1.

What type of intermolecular attractive interaction exists in the pair of methanol

and acetone?

Methanol and acetone can engage in hydrogen bonding due to the presence of a
hydroxyl group in methanol and a carbonyl group in acetone.

2. What are isotonic solutions?

Isotonic solutions are solutions that have the same osmotic pressure, resulting in no
net movement of solvent molecules across a semipermeable membrane when
separated by such a membrane.

3. What is meant by 'reverse osmosis'?

Reverse osmosis is a process where solvent molecules move through a semipermeable

membrane from a region of lower solute concentration to a region of higher solute
concentration by applying pressure greater than the osmotic pressure, effectively
purifying the solvent. citeturn0search1

4. Define ebullioscopic constant.

The ebullioscopic constant (Kb) is a proportionality constant that relates the elevation
in boiling point of a solvent to the molality of a solute dissolved in it.

5. Measurement of which colligative property is preferred for determination of

molar mass of biomolecules?

Osmotic pressure measurement is preferred for determining the molar mass of

biomolecules because it can be measured at room temperature and requires only small
amounts of the substance.

6. How is vapor pressure of solvent affected when a non-volatile solute is dissolved

in it?

The vapor pressure of a solvent decreases when a non-volatile solute is dissolved in it

due to the reduction in the number of solvent molecules at the surface.

Section B (2 Marks Questions)

7. Define the term 'molarity of a solution.' State one disadvantage in using molarity
as the unit of concentration.

Molarity (M) is defined as the number of moles of solute per liter of solution. A
disadvantage of using molarity is that it is temperature-dependent because the volume
of the solution can change with temperature, affecting the concentration.

8. State Henry's law. Why do gases always tend to be less soluble in liquids as the
temperature is raised?
 Henry's law states that at a constant temperature, the solubility of a gas in a liquid is
directly proportional to the partial pressure of the gas above the liquid. As temperature
increases, the kinetic energy of gas molecules increases, making them less likely to
dissolve, thereby decreasing their solubility.

9. State Raoult's law for the solution containing volatile components. Can non-ideal
solutions be separated by fractional distillation method?

Raoult's law states that in a solution containing volatile components, the partial vapor
pressure of each component is equal to the product of its mole fraction in the liquid
phase and its vapor pressure in the pure state. Non-ideal solutions can often be
separated by fractional distillation, but the efficiency depends on the extent of
deviation from ideal behavior.

10. Why does a solution containing non-volatile solute have higher boiling point than
the pure solvent? Why is elevation of boiling point a colligative property?

A solution with a non-volatile solute has a higher boiling point than the pure solvent
because the solute lowers the solvent's vapor pressure, requiring a higher temperature
to reach boiling. Elevation of boiling point is a colligative property because it depends
on the number of solute particles, not their identity.

11. What is meant by positive deviations from Raoult's law? Give an example. What
is the sign of ΔH for positive deviation?

Positive deviations from Raoult's law occur when the vapor pressure of the solution is
higher than expected, indicating weaker intermolecular forces between different
components than in the pure substances. An example is a mixture of ethanol and
acetone. The enthalpy change (ΔH) for positive deviation is positive, indicating
endothermic mixing.

12. (a) On mixing liquid X and liquid Y, the volume of the resulting solution
decreases. What type of deviation from Raoult's law is shown by the resulting
solution? What change in temperature would you observe after mixing liquids X
and Y?

A decrease in volume upon mixing indicates negative deviation from Raoult's law,
suggesting stronger intermolecular forces between X and Y than in the pure
components. This mixing is typically exothermic, leading to a temperature increase.

(b) What happens when we place a blood cell in water (hypotonic solution)? Give
reason.

Placing a blood cell in water causes water to enter the cell due to osmosis, leading to
swelling and potential bursting (hemolysis) because water moves from a region of
lower solute concentration (outside) to higher solute concentration (inside the cell).

Section B (2 Marks Questions)

 17. (a) Why is an increase in temperature observed on mixing chloroform and
acetone?

When chloroform and acetone are mixed, hydrogen bonds form between the
molecules, resulting in an exothermic reaction that releases heat, causing an increase
in temperature.

(b) Why does a sodium chloride solution freeze at a lower temperature than
water?

Dissolving sodium chloride in water lowers the solution's freezing point because the
solute particles disrupt the formation of the solid lattice structure of ice, a
phenomenon known as freezing point depression.

18. Out of two 0.1 molal solutions of glucose and potassium chloride, which one will
have a higher boiling point and why?

Potassium chloride (KCl) dissociates into two ions (K⁺ and Cl⁻) in solution,
effectively doubling the number of solute particles compared to glucose, which does
not dissociate. This results in a higher boiling point elevation for the KCl solution due
to the increased number of particles.

19. What type of deviation is shown by a mixture of ethanol and acetone? What type
of azeotrope is formed by mixing ethanol and acetone?

A mixture of ethanol and acetone exhibits positive deviation from Raoult's law
because the interactions between unlike molecules are weaker than those in the pure
components, leading to increased vapor pressure. Such mixtures typically form
minimum boiling azeotropes.

20. Define azeotropes. What type of azeotrope is formed by negative deviation from
Raoult's law? Give an example.

Azeotropes are mixtures of two or more liquids that boil at a constant temperature and
maintain the same composition in both liquid and vapor phases during boiling.
Negative deviation from Raoult's law occurs when the interactions between different
components are stronger than those in the pure substances, leading to a decrease in
vapor pressure. Such mixtures form maximum boiling azeotropes. An example is a
mixture of nitric acid and water.

Section C (3 Marks Questions)

21. A solution is prepared by dissolving 5 g of a non-volatile solute in 95 g of water.

It has a vapor pressure of 23.375 mm Hg at 25°C. Calculate the molar mass of
the solute, given that the vapor pressure of pure water at 25°C is 23.75 mm Hg.

The relative lowering of vapor pressure is calculated as:

23.75−23.37523.75=0.015789\frac{{23.75 - 23.375}}{{23.75}} = 0.015789

 This is equal to the mole fraction of the solute (χ₂):

χ2=n2n1+n2\chi_2 = \frac{{n_2}}{{n_1 + n_2}}

Assuming n2n_2 is much smaller than n1n_1, we approximate:

χ2≈n2n1\chi_2 \approx \frac{{n_2}}{{n_1}}

The number of moles of solvent (water) is:

n1=9518≈5.278 moln_1 = \frac{{95}}{{18}} \approx 5.278 \, \text{mol}

Then:

n2=χ2×n1=0.015789×5.278≈0.0834 moln_2 = \chi_2 \times n_1 = 0.015789 \times

5.278 \approx 0.0834 \, \text{mol}

The molar mass (M₂) of the solute is:

M2=50.0834≈59.96 g/molM_2 = \frac{{5}}{{0.0834}} \approx 59.96 \, \text{g/mol}

Therefore, the molar mass of the solute is approximately 60 g/mol.

22. When 1.5 g of a non-volatile solute was dissolved in 90 g of benzene, the boiling
point of benzene raised from 353.23 K to 353.93 K. Calculate the molar mass of
the solute. (Kb for benzene = 2.52 K kg/mol)

The elevation in boiling point (ΔTb) is:

ΔTb=353.93 K−353.23 K=0.7 K\Delta T_b = 353.93 \, \text{K} - 353.23 \, \text{K} =

0.7 \, \text{K}

The molality (m) of the solution is:

m=ΔTbKb=0.72.52≈0.2778 mol/kgm = \frac{{\Delta T_b}}{{K_b}} = \frac{{0.7}}

{{2.52}} \approx 0.2778 \, \text{mol/kg}

The number of moles of solute is:

n2=m×mass of solvent (kg)=0.2778×0.09≈0.025 moln_2 = m \times \text{mass of

solvent (kg)} = 0.2778 \times 0.09 \approx 0.025 \, \text{mol}

The molar mass (M₂) of the solute is:

M2=1.50.025=60 g/molM_2 = \frac{{1.5}}{{0.025}} = 60 \, \text{g/mol}

Therefore, the molar mass of the solute is 60 g/mol.

Section C (3 Marks Questions)

23. Calculate the freezing point of the solution when 31 g of ethylene glycol (C₂H₆O₂) is
dissolved in 500 g of water. (K_f for water = 1.86 K kg/mol)

To calculate the freezing point depression (ΔT_f) of the solution:

1. Determine the molality (m) of the solution:

o Molar mass of ethylene glycol (C₂H₆O₂):

2×12.01 (C)+6×1.01 (H)+2×16.00 (O)=24.02+6.06+32.00=62.08 g/mol2 \

times 12.01\, \text{(C)} + 6 \times 1.01\, \text{(H)} + 2 \times 16.00\, \
text{(O)} = 24.02 + 6.06 + 32.00 = 62.08\, \text{g/mol}

o Moles of ethylene glycol:

31 g62.08 g/mol≈0.499 mol\frac{31\, \text{g}}{62.08\, \text{g/mol}} \approx

0.499\, \text{mol}

o Mass of water in kilograms:

500 g1000=0.5 kg\frac{500\, \text{g}}{1000} = 0.5\, \text{kg}

o Molality (m):

0.499 mol0.5 kg≈0.998 mol/kg\frac{0.499\, \text{mol}}{0.5\, \text{kg}} \

approx 0.998\, \text{mol/kg}

2. Calculate the freezing point depression (ΔT_f):

ΔTf=Kf×m=1.86 K kg/mol×0.998 mol/kg≈1.86 KΔT_f = K_f \times m = 1.86\, \

text{K kg/mol} \times 0.998\, \text{mol/kg} \approx 1.86\, \text{K}

3. Determine the new freezing point of the solution:

The normal freezing point of water is 0°C. Therefore:

New freezing point=0 °C−1.86 K=−1.86 °C\text{New freezing point} = 0\, \text{°C}
- 1.86\, \text{K} = -1.86\, \text{°C}

24.

(a) State Raoult's law for a solution containing volatile components. How does Raoult's
law become a special case of Henry's law?

 Raoult's Law: For a solution containing volatile components, Raoult's law states that
the partial vapor pressure of each component (P_i) in the solution is equal to the
product of the mole fraction of that component in the liquid phase (x_i) and its vapor
pressure in the pure state (P_i⁰):

Pi=xi×Pi0P_i = x_i \times P_i⁰

  Relation to Henry's Law: Raoult's law can be viewed as a special case of Henry's
law when dealing with the solvent in an ideal solution. Henry's law states that the
partial pressure of a gas above a solution (P) is proportional to its mole fraction in the
solution (x):

P=KH×xP = K_H \times x

In the case of an ideal solution where the solvent behaves ideally, the proportionality
constant (K_H) becomes equal to the vapor pressure of the pure solvent (P_i⁰), thus
aligning Henry's law with Raoult's law.

(b) 1.00 g of a non-electrolyte solute dissolved in 50 g of benzene lowered the freezing

point of benzene by 0.40 K. Find the molar mass of the solute. (K_f for benzene = 5.12 K
kg/mol)

To calculate the molar mass of the solute:

1. Determine the molality (m) of the solution:

o Freezing point depression (ΔT_f):

ΔTf=0.40 KΔT_f = 0.40\, \text{K}

o Molality (m):

m=ΔTfKf=0.40 K5.12 K kg/mol≈0.0781 mol/kgm = \frac{ΔT_f}{K_f} = \

frac{0.40\, \text{K}}{5.12\, \text{K kg/mol}} \approx 0.0781\, \text{mol/kg}

2. Calculate the moles of solute:

o Mass of benzene in kilograms:

50 g1000=0.05 kg\frac{50\, \text{g}}{1000} = 0.05\, \text{kg}

o Moles of solute:

m×mass of solvent (kg)=0.0781 mol/kg×0.05 kg≈0.00391 molm \times \

text{mass of solvent (kg)} = 0.0781\, \text{mol/kg} \times 0.05\, \text{kg} \
approx 0.00391\, \text{mol}

3. Determine the molar mass (M) of the solute:

M=mass of solutemoles of solute=1.00 g0.00391 mol≈256 g/molM = \frac{\text{mass

of solute}}{\text{moles of solute}} = \frac{1.00\, \text{g}}{0.00391\, \text{mol}} \
approx 256\, \text{g/mol}

25. Henry's law constant (K_H) for the solution of methane in benzene at 298 K is 4.27 ×
10⁴ mmHg. Calculate the solubility of methane in benzene at 298 K under 760 mmHg.

To calculate the solubility of methane in benzene:

1. Apply Henry's law:

 C=PKHC = \frac{P}{K_H}

Where:

o CC = solubility of the gas in the solvent (mol/L)

o PP = partial pressure of the gas (mmHg)
o KHK_H = Henry's law constant (mmHg·L/mol)
2. Calculate the solubility:

C=760 mmHg4.27×104 mmHg\cdotpL/mol≈0.0178 mol/LC = \frac{760\, \

text{mmHg}}{4.27 \times 10^4\, \text{mmHg·L/mol}} \approx 0.0178\,
\text{mol/L}

3. Convert to grams per liter:

o Molar mass of methane (CH₄):

12.01 (C)+4×1.01 (H)=12.01+4.04=16.05 g/mol12.01\, \text{(C)} + 4 \times

1.01\, \text{(H)} = 12.01 + 4.04 = 16.05\, \text{g/mol}

o Solubility in g/L:

0.0178 mol/L×16.05 g/mol≈0.286 g/L0.0178\, \text{mol/L} \times 16.05\, \

text{g/mol} \approx 0.286\, \text{g/L}