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Electric Vehicle Charging System Using RFID and IoT for Enhanced User
Experience

Conference Paper · February 2025

DOI: 10.1109/MENACOMM62946.2025.10911013

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Electric Vehicle Charging System Using RFID and
IoT for Enhanced User Experience
Md Mehedi Hassain Injamul Haque Jamil
Dept. of Electrical & Electronics Engineering Dept. of Computing & Mathematical Sciences
International Islamic University Chittagong University of Greenwich
Chittagong, Bangladesh London, United Kingdom
[email protected] [email protected]

Md Mahmudul Hoque Md. Jahid Hasan

Dept. of Computer Science & Engineering Dept. of Information & Communication Technology
CCN University of Science and Technology Comilla University
Cumilla, Bangladesh Cumilla, Bangladesh
[email protected] [email protected]

Abstract—Electric vehicles (EVs) are increasing in popularity 2020-2021. In Bangladesh, import duties on gasoline-fueled
globally, offering a greener and more energy-efficient alternative vehicles range from 128% to 827%, while electric vehicles
to traditional cars. Our research aims to develop an RFID- face a significantly lower Total Tax Incidence (TTI) of 59%,
based system designed to automate EV charging with min-
imal user input. This system integrates RFID readers, tags, nearly half the lowest gasoline vehicle tax rate [2].
a microcontroller, and a relay module to efficiently manage In the era of research, many works are going on to make
and monitor charging sessions. An IoT platform supports real- assistive technology for Electric Vehicle Charging System.
time monitoring and remote control, while a secure payment Instead of manpower uses, technologies are increasing day
mechanism handles transactions seamlessly. RFID tags identify by day. Some of the previous works based on assistive
vehicles for automatic charging initiation, and the relay module
prevents overcharging by disconnecting power after a set time. technology for electric vehicle charging are discussed below:
The system uses the MQTT communication protocol for secure In [3], the authors developed an IoT-based Smart State of
data transmission and offers real-time information on energy Charge (SOC) monitoring system for electric vehicles (EVs).
use and account balances. All information is updated and This system provides real-time battery status updates and
displayed in real-time on the server. MySQL ensures scalability, alerts users when it’s time to visit the nearest charging
enabling effective handling of large volumes of data. The
mobile application dashboard provides a view of the charging station, as directed by an Android app. The proposal in
and discharging processes for user monitoring, and an email [4] suggests a system that constantly displays the State of
notification is sent after the recharge. The charging status of the Charge (SoC) of the electric vehicle’s (EV’s) battery and
electric vehicle battery is monitored by visual graphs. The RFID the nearest charging stations. It directs the driver to a
detection accuracy is 100%. Key benefits include a streamlined slot booking website, showing all available slots at the
user experience, improved charging management, and support
for EV adoption. This innovation advances sustainable mobility suggested stations. In [5], the authors developed a model
with a user-friendly, efficient charging solution. for EV charging station locations based on urban travel
patterns, incorporating slow charging for short commutes
Index Terms—Electric vehicles, Autonomous charging, RFID, and fast charging for long trips. The model optimizes
MQTT communication protocol, Real time monitoring.
resources for both parked and moving vehicles. A case
study in a Chinese city demonstrates its implementation,
I. I NTRODUCTION
with sensitivity analyses showing that travel distance and
Bangladesh was the most polluted nation in the world location capacity significantly influence the number and
between 2018 and 2021, with average PM2.5 levels 15.4 placement of stations. In [6], an Android application is
times higher than WHO standards. Brick kilns, industries designed to find electric vehicle (EV) charging stations.
and navigation vessels are the next biggest sources of air Recognizing the limitations of available charging stations,
pollution, accounting for 55.8% of SO2 and 54.5% of NO2 the application provides comprehensive information and
emissions [1]. Bangladesh produces 0.21% of global CO2 navigation assistance to help locate them. The proposal
emissions, and the country’s emissions are rising at an in [7] suggests an automated system for locating electric
alarming rate of 7.52% annually. Despite this, Bangladesh vehicle charging ports. It employs a two-step approach:
has firmly committed to a 21.85% reduction by 2030. To initial positioning with Hough circle and line detection,
meet this goal, hybrid car imports in Bangladesh surged followed by precise positioning using the Canny operator
by 154%, from 3,296 units in 2017-2018 to 8,366 units in and quadratic curve standardization method, and con-

979-8-3315-1995-7/25//$31.00 ©2025 IEEE

cludes with the perspective-n-point algorithm for accurate identify vehicles to automatically initiate charging, while a
pose information. In [8], the authors developed a method relay module prevents overcharging by disconnecting power
that combines global and local recognition to accurately after a set time. The system uses MQTT communication
locate electric vehicle charging ports. Using an improved protocol are ensure secure data transmission and provides
YOLOv4 model and the BiSeNet algorithm, it achieves pre- real-time monitoring of battery energy usage and account
cise positioning. With 80% connection accuracy, it provides balances. All information is updated and displayed in real-
a practical solution for automatic EV charging. In [9], the time on the server, with graphical visualizations. Users
authors introduce a mobile application payment system can monitor data through a mobile application, where a
for electric vehicle charging stations, catering to both mer- dashboard provides insights into charging and discharging
chants and users. It aims to familiarize EV users with processes. Users can select the recharge amount, and the
innovative payment technology, enhancing accessibility and relay module regulates charging duration while delivering
usability. The proposal in [10] suggests an app that offers real-time updates. The automation of the charging process,
diverse services such as locating, booking, and paying for facilitation of real-time monitoring via a mobile app or
charging, along with battery swapping and delivery options website, and onsite monitoring via an LCD display. A buzzer
for emergencies. Using the Google Maps API, it provides signals when the charger is plugged in or unplugged, and
precise station details and nearby attractions sourced from the system sends email notifications after recharging.
multiple databases, ensuring comprehensive user assis-
II. D ESIGN M ETHODOLOGY
tance. In [11], the authors developed a system featuring coin
and RFID modules for electric vehicle charging, including This section provides an overview of the methodical
options such as emergency cutoff and repayment policies. design and implementation methodology of the proposed
Users can switch between coin or RFID setups, with clear autonomous electric car charging system that incorporates
LED indicators for charging status. The module displays RFID technology and the integration of the Internet of
the remaining charging time and user balance, promising Things. This paper presents a complete analysis of the
a convenient experience for electric vehicle owners. The system architecture, focusing on key components such as
proposal in [12] suggests a wireless car charging system and the block diagram, flowchart, circuit diagram, and pin
parking at designated spots with RFID tag authentication in connections. These components are thoroughly discussed
the cloud. Access is limited to authorized vehicles. In [13], to provide a full understanding of the system’s structure
the authors developed an IoT-based detection and early and functionality.
warning system for unauthorized electric vehicle charging. A. Block Diagram
It utilizes an STM8S single-chip microcomputer and RF
module hardware, alongside an improved ALOHA algorithm
for efficient tag conflict resolution. The system provides
real-time monitoring of charging status and temperature,
issuing sound and light warnings to prevent fire risks if
temperatures exceed safety limits. An IoT-based framework
for electric vehicle (EV) charging stations in [14] features a
stochastic model for online charge slot booking and station
slot prediction. It effectively eliminates waiting periods and
ensures efficient scheduling to prevent EVs from running
out of battery on the road. In [15], the author developed
an RFID-secured EV charging system using an Arduino Uno
for seamless operation. LEDs and an LCD guide users: red
for Processing, green for Charging, and blue for Complete.
A reset button restores the system, ensuring effortless reuse.
In [16], the author developed an RFID-based solar EV
charging system that streamlines real-time payments via
RFID cards or mobile apps while reducing grid demand
through solar photovoltaic integration. In [17], the author
developed an IoT-based smart EV charging system using
RFID for automatic battery detection and tracking. The sys- Fig. 1: Block diagram
tem records charging history, analyzes battery performance,
and prevents accidental exchanges. The provided block diagram in Fig. 1 offers a compre-
The objective of this research is to address the current hensive representation of the major components of the
gap in available solutions by developing a fully automated system. The RFID reader identifies EVs with RFID tags,
EV charging system that utilizes RFID technology and incor- sending data to the microcontroller, the primary processing
porates secure payment mechanisms over the IoT. RFID tags unit. The microcontroller manages the relay module for
time controlled charging and communicates with the IoT relay module, LCD display, keypad, buzzer, and NodeMCU.
platform for real time monitoring. A secure payment system The diagram functions as a visual depiction of the tangible
ensures efficient transactions. linkages that provide uninterrupted communication and
command. The communication between the RFID reader
B. Flowchart and the Arduino Mega is established via the Serial Pe-
The flowchart shown in Fig. 2 illustrates the step-by-step ripheral Interface (SPI) protocol, whilst the relay module
process of the RFID-based autonomous EV charging system. is connected to the Arduino Mega by dedicated digital
Commencing with the initiation of the system, it proceeds input/output (I/O) pins. The liquid crystal display (LCD)
to verify the existence of an RFID tag. When the system employs the Inter-Integrated Circuit (I2C) protocol for com-
detects a tag, it adjusts the charging time based on the munication. The keypad is connected through dedicated
input provided by the user. The relay module is responsible digital input/output (I/O) pins. The buzzer and NodeMCU
for regulating the length of charging, while also providing are linked to particular pins to facilitate efficient commu-
real time data updates for monitoring purposes. The buzzer nication.
beeps when the charger is plugged in and unplugged. In
D. Data Transmission and Website Data Storage
conclusion, the system provides accurate billing data as the
final output. The MQTT protocol was employed for data transfer to
the cloud. In Fig. 4 the MQTT protocol’s functionality is
illustrated, and Fig. 5 demonstrates the website view. The
web server frontend has been developed using HTML5,
CSS3, JavaScript, and Chart.js. Real-time web servers are
operated using Node.js, and the backend is a combination
of Node.js and a MySQL database. The ESP32 gathers
all sensor data and sends it to the Node.js server using
the MQTT communication protocol. The MQTT protocol,
showcasing its two primary client groups: publishers and
subscribers. Unlike traditional client server architecture,
where clients communicate directly with endpoints, MQTT
clients interact with a broker. Publishers send data, while
subscribers receive it based on predefined topics, enabling
efficient message filtering and delivery. For authentica-
tion, we employed the TOKEN as both the username and
password for MQTT, ensuring secure data transmission.
MySQL ensures scalability, enabling effective handling of
large volumes of data.

Fig. 2: Flowchart

C. Circuit Diagram and Pin Connection

Fig. 4: MQTT(MQ Telemetry Transport) Process

Fig. 3: Circuit diagram

The circuit diagram shown in Fig. 3 provides a clear

depiction of the physical interconnections of the system’s
hardware components. The text illustrates the interplay of Fig. 5: website view
many elements, including the RFID reader, microcontroller,
E. Server Email Notification In Fig. 8 presents a full depiction of the system. The
implementation phase of the project yielded the devel-
opment of an advanced and user centric electric vehicle
charging infrastructure. The system successfully identified
automobiles equipped with RFID tags and autonomously
launched the charging process, eliminating the need for
human intervention. The IoT platform facilitated contin-
uous monitoring and administration of the charging state,
providing users with valuable information on their account
balance, energy use, and charging advancement through a
web-based interface. The implementation of a robust pay-
Fig. 6: Email Notification ment system facilitated the efficient execution of financial
transactions. The initiative proved its viability by effectively
In Fig. 6, the alert email notification website view is tackling traditional charging obstacles with an automated,
demonstrated. RFID balance notifications are sent through streamlined, and user-oriented approach.
email after every recharge, ensuring smooth operation for
the user. B. Demonstration of the Project

F. Mobile App View

All information is updated and displayed in real time on
the server. The mobile application dashboard view for the
user is shown in Fig. 7 for the charging and discharging (a) Display project Name (b) Punch Card to Get Access
processes, respectively.

(c) User name and balanc (d) Option for charging

(e) Charging for 4 second (f) After Recharge 200 taka

(g) Card balance nill (h) User has no balance in loan

Fig. 7: Mobile App View

(i) Taka Loan in the card (j) Negative balance in the card

III. I MPLEMENTATION AND R ESULTS

A. Implementation of the Project
(k) User loan limit is over (l) Recharge option

(m) Recharged 1000 taka (n) After recharge balance

Fig. 9: LCD Display Output.

The illustrations included in Fig. 9a to 9n portray dif-

ferent phases of the system’s functioning. LCD display is
shown as the project name Fig. 9a. After approaching the
charging station, the display prompts the user to punch
their RFID card to initiate the charging process as shown
in Fig. 9b. The display shows the user’s name and their
Fig. 8: Total overview of the system account balance, which is retrieved from their RFID card
as shown in Fig. 9c. The selection of charging durations by In Fig. 10, illustrates the balance graph of an EV charging
users is determined by their specific needs and the amount system relative to vehicle running time, along with real-time
available in their accounts, as seen in Fig. 9d. After the user data visualizations for battery voltage and load voltage. The
selects a charging duration as shown in Fig. 9e, the system balance graph shows how the charging input and energy
initiates the charging process and displays the chosen consumption vary as the vehicle operates. The battery
option, indicating that the vehicle is now receiving a charge voltage graph displays real-time voltage levels, indicating
for the selected duration. The system effectively deducts the charging and discharging cycles, while the load voltage
relevant amount and presents the revised balance after each graph shows the voltage supplied to the vehicle’s load, re-
charging session, as seen in Fig. 9f. After charging several flecting power usage during operation. These visualizations
time new balance is 0 taka and shown messege for card provide a concise overview of the system’s performance and
balance nill messege Fig. 9g. When the user depletes their energy dynamics.
account balance after using the charging service multiple
times, the system determines whether there is an available
loan balance that may be used for charging Fig. 9h. In this
case, as shown in Fig. 9i the user has a loan balance that
they can use for charging, providing them with a temporary
credit to charge their electric vehicle. After using the loan
balance, the account balance becomes negative as shown
in Fig. 9j. In the event that the user over the established
loan limit, the system will initiate a massage requesting the
user to recharge. This process is visually shown in Fig. 9k.
The user can enter the desired amount for the recharge.
the system requests the user to enter the recharge amount
as shown in Fig. 9l. In Fig. 9m, the user enters the recharge
amount to top up their account balance. After completing
Fig. 11: All information are stored in the website
the recharge process as shown in Fig. 9n the display shows
the new account balance after deducting the loan balance
In Fig. 11, shows the process of recording and storing
which was taken before.
charging actions for analysis. All data is securely stored on a
website using a MySQL database with large storage capacity.

TABLE I: COMPAIRED WITH OTHER RESEARCH

(a)

Table I compares the current study with previous works,

(b) highlighting its focus on battery charging status, payment
features, and multi-platform output visibility for improved
user-friendliness.

C. Cost Analysis
A cost analysis was performed in order to estimate the
expenditures related to the project, as shown in Table II.
Within this portion, we deconstruct the financial assess-
(c) ment for our study project. Based on estimations, the
current cost of our prototype is approximately Tk 4260.
Fig. 10: Smart EV Charging system. Considerable cost savings are conceivable if we move to
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onto a PCB board, the anticipated price would probably and location of contour features of electric vehicle charging port in
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8 LCD 16×2 display 1 200/= [11] S. V. Suryakala, T. Rajalakshmi, K. Sikka, and P. Sreekanth, “Coin and
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sites, promoting electric vehicle adoption and eco-friendly
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solar based renewable energy to optimize charging, improve
energy efficiency, and enable predictive maintenance.
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