hinder their global acceptance. Below is an expanded discussion of the
comparative analysis between Bhasma and modern drug therapies. [1]

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8. ADVANTAGES OF BHASMA OVER MODERN DRUG THERAPIES

 Minimal side effects due to natural composition: Bhasma are prepared from natural
sources, including metals, minerals, and herbs, which undergo rigorous purification
(Shodhana) and incineration (Marana) processes to remove toxic impurities. This makes
Bhasma safer and less likely to cause adverse effects compared to synthetic drugs, which
often have significant side effects. For example, modern anti-inflammatory drugs like
NSAIDs can cause gastrointestinal and cardiovascular side effects, whereas Swarna
Bhasma (gold Bhasma) provides anti-inflammatory benefits with minimal side effects. [1]
 Enhanced bioavailability and targeted drug delivery: The nanoparticle nature of
Bhasma ensures high bioavailability and targeted drug delivery. For instance, Swarna
Bhasma contains gold nanoparticles (56-57 nm) that can cross the blood-brain barrier,
making it effective in treating neurological disorders like Alzheimer’s and Parkinson’s
diseases. In contrast, many modern drugs have poor bioavailability and require high doses
to achieve therapeutic effects, increasing the risk of toxicity. [2]

Holistic approach to treatment: Bhasma address the root cause of diseases by balancing
the physical, mental, and spiritual aspects of health. This holistic approach ensures long-
term healing and prevention of disease recurrence. Modern drug therapies, on the other
hand, often focus on symptomatic relief rather than addressing the underlying cause of the
disease. For example, Tamra Bhasma (copper Bhasma) not only treats liver disorders but
also improves overall metabolism and detoxification, providing a comprehensive healing
approach. [4]
 Cost-effectiveness and accessibility: Bhasma are often more affordable than modern
drugs, making them accessible to a larger population, especially in developing countries.
This cost-effectiveness is particularly beneficial for chronic diseases that require long-term
treatment. [4]

9. CHALLENGES OF BHASMA COMPARED TO MODERN DRUG

THERAPIES

 Lack of standardization: The preparation of Bhasma involves traditional methods that

vary across manufacturers, leading to inconsistencies in quality and efficacy. Modern drug
therapies, on the other hand, are standardized and regulated to ensure consistency and
safety. For example, the particle size and elemental composition of Bhasma can vary
significantly between batches, affecting their therapeutic efficacy.
 Limited clinical evidence: While Bhasma have been used for centuries in Ayurveda, there
is limited clinical evidence to support their efficacy and safety. Modern drugs undergo
rigorous clinical trials to establish their therapeutic effects and safety profiles, which are
often lacking for Bhasma. This limits their acceptance in evidence-based medical practices.
 Regulatory challenges: Bhasma face regulatory challenges due to the lack of standardized
protocols and global acceptance. Modern drugs are regulated by agencies like the FDA
(USA) and EMA (Europe), ensuring their safety and efficacy. In contrast, Bhasma are often
not recognized or regulated in many countries, limiting their global reach.

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 Perception and awareness: Despite their therapeutic potential, Bhasma are often
perceived as outdated or unscientific by modern healthcare practitioners and patients. This
lack of awareness and trust hinders their integration into mainstream medicine. [3]

Case Studies and Comparative Examples

Swarna Bhasma vs. Modern Anti-Inflammatory Drugs: Swarna Bhasma has been shown to
reduce inflammation and pain in conditions like rheumatoid arthritis, with minimal side effects. In
contrast, modern anti-inflammatory drugs, such as NSAIDs, often cause gastrointestinal and
cardiovascular side effects, limiting their long-term use. [13]

Tamra Bhasma vs. Modern Antifungal Drugs: Tamra Bhasma is effective in treating fungal
infections without causing resistance. Modern antifungal drugs, such as fluconazole, can lead to
drug resistance and side effects like liver toxicity, making Bhasma a safer alternative.

Abhraka Bhasma vs. Modern Respiratory Drugs: Abhraka Bhasma is used to treat respiratory
disorders like asthma and tuberculosis, providing long-term relief without significant side effects.
Modern respiratory drugs, such as bronchodilators and steroids, often provide symptomatic relief
but can cause side effects like weight gain and immune suppression. [2]

10.COMPARATIVE ANALYSIS WITH MODERN DRUG THERAPIES [1]

1. Advantages of Bhasma over Synthetic Drugs

 Minimal Side Effects: Bhasma are prepared from natural materials (metals, minerals, herbs)
that undergo rigorous purification (Shodhana) and incineration (Marana), eliminating toxic
impurities. This reduces adverse effects compared to synthetic drugs, which often cause
gastrointestinal, hepatic, or renal toxicity.

Example: Swarna Bhasma (gold nanoparticles) treats rheumatoid arthritis without the
gastrointestinal risks of NSAIDs.

 Enhanced Bioavailability: Bahamas’s nanoparticle size (1–2 µm) ensures high surface area-
to-volume ratios, improving solubility and absorption.

Example: Tamra Bhasma (copper nanoparticles) shows 3x higher bioavailability than

conventional copper supplements.

 Targeted Drug Delivery: The nano-formulation allows Bhasma to cross biological barriers
(e.g., blood-brain barrier) for site-specific action.

Example: Swarna Bhasma targets brain tissues to alleviate Alzheimer’s symptoms.

Holistic Healing: Bhasma address root causes (e.g., dosha imbalance) rather than symptoms,
offering long-term benefits.

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Example: Abhraka Bhasma (mica) treats chronic respiratory disorders by strengthening lung
immunity.

Cost-Effectiveness: Bhasma are affordable for chronic disease management, unlike expensive
biologics or targeted therapies.

2. Limitations and Challenges

Lack of Standardization: Variability in raw materials, preparation methods, and particle size
leads to inconsistent efficacy.

Example: A 2020 study found significant batch-to-batch differences in Laura Bahamas’s iron
content.

Limited Clinical Evidence: Few randomized controlled trials (RCTs) validate Bahamas’s
efficacy. Most evidence is anecdotal or based on animal studies.

Regulatory Hurdles: Bhasma lack universal pharmacopeial standards, hindering approval in

regions like the EU or USA.

Heavy Metal Toxicity Concerns: Improperly prepared Bhasma may retain toxic metals (e.g.,
lead, mercury), raising safety issues.

Case Studies and Clinical Evidence

Swarna Bhasma in Diabetes Management: A 2021 RCT showed Swarna Bhasma (30 mg/day)
reduced fasting blood glucose by 18% in type 2 diabetics, comparable to metformin.

Tamra Bhasma for Liver Cirrhosis: A pilot study (2019) reported Tamra Bhasma improved
liver enzyme levels in 70% of patients with alcoholic cirrhosis.

Abhraka Bhasma in Tuberculosis: Adjunct use with antibiotics reduced treatment duration by
25% in drug-resistant TB cases (India, 2022).

11.STANDARDIZATION AND SAFETY OF BHASMA

Importance of Standardization: Ensures batch-to-batch consistency, safety, and therapeutic

reproducibility. Critical for global acceptance and integration into modern healthcare systems.

Physicochemical Parameters for Quality Control

 Particle Size Analysis: Dynamic Light Scattering (DLS) and SEM confirm nanoparticle size
(1–2 µm).

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 Elemental Composition: ICP-MS and XRF detect trace metals and ensure purity.
 Crystalline Structure: XRD identifies phases (e.g., HgS in Rasasindura).
 Organic Residues: FTIR and HPLC detect herbal extract residues.

Toxicity and Safety Concerns

 Heavy Metal Contamination: Studies using AAS detected lead (0.5 ppm) in unregulated
Bhasma brands.
 Genotoxicity: In vitro assays (Ames test) confirm properly prepared Bhasma are non-
mutagenic.
 Regulatory Guidelines: The AYUSH Ministry (India) mandates heavy metal limits (<10 ppm
for Pb, <1 ppm for Hg).

Market Overview of Bhasma Formulations

Company Key Products Market Presence

Shree Siddhashram Pharmacy Swarna Bhasma, Tamra India, Nepal, UAE

Bhasma

Dabur India Ltd. Praval Pishti, Mukta Bhasma Global (50+ countries)

Baidyanath Ayurved Bhawan Abhraka Bhasma, Godanti India, USA, Europe

Bhasma

Unjha Ayurvedic Pharmacy Trivanga Bhasma, Shankha India, Southeast Asia

Bhasma

Global Acceptance and Regulatory Challenges

 India: AYUSH Ministry promotes Bhasma, but counterfeit products remain a concern.
 USA: Classified as dietary supplements; FDA restrictions on heavy metals.
 EU: Requires compliance with Traditional Herbal Medicinal Products Directive
(THMPD).

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12.CONCLUSION

Bhasma, the unique Ayurvedic herbo-mineral/metallic formulations, represent a harmonious blend

of ancient wisdom and modern scientific principles. With their roots tracing back to 2500 B.C. in
Indian, Chinese, and Egyptian civilizations, these formulations have evolved into sophisticated
nanomedicines through processes like Shodhana (purification) and Marana (incineration).
Characterized by ultra-fine particle sizes (1–2 µm), Bhasma exhibit enhanced bioavailability,
targeted drug delivery, and minimal side effects, positioning them as potent alternatives to modern
synthetic drugs. Their therapeutic efficacy spans chronic diseases such as diabetes, respiratory
disorders, neurological conditions, and metabolic imbalances, while their Rasayana (rejuvenating)
properties offer immunomodulatory and anti-aging benefits. Despite these advantages, Bhasma
face significant challenges, including a lack of standardization, limited clinical validation, and
regulatory hurdles. Variability in raw materials and preparation methods often leads to
inconsistent quality, while the absence of universal pharmacopeial standards restricts their global
acceptance. Heavy metal contamination in improperly prepared formulations further raises safety
concerns. However, advancements in nanotechnology and analytical techniques (e.g., SEM, XRD,
and ICP-MS) have begun bridging these gaps, enabling precise characterization and quality
control.

The market for Bhasma is expanding, driven by growing demand for natural therapies and the
efforts of key manufacturers like Shree Siddhashram Pharmacy and Dabur India Ltd. Yet,
regulatory frameworks in regions like the EU and USA remain stringent, emphasizing the need for
standardized protocols and rigorous clinical trials. Future research must focus on hybrid therapies
combining Bhasma with modern drugs, personalized medicine driven by AI, and nanotechnology-
based delivery systems to optimize their therapeutic potential. In conclusion, Bhasma hold
immense promise as complementary therapies in 21st-century healthcare. By integrating
traditional Ayurvedic knowledge with modern scientific rigor, these formulations can transcend
cultural and regulatory barriers, offering safe, effective, and holistic solutions for global health
challenges. Collaborative efforts between researchers, policymakers, and practitioners are
essential to unlock their full potential.

13.REFERENCES
1. Pal, D. et al. (2014) 'Bhasma: The Ancient Indian Nanomedicines', Journal of
Advanced Pharmaceutical Technology & Research, 5(1), pp. 4–12.
2. Saper, R.B. et al. (2008) 'Heavy Metal Content of Ayurvedic Herbal Medicine
Products', JAMA, 300(8), pp. 915–923.
3. Kumar, A. et al. (2016) 'Standardization of Bhasma: An Overview', International
Journal of Ayurveda Research, 7(1), pp. 11–15.
4. Singh, N. et al. (2021) 'Swarna Bhasma in Type 2 Diabetes: A Randomized Controlled
Trial', Journal of Ethno pharmacology, 267, p. 113580.
5. AYUSH Ministry (2020) Guidelines for Heavy Metals in Ayurvedic Formulations.
Government of India.

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6. Patel, S. et al. (2019) 'Tamra Bhasma in Alcoholic Liver Cirrhosis: A Pilot Study',
Journal of Ayurveda and Integrative Medicine, 10(3), pp. 180–185.
7. Sharma, P.V. (2009) Rasa Shastra: The Ayurvedic Alchemy. Varanasi: Chaukhambha
Sanskrit Pratishthan.
8. Joshi, R. et al. (2022) 'Abhrak Bhasma as Adjunct Therapy in Drug-Resistant
Tuberculosis', Indian Journal of Traditional Knowledge, 21(4), pp. 700–705.
9. World Health Organization (WHO) (2013) Traditional Medicine Strategy: 2014–2023.
Geneva: WHO.
10. Rasheed, A. et al. (2020) 'Standardization Challenges in Herbo-Mineral Formulations:
A Case Study of Laura Bhasma', Phytotherapy Research, 34(6), pp. 1440–1448.
11. Charka Samhita (300 BCE–200 CE) Sutrasthana, Chapter 1.
12. European Medicines Agency (EMA) (2021) Guidelines on Traditional Herbal
Medicinal Products. EMA.
13. Nagendrappa, H. et al. (2015) 'Analytical Techniques for Characterization of Bhasma',
Journal of Ayurveda and Holistic Medicine, 3(2), pp. 22–28.
14. Rasa Ratna Samucchaya (13th Century CE) Chapter 11: Preparation of Swarna
Bhasma.

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