General and detailed specifications of works as per Telangana State Standard Data and Schedule of Rates, Departmental

procedure for construction work, Measurement Book and Muster Roll.

 Specifications

 Describes the nature and class of work, materials to be used, workmanship, etc.
 Cost of work depends on this
 Should be clear without any ambiguity
 Important part of a contract document
 Drawings + Specifications = define a complete structure
 Two types - General and Detailed
General Specifications
 Gives general description of the whole work. Foundation & Plinth

 Nature and class of work and materials in DPC

general terms Superstructure

 1st 2nd 3rd & 4th class buildings Roofing

Flooring

Finishing

Doors & Windows

Miscellaneous
 General specifications of a first class building
Foundation and plinth:
I class brickwork with lime mortar or 1:6 CM over lime concrete or 1:4:8 cement concrete
Damp proof course:
DPC shall be 2.5cm thick cement concrete 1:1.5:3 mixed with 1 kg of impermo /bag of cement or other
standard water proofing materials specified and painted with two coats of bitumen.
Superstructure:
I class brick work with lime mortar or 1:6 CM. lintels over doors and windows shall be of RCC
Roofing:
• Roof shall be of RCC slab with insulation layer and lime concrete terracing above, above RCC beams
• Height of room shall not be less than 3.7m
Flooring:
• Drawing room and dining room floors shall be of mosaic.
• Bathroom and W.C floors and dado shall be of mosaic
• Floors of bed rooms shall be coloured and polished of 2.5cm cement concrete over 7.5cm lime concrete
• Floors of others shall be of 2.5cm cement concrete over 7.5cm lime concrete polished
Finishing:
• Inside and outside walls shall be of 12mm cement
• Drawing, dining and bedrooms – inside shall be distempered
• Others – inside white washed 3 coats
• Outside – coloured washed two coats over one coat of white wash
Doors and windows:
Chaukhats – seasoned teak wood
Shutters – teak wood 4.3cm thick panelled glazed or partly panelled and partly glazed
All fittings – brass
Doors and windows varnished or painted two coats with high class enamel over one coat of priming
Windows – iron gratings or grills
Miscellaneous:
• Rain water pipes of cast iron or asbestos cement
• 1st class sanitary and water fittings and electrical installations.
• 1m wide 7.5cm thick C.C 1:3:6 apron all around the building
 General specifications of a second class building
Foundation and plinth:
I class brickwork with lime mortar over lime concrete
Damp proof course:
DPC shall be 2cm thick cement concrete mixed with 1 kg of impermo /bag of cement or other standard
water proofing materials specified and painted with two coats of bitumen.
Superstructure:
2nd class brick work with lime mortar.
lintels over doors and windows shall be of RCC
Roofing:
• Roof shall be of RCC slab with 7.5cm lime concrete terracing above.
• Verandah roof may be of A.C (Asbestos Cement) sheet or Allhabad tiles
Flooring:
• Floors shall be 2.5cm cement concrete over 7.5cm lime concrete. Verandah floor shall be of brick tile or
flag stone over lime concrete.
Finishing:
• Inside and outside walls shall be of 12mm cement mortar plastred 1:6
• Ceiling shall be cement plastered 1:3.
• Inside white washed 3 coats
• Coloured washed two coats over one coat of white wash
Doors and windows:
Chaukhats – RCC or well seasoned sal wood
Shutters – shisham wood or deodar wood 4cm thick panelled glazed or partly panelled and partly
glazed
All fittings – iron
Doors and windows varnished or painted two coats with high class enamel over one coat of priming
Miscellaneous:
• Rain water pipes of cast iron painted
• Electrification, sanitary and water fittings may be provided if required
 General specifications of a Third class building
Foundation and plinth:
2nd class brickwork with lime mortar over lime concrete
Damp proof course:
DPC shall be 2cm thick cement mortar 1:2 mixed with standard water proofing compound.
Superstructure:
2nd class brick work in mud mortar. Door and window opening shall be provided with arches of 2nd
class brickwork in lime mortar or with wooden planks.
Roofing:
• Roof shall be mud over tiles or bricks or planks over wooden beams or of tile or GI sheet or AC sheet
sloping roof.
Flooring:
• Floors shall be of brick-on-edge floor over well rammed earth.
Finishing:
• Inside and outside walls shall be plastered with lime mortar and white washed three coats.
Doors and windows:
• Chaukhat – salwood
• Shutters – chir mango or other country wood
• Doors and windows shall be painted two coats with ordinary paint over one coat of priming
 General specifications of a Fourth class building
Foundation and superstructure:
Sun dried or kutcha bricks in mud mortar.
Doors and windows openings shall be provided with arches of 2nd class brickwork in lime mortar or
with wooden planks.
Inside and outside shall be water proof mud plastered.
Roofing:
• Roof shall be of tile roof over bamboo and wooden supports
Flooring:
• Floor shall be kutcha or earthen floor finished with gobri washing (cow dung lepping)
Doors and Windows:
• Chir or mango wood or country wood
 General Specifications (Roads)
Subgrade :
Well consolidated and compacted with camber 1 in 60
Soiling :
• Minimum 30cm (1’) wider than metaled width of road with –
i. Over burnt bricks filled up with sand and 2.3cm (1”) thick earth lightly compacted
ii. Stone boulders 15cm (6”) thick well packed and compacted earth over it
Inter Coat:
Stone ballast or over burnt brick ballast of 12cm thick layer and consolidated and compacted by roller to
8cm
Top Coat :
Stone ballast or over burnt brick ballast of 12cm (4.5”) and consolidated as well as compacted to 8cm (3”)
Bitumen first coat :
Stone grit of 20mm gauge at 220 kg asphalt or Tar no.3 and 1.35 cum stone grit per 100 sqm.
Bitumen second coat :
Stone grit of 12mm gauge at 120 kg asphalt and 0.75 cum stone grit per 100 sqm.
Brick Edging :
Over burnt bricks on both sides
Misc. :
For heavy traffic wearing surface may be provided with cement concrete
If subgrade is soft or weak well compacted thick sub base of inferior materials to be used
 Detailed specifications:
• Detailed description and expresses the requirements in detail.
• Specifies the qualities and quantities of materials, proportion of mortar, workmanship, method of
preparation and execution and method of measurement.
• Express the requirements clearly in a concise form avoiding repetition and ambiguity.
• Arranged as far as possible in the same sequence of order as the work is carried out.
• Printed detailed specifications are referred instead of writing detailed specifications every time.
 Earthwork in excavation in foundation:
Excavation:
• Foundation trenches shall be dug out to the exact width of the foundation concrete
• Side walls shall be vertical
• Soil is not good and does not permit vertical sides, sides should be sloped back or protected with
timber shoring
• Excavated earth shall not be placed within 1m of the edge of the trench
Finish of trench:
• Bottom of foundation trenches shall be perfectly levelled both longitudinally and transversely
• Sides of the trenches shall be dressed perfectly vertical
• The bed of the trench shall be lightly watered and well rammed.
• Excess digging if done by mistake shall be filled with concrete at the expense of the contractor
• Soft or defective spots shall be dugout and removed filled with concrete or with stabilized soil.
• If rocks or boulders are found during excavation, these should be removed and the bed of the trenches
shall be levelled and made hard by consolidating the earth.
• Foundation concrete not be laid before the inspection and approval of the trench by the engineer-in-
charge.
Finds:
• Any treasure and valuables or materials found during the excavation, shall be property of the
government
Water in foundation:
• Water, if any accumulates in the trench, should be bailed or pumped out without any extra payment
and necessary precautions shall be taken to prevent surface water to enter into the trench.
Trench filling:
• After the concrete has been laid masonry has been constructed the remaining portion of the trenches
shall be filled up with earth layers of 15cm and watered and well rammed
• The earth filling shall be free from rubbish and refuse matters and all clods shall be broken before filling
• Surplus earth not required, shall be removed and disposed and site shall be levelled and dressed.
Measurement:
• The measurement of the excavation shall be taken in cum as for rectangular trench bottom width of
concrete multiplied by the vertical depth of the foundation from ground level and multiplied by the
length of trenches
• Rate shall be for complete work for 30m lead and 1.5m lift including all tools and plants required
• For every extra lead of 30m and every extra lift of 1.5m separate item and paid seperatley
Excavation in saturated soil:
• Saturated soil or below sub soil water level shall be taken under separate item
• Pumping or bailing out of water and removal of water and removal of slush shall be included in the
item.
Earth work Excavation in Foundation
 Size
 30m Lead / 1.5m Lift
 Finds
 Water in Foundation-Pumping
 Timber shoring
 Filling – 15cm layers- rammed

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 Cement Concrete (1:2:4):
Materials:
Aggregate should be clean, dense, hard, sound, durable, non-absorbent and capable of developing good
bond with mortar
Coarse aggregate:
• Hard broken stone of granite, free from dust, dirt and other foreign matters.
• Stone ballast shall be of 20mm size and down and all should be retained in a 5mm sieve and well
graded such that voids do not exceed 42%.
• For building work 20mm gauge and for road work 40 to 60mm gauge may used
Fine aggregates:
• Coarse sand consisting of hard, sharp and angular grains and shall pass through 5mm sieve
• Sand shall be of clean and free from dust, dirt and organic matters.
• Sea sand shall not be used
• Crushed stone may also used
Cement:
Fresh Portland cement of standard specifications and shall have the required fineness
Water:
Clean and free from alkaline and acid matters and suitable for drinking purposes
Proportion:
• 1:2:4 = cement: sand: stone ballast by volume
• Minimum compressive strength of concrete of 1:2:4 proportion shall be 140 kg/cm2 on 7 days
• Stone aggregate and sand measured by volume with boxes.
• Mixing shall be of machine mixing
• Small work hand mixing by batches may be allowed
Hand mixing:
• Mixing shall be done in masonry platform or sheet iron tray
• Two boxes of sand and one bag of cement shall be mixed dry thoroughly
• This dry mix of cement and sand placed over a stack of 4 boxes of stone aggregate and the whole turning at least 3
times – uniform mix
• Water shall be added slowly and gradually with a water can 25-30 litres per bag of cement
• Whole mix shall be thoroughly turning at least 3 times to get uniform concrete
Machine mixing:
• Stone ballast, sand and cement shall be put into the cement concrete mixer to have the required proportion
• The machine shall be revolved to mix materials in dry form and then water shall be added gradually to the
required quantity 25-30 litres per bag of cement to have required w/c
• The mixing should be thorough to have a plastic mix of uniform colour
• It requires 1.5 to 2 minutes rotation for thorough mixing
• Mixed concrete unloaded on a masonry platform or on a iron sheet.
• Output of concrete mix – 15 to 20 mix /hr
Slump:
• Slump test should be carried out to control the addition of water and to maintain the required
consistency
• A slump of 7.5cm to 10cm may be allowed for building work and 4cm to 3cm allowed for road work
Formwork:
• Centring and shuttering shall be provided as required
• The inner surface of shuttering shall be oiled to prevent concrete sticking to it.
• The base and formwork over concrete to be laid shall be watered by sprinkling water before concrete is
laid
• Forms should not be removed before 14 days
• Side forms may be however be removed after 3 days of concreting
• Formworks shall be removed slowly and carefully without disturbing and damaging concrete.
Laying:
• Concrete shall be laid gently in layers not exceeding 15cm and compacted by pinning with rods and
tamping with wooden tampers or with mechanical vibrating machine until a dense concrete is obtained
• Over vibration which will separate coarse aggregate from concrete should be avoided
• After removal of the form work in due time the concrete surface shall be free from honey combing
• Concrete shall be laid continuously
• If laying is suspended for rest or for the following day the end shall be sloped at an angle of 30 degrees
and made rough for further jointing
• When the work resumed, the previous sloped portion shall be roughened, cleaned and watered and a
grout of neat cement shall be applied and the fresh concrete shall be laid.
Curing:
• After about 2 hrs laying, concrete has begun to harden
• Cover with wet gunny bags or wet sand for 24 hours and then cured by flooding with water making
mud walls 7.5cm high or by covering with wet sand or earth and kept damp continuously for 15 days
• Curing may be done by covering concrete with special type of waterproof paper as to prevent water
escaping or evaporating
 Reinforced cement concrete (RCC)
Steel:
• Mild steel or deformed steel of standard specifications and shall be free from corrosion, loose rut scales,
oil, grease, paint, etc.
• Shall be round and capable of being bent without fracture
• Bars shall be hooked and bent accurately and placed in position as per design and drawing and bound
together tight with steel wire at their point of intersection
• Bars of 40mm dia and above may be bent by heating to dull red and allowed to cool slowly without
immersing in water
• Joints in the bar should be avoided as far as possible
• Joints have to made an overlap of 40D with proper hooks at ends
• Bigger dia bars should be joined by welding and tested before placing in position
• Side and bottom covers of concrete by placing precast cover blocks underneath of 1:2 CM 2.5cmx2.5cm
• During laying and compacting of concrete the reinforcement bars should not move from their positions
 Detailed Specifications
Reinforced Cement concrete [RCC]
 Steel – Hot / Cold rolled -ribs, MS
 Free from rust, dust, oil, grease
 Hooks, bents as per IS
 Covers 4-5 cm for beams/columns and 1-2 cm
for slabs as per IS
 Centering and shuttering – timber / steel
plates, smooth finish, no yielding.
 Clean, oiled.
 Mixing and placing <20 min
 Compacting & Vibrating
 Removing shuttering-4days for Columns, 10
days for slabs, 14 days for beams.
 Plastering
1:3 CM

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 Dam Proof Course 2.5cm CC 1:1.5:3
Materials:
• Cement, coarse sand and stone aggregate of 1:1.5:3 with 2% of impermo or cem-seal, other standard
water proofing compound 1kg /1bag of cement
• Applied at the plinth level in a horizontal layer of 2.5cm thickness
Cement: fresh Portland cement as per standard specifications
Sand: clean, coarse of 5mm size and down
Stone aggregate: hard and tough of 20mm size well graded and free from dust and dirt
Mixing:
• Mixing done on masonry platform or in a sheet iron tray
• Cement is first mixed thoroughly with the water proofing compound to the required quantity
• Then mixed with the sand proportion of 1:1.5.
• Cement and sand shall be mixed with stone aggregate
• Clean water shall be added slowly and gradually
Centring and shuttering:
Laying:
Curing: 7 days
Painting with asphalt:
• Two coats of asphalt painting – upper surface of damp proof course
• First coat: hot asphalt at 1.5 kg/sqm applied uniformly on dry concrete and blinded with coarse sand
• Second coat: 1 kg/sqm applied uniformly and surface is blinded with coarse sand
 Detailed Specifications
Damp Proof Course
 2.5cm thk - 1:1.5:3 CM with 2%
water proofing compound.
 Curing – 7 days
 Brickwork I class:
Bricks:
• First class of standard specifications made of good brick earth, thoroughly burnt and deep cherry red or
copper colour
• Regular shape and their edges should be sharp emit clear ringing sound free from cracks, chips, flaws
and lumps of any kind
• Not absorb water more than 1/6 weight after 1 hr of soaking by immersing in water
• Minimum crushing strength of 105 kg/sqcm
Mortar:
Cement mortar:
Cement: fresh Portland cement of standard specifications
Sand:
Sharp, clean and free from organic and foreign matters.
For rich mortar, coarse or medium sand mortar may be of 1:3 to 1:6
Measured using measuring box
Mixing:
Fresh mixed mortar shall be used
Lime surkhi mortar:
• Mixed in specified proportion by grinding in mortar mill for at least 3hrs on same day of use.
• Lime shall be fresh and slaked and screened at the site of work
• Fresh mixed mortar within 24 hrs shall be used, old and stale mortar should not be used
• Small work – hand mixing
Soaking of brick:
Fully soaked in clean water – submerging in water – 12hrs- till air bubbling is ceased
Laying:
• Well bonded and laid in English bond unless otherwise specified
• Vertical joints of consecutive course shall not come directly over another
• No damaged or broken bricks shall be used.
• Brickwork shall be carried out not more than 1m height at a time.
Curing:
Wet for a period of 10 days after laying
Protection:
Effect of sun, rain, frost during the constructions
Scaffolding:
• Necessary and suitable scaffolding shall be provided to facilitate the construction of brick wall
• strong supports and members sufficiently strong to withstand all loads
Measurement:
• Measured in cum.
• Different kinds of brickwork with different mortar taken separate items
• Thickness of wall – multiple of half brick: half brick 10cm, 1 brick 20cm, 1.5 brick – 30cm and so on.
• The rate shall be the for complete work including scaffolding and all tools and plants
II class and III class:
• Bricks shall be II class and mortar shall be as specified
• Kankar lime or white lime and surkhi of 1:2 to 1:3 proportion
• Mortar joints shall not exceed 10mm in thickness
• Bricks soaked in water at least 3 hrs
• For III class, bricks shall be III class
• Mortar shall be as specified and mortar joints shall not exceed 12mm
• Bricks dipped into a tub of water before use.
 Detailed Specifications
Brick Work 1st class
 Thoroughly burnt, cherry / copper red in colour with frog
 Sharp edges, ringing sound.
 Absorb < 1/6th of water when soaked [for 12 Hrs before use]
 Min crushing strength –
1st class – 105 kg/cm^2
2nd class – 70 kg/cm^2
 Std size – 19x9x9 cm
 20x10x10 – Nominal size including mortar thickness.
 Mortar – 1:3 / 1:6
 Frog upwards except for top layer
 English bond if not specified
 Joints raked and faces cleaned
 Not more than 1m height at a time
 10 days curing before plastering

Brick Work 2nd class – lime or surkhi mortar 1:2 / 1:3 with
bricks soaked 3 Hrs before use

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Plastering cement mortar or lime mortar:
• The joints of the brickwork shall be raked out to a depth of 18mm and surface shall be washed and kept
wet for two days before plastering
• Materials: cement, sand or lime and surkhi or sand, or kankar lime as specified
• Materials first dry mixed and then water added slowly
• Thickness of the plastering – 12mm two or three coats
• External plastering started from top and worked down towards floor
• Internal plastering – building frame is ready
• Ceiling plastering completed before starting of wall plaster
• All corners and edges shall be rounded
• Plastered surface shall be kept for 10 days
• Protected from rain, sun, frost etc.
• Ideal work – plastering 3 coats
• First coat – 10mm, second coat – 10 to 6mm and third coat – 5 to 6mm total thickness – 20mm.
• First coat: raked, cleaned and wetted surface by dashing the mortar and floated roughly with wooden
float
• Damp for at least two days
• Second coat: first coat sufficient set, the surface shall be wetted and plaster shall be applied
• Damp for at least 2 days
• Third coat: finishing coat applied on the wetted surface of the second coat finished smooth
• Work shall be tested with a straight edge and plumb bob
Curing:
• Kept wet for at least 10 days
Cement sand mortar: 1:3, 1:4, 1:5, 1:6
Cement, lime, sand mortar: 1:1:6
Lime surkhi or sand mortar – 1:1, 1:2
 Pointing:
Joints of the brickwork raked – 20mm and surface of the wall washed and cleaned and kept wet for 2 days
before pointing
Materials of mortar:
Cement and sand or lime and surkhi or sand or kankar lime as specified
Materials –
• dry mixed required proportion and then adding water slowly
• Mortar applied in the joints slightly in excess and pressed by a proper tool of the required shape
• Mortar shall not spread over the face of bricks and edge of the bricks clearly defined to give neat
appearance
• Surface kept wet for 7 days
Flush pointing:
Mortar pressed into the raked, cleaned and wet joints shall be finished off flush
Ruled pointing:
• Mortar pressed into the raked, cleaned and wet joints and groove of shape and size of 5 to 6mm deep – forming tool
of steel along the centre line of the joint.
• Vertical joints also shall be finished in a similar manner
Weather or truck pointing:
• joint is sloping from top to bottom.
• Vertical joints finished – ruled pointing
Raised or trucked pointing:
Bands of 6mm raised and 10mm width or as directed
 Detailed Specifications
Plastering
 Brick wall surface racked and
wetted
 1:2 / 1:3 / 1:4 / 1:5 / 1:6
 1 cm thick applied in 2 to 3 coats
 Straight edge and plumbob
 Curing – 10 days
Pointing
 For exposed surfaces
 Joints raked out 2cm deep
 CM 1:2 / 1:3
45
 Flooring:
 Mosaic
 Ceramic / Vitrified Tiles
 Stone [Granite, Marble, etc]
Mosaic or terrazzo floor:
• Two layers, bottom layer 2cm to 2.5cm cement concrete 1:2:4 or as specified
• Upper layer 6mm consisting of mix of marble chips and cement of 1:1.5, top layer laid on the following
day
• Upper layer thickness is more than the specified thickness in order to get specified thickness after
cutting and finishing
Cement: standard specifications
Sand: coarse well graded clean and free from dust and dirt
Stone grit or coarse aggregate: tough of 12mm well graded, clean and free from dust and dirt
Marble chips: 3mm size having max size 3mm and minimum size 1.5mm
Large size chips limited to 6mm in big rooms and floors
Cement concrete: same procedure
• Base shall be made rough and watered and cement wash then concrete shall be laid in 2cm thick panels
of 1x2m bounded by 3mm aluminium strips
• After laying, concrete compacted by beating and tamping and levelled with wooden floats
Upper layer:
• Marble chips and cement mixed by measuring with boxes with required proportion first dry mixed
• Thoroughly mixed by adding water gradually to uniform mix
• Within two hours of laying of CC, the upper layer of marble chips and cement shall be laid.
• Surface shall be covered with wet bags and kept wet and left undisturbed for two days
• Surface shall be cut or ground by rubbing with sand stone blocks and cement in the surface removed
• Neat cement wash given in the surface and left undisturbed for six days
• Surface shall be rubbed with corborundum stones of different grades starting with coarse one and
successively with finer ones and rubbing is continued until the entire surface shows a uniform granular
appearance.
• Surface kept wet during all these days
• After final rubbing the surface shall be thoroughly cleaned by washing with soap water and then clean
with water
• Finally oxalic acid powder rubbed on the surface until the surface becomes perfectly smooth and glossy
• Surface may also rubbed with wax to give a glazing surface
• White cement or coloured cement used to have required colour
 White washing:
• Fresh lime slaked mixed with sufficient water – thin cream
• 5 litres of water – 1kg of lime
• Screened through a coarse cloth
• Gum or glue – 100 grams – 16 litres
• Surface should be dry and cleaned from dust and dirt
• Wash applied with brush vertically and horizontally alternatively
• Wash kept stirred in the container while using
• Two or three coats applied as specified and each coat shall be perfectly dry before the succeeding coat
is applied over it
• White wash should not splash on the floor and other surfaces
• Old surface, surface should be cleaned and repaired with cement mortar and allowed to dry before
white wash is applied
• Final coat blue pigment powder should be mixed to the required quantity to give a bright surface
 Colour washing:
• Prepared with fresh slaked white lime mixed with water to make thin cream adding the coloured
pigment to the required quantity to give required tint
• Gum in the proportion of 100 gm – 16 litres
• 2 or 3 coats as specified
• Method is same as above
 Distempering:
• Best quality and colour should be as specified
• Mixed and prepared and water added
• First paste – adding little hot water to the distemper powder and stirred thoroughly and allowed to stand for few
minutes
• Water added – thin cream paste
• If surface is rough – smoothened by sand paper
• Surface must dry before distempering is commenced
• This should be done on dry weather not during too hot or wet weather
• Brushing – first horizontal then vertical
• After each days work – brushes shall be washed and kept dry
 Detailed Specifications
Flooring
 Mosaic
 Ceramic / Vitrified Tiles
 Stone [Granite,Marble,etc]
White wash
 paint made from slaked lime [heating lime
stone]. Lime+water+glue. 2-3 coats
Color wash
 Over white wash [color pigment added].
 1-2 coats
Distemper paint [Cement paint]
 is an ancient type of paint made of water,
chalk, and pigment
 cheaper and can be directly applied on walls
without a primer [Acrylic/Synthetic]

Note: Surfaces are cleaned / scrubbed for old

paint before applying

52
 Ashlar Masonry:
• Stone: hard, tough, round and durable of approved quarry
• Chisel dressed on all beds to perfect square or rectangular faces
• Minimum height of stone – 20cm & breadth not < 1.5 height
• Stones laid – alternative headers and stretchers with break joint
• Not have any vertical joint in two consecutive layers
• No joint thicker than 3.5mm
• If pointing is not provided as separate item, joints finished at the time of laying
• Not more than 60cm height constructed at a time
• Mortar: rich fine mortar
• CM : 1:2 to 1:4 or LM: 1:1 to 1:2
• Mixing: same procedure
• All stones shall be thoroughly wetted before use
• Curing: 10 days and protected from sun, rain, frost and other weather effect
 Detailed Specifications
Ashlar Masonry
 In this type ashlar masonry, each stone is cut to uniform size and shape with all
sides rectangular, so that the stone gives perfectly horizontal and vertical joints
with adjoining stone
 Size – 20cm ht and width 1.5 times height.
 Joint < 3.5mm
 Construction height - not more than 60 cm at a time
 CM – 1:2 / 1:4
 Coursed rubble stone masonry:
• Stone: hard, sound and durable
• Hammer dressed on bed and top and sides – close
• Rounded surface – not used
• Stone thickness >10cm
• Broader face – downward
• Joints – fill with mortar
• Outer faces- squared with hammer
• Stones – alternative headers and stretchers
• Corner stones – good stone and dressed to correct angle
• Mortar: CM : 1:3 to 1:6 or LM: 1:2 to 1:3
• Mixing: same procedure
• Joints <12mm, Height <=60cm, All stones wetted before laying , Curing: 10 days
 Detailed Specifications
Course Rubbled Masonry
 Stones are roughly dressed and laid in courses
 CM – 1:3 / 1:6
 Random rubble stone masonry:
• Stone: hard, sound, and durable
• Hammer dressed – stones laid will close
• Stones – equal size and fitted to the adjacent stones
• Size >15cm
• Round surface not used
• Face stone – large, uniform size and colour to give good appearance
• Breadth >height
• Broader face downward – good bedding
• Corner stones – good stone, dressed correct angle, headers and strechers
• Mortar: CM: 1:3 to 1:6, LM: 1:2 to 1:3
• Joints - <2cm
• Height <=60cm
 Detailed Specifications
Random Rubbled Masonry
 In this type of masonry, the stones used are of widely different sizes. This is the
roughest and cheapest form of stone masonry.
 Stones are roughly dressed and laid in courses
 CM – 1:3 / 1:6
 Detailed specifications of road work:
Over burnt bricks:
• I class – good brick earth
• Brick earth – free from gravel, kankar and other materials
• All bricks – over burnt – copper colour
• Unburnt bricks – not used
Over burnt brick ballast:
• I class brick ballast of 50mm gauge, broken at site, over burnt – copper colour
• Homogeneous in texture and roughly in cubical shape
• Clean from dust and stacked 30cm high on levelled
• For 3.70m wide road, 12cm loose layer, trapezium section of 1m width 1.48m bottom width and 30cm
height
Stone ballast:
• hard, rough and durable granite stone ballast 60mm gauge
• Should not absorb water and not effected by weather action
• Free from dust, dirt, etc.
• Stacked 30cm high on the levelled
• Size of stack – same as brick ballast
Kankar:
• Good, hard and 65mm to 20mm gauge
• Free from earth, dust, dirt, etc.
• Stacked 32cm high and measured ad 30 cm
• Stack should be made continuous without any gap
• stack: top width 1m, bottom width 1.48m, height – 32cm
Laying and consolidation of road metal, stone ballast or brick ballast:
• Done during early rainy season
• Camber – 1in 60 or 1in 48
• Ballast dry rolled – 10 tonnes edges to centre line
• Fully saturated and then compacted until no mark of roller left on the surface
• For checking, few stone pieces placed over the surface and roller passed over them if the stones not sink
– perfect consolidation
• Surface is thinly blinded with sandy earth and watered and rolled
• Surface should brought to the required camber by placing template at regular intervals
• Road opened to traffic when dry
Laying and consolidation of kankar metal:
• Done during the early rains – sufficient water is available for consolidation
Kankar stacks:
• Largest kankar (size 63mm to 40mm) used at bottom
• Intermediate or medium size kankar (40mm to 25mm) in middle
• Smallest size kankar (25mm and below) at top
• Surface – required camber and 2 mud walls 20cm wide and 15cm high made along outer edges
• Surface cleaned, kankar spread in three levels
• First big size kankar then medium size kankar and finally at the top small size
• Camber is provided with template
• Kankar fully saturated with water and consolidated
• Ramming is done at edges to the center – until it thoroughly compacted
• Road open to traffic – surface is dry
First coat of painting or surface dressing with bitumen:
• Surface – dry, free from dust, dirt, etc
• Cleaning – wire brushes then by hard brush brooms then soft brush
• Road tar heated to a temperature of 200 to 225 F
• Asphalt 80/100 heated to 350F
• Applied to the road surface uniformly with pouring cans or with hose pipe directly connected with tar
boiler
• Brushed evenly over the surface with brush brooms from edge to the crown of the road
• For proper control and uniformity- surface area marked with chalk (one can or drum)
• 220kg tar of asphalt – 100 sqm
• After tar paint, stone grit 20mm to 6mm spread on surface
• Screened two proportions: bigger and smaller pieces
• Bigger grits spread first then smaller grits at the top
• Rolled slowly and lightly with light road roller – smooth surface
• Quantity: 1.35 cum/100sqm
• Any bleeding – covered with small grits or coarse sand
• Road open after 12 hours of rolling
Second coat of painting or surface dressing with bitumen:
• Loose grits of the first coat absorbed – surface mosaic appearance
• Asphalt 80/100 heated to 350 to 375F
• 120kg of asphalt/ 100sqm
• 0.75cum stone grit/100sqm
• Size 12mm to 3mm
• Same method explained in first coating
• Tar heated 220 to 240F may also used for 2nd coating
Pre-coated grits:
• Stone grits used in 1st coat and 2nd coat – pre-coated in advance with bitumen
• It prevents separation and disintegration of grits
• Improves the life of road
• 12kg to 16kg of asphalt or road tar/cum of grit used
2cm premix chips carpet or pre-coated chip surface dressing:
• Tack coat apply on clean surface and immediately after premix carpet laid
• Compacted by rolling and then sand flushing
• Stone chips and sand used – dry
Detailed operations follows:
Base preparation:
• Surface – dry, free from dust, dirt etc.
• Cleaning: wire brush, hard brush brooms, soft brush brooms, finally blowing with a blower
• Pot holes – premix chipping rammed about a week before carpet laid
 Tack coat:
• Two parts of stone grit size 12mm, passing 20mm and retained on 12mm one part of stone chips 10mm
size, passing 12mm and retained on 3mm, loaded in drum mixer and mix dry.
• Stone chips are hard, clean, durable and angular shape
• Stone chips need not to heat but it dry
• Binder: 56kg/cum of stone chips heated to 320 to 340F (Tar 220 to 240F)
• Pour in to mixer – mix thoroughly until stone chips coated with binder.
• Mix discharge to stretchers and carried to site
• 100 sqm premix carpet: 1.8cum 12mm size stone chips, 0.9cum of 10mm size stone chips, 155kg of
bitumen
• Mechanical mixer used- large mix at a time
 Spreading of premix:
• After applying the tack coat, hot mix spread on the surface evenly with rakes – desired thickness, camber-
templates, unevenness – hot mix before rolling

Rolling:

•7 to 8 tonnes roller

•As soon as the sufficient length of premix laid (15m)

•Rolling start at edges and progress towards the centre line

•High spots and depressions corrected by removing or adding premix

•Rolled and compacted thoroughly

•Excessive rolling avoided

•Rolling wheel should keep damp to prevent premix adhering and picking
 Sand flushing

•After rolling, dry coarse sand spread at a rate of 0.3cum/100sqm

•Rolled again until the surface is smooth

•Sand: coarse, clean, hard, durable, free from dust, dirt, organic matter, et.

•Traffic is allowed after 24hrs of compaction

 Seal coat

•If necessary but not >1.5 years after laying carpet

•Binder: shelmac or shelspra or tar

•Heated & mixed with dry coarse sand (6mm stone chips)

•Spread on the surface uniformly and rolled

•Quantity: sand- 0.75cum/100sqm

•Binder- 128 kg/cum of sand

•Instead of seat coat, surface dressing may apply- second coat

 Cold mix and hot mix
Cold mix:

•Stone chips or aggregates not required to heat

•Heated bitumen ( quality and grade) mix with cold and dry chips

•All chips coated with bitumen- good mix

•Binder: shelspra, shelmac, road tar- good quality

Hot mix:

•Binder: asphalt ( quality, grade)

•Binder and aggregates both heated seperately and mixed together

•Carried to the site and applied on the surface – hot , rolled

 Departmental procedure for construction work

• Public works are carried out either departmentally or through contractors.

• Complicated and important works, where the quality of work is essential, executed
departmentally by engaging contractual labours.
• This method requires intensive planning and supervision, so that the output of labours and
machines is commensurate with the expenditure incurred.
• For most works, however, the contract method is employed.
 These are the different methods for carrying out the works:
1. Contract methods
2. Employment of daily labour on muster roll
3. Piece work agreement
4. Work order

• In certain cases due to its situation or nature or due to being not susceptible to measurements the works
cannot be carried out by contract.
• The work in such cases is got done by departmental labour and supply of materials, usually the day to
day maintenance work is attended to by the work charged establishment.
• The work is done by them are not measured.
 Contract methods:
• In this system the whole work is done by a contractor who arranges all materials required and employ
the workers required for completion of projects in time.
• The contract system may be lump sum contract, item rate contract, cost plus percentage contract, labour
contract or materials contract.
 Muster roll:
• Work may be executed departmentally through employment of daily labours such as mason, coolies,
bhisties, carpenters, etc.
• The materials required for the construction such as bricks, cement, sand, lime, surki, timber steel etc.,
and tools and plants required for the operations are got issued from the store by indent or purchase
directly chargeable to the work.
• The attendance of the labours is kept in Muster Roll by the overseer or by his authorized agents.
• Payments to daily labours through muster roll
• All persons engaged departmentally for the execution of works are considered as casual labour.
• Their wages are drawn on "Muster rolls".
• Muster rolls are prepared in the prescribed form (Form 21).
• The Nominal Muster Roll (N.M.R) form consists of two parts.
• Part I of N.M.R. form consists of necessary columns for entering the names of labour, designation,
father's name, their attendance particulars, rates of wages and the total amount payable for each labour.
• N.M.R form has the provision for entering the total amount of the muster, signature or left hand thumb
impression of the labour as a receipt.
• At the bottom of this form, the person preparing such N.M.R form should sign before submitting to A.E
/ D.E.E who in turn verifies the details entered and makes the payment.
• Part II of the muster roll is used for recording the name of work, amount of work done in cases in
which the work is susceptible to measurements.
• Other details like the number of measurement book, pages in which the measurements are recorded
will also be entered in this part.
• If the work is not susceptible to measurement, a remark to that effect is recorded.
Some important instructions regarding the preparation of Muster rolls are:
• Duplicate copies of muster rolls should not be prepared.
• Separate muster rolls are prepared for each period of payment.
• Labour may be paid more than once a month depending upon local conditions and practices.
• The daily record of attendance and times should be recorded in such a way as to leave no possibility of
tampering or making unauthorized entries.
• After the muster roll has been passed, payment should be made as early as possible.
• A record of wages that remains unpaid must be kept in a register of unpaid wages.
• Subsequent payment of unpaid wages is recorded in the hand receipt. A note of the same is recorded in
the register of unpaid wages as well as in the muster roll.
• Wages that remain unpaid for three months must be reported to the divisional office.
• Progress of work done by the labour is recorded and is to be compared with departmental rates.
• Muster rolls are checked with reference to entries in the measurement book to the extent of 50% in the
sub-divisional and 50% in the division office, when the divisional engineer makes payments.
 Piecework agreement:
These are agreements for doing the work at agreed rates, without reference to the total quantity of work or
time.
Small works or piecework up to Rs.5000/- are got done through the contractors by piecework agreement.
In piece-work, the quantity of work is not mentioned and only the rate is mentioned.
This agreement is used
(i) for small works
(ii) when it is necessary to start work in anticipation of the formal acceptance of the contract
(iii) for running contract.
This type contract can be terminated by both parties at any instance without any penalty.
Piece work agreements are: Advantages:
• Urgent small work can be carried without any tenders
• If a contractor leaves, another can take the work
Disadvantages:
• Only petty contractors are interested in this contract.
• Hence careful supervision is required
 Work order
• Work order is used for petty works; work orders may sometimes also mention the time limit within
which the work is to be completed.
• No formal agreement is drawn up with the contractor as in the case of piece-work when the work is
awarded by a work order.
 Measurement Book (M.B.)
The measurement of all works and supplies are recorded in the measurement book and the payments of
all works and supplies are made on the basis of the measurements recorded.
• The measurement book is a most important record since it is the basis of all accounts and quantities
whether the work is done by daily labour, piece work, Schedule contract, lumpsum contract or of
materials received.
• As this is the original record of actual measurements or accounts and forms a reliable record; it may
have to be produced as evidence in court of law in case any dispute arises.
• It is therefore preserved carefully and the movement between officers and persons is also watched
continuously.
• The loss of M.B. is a serious issue and in such conditions it should be reported to the next higher
authority citing the incident and for orders for sanction to its write off.
The following instructions should be observed carefully while recording detailed measurements in the M. B:
• All entries to the measurement book should be made in a continuous chain and in chronological order.
• The pages of the measurement book are machine numbered. If any page left blank through mistake
should be cancelled by diagonal lies and cancellation being initialized and dated.
• Entries to the measurement book should be recorded in ink directly at the field.
• At the end of each set of measurement, the officer recording them has to certify “measured by me” and to
put his full signature with date.
• Any lines not required should be carefully scored out in order to prevent additional entries being made
later on.
• No entry should be erased. If a mistake is made, it should be corrected by crossing out and inserting the
corrections. The corrections made should be initialized with date.
• Separate measurement book has should be used to record the works done by contractor and the works
done by departmental labour.
• After completion of the detailed measurement, the abstract of quantities is drawn up in the M.B.
 Check of measurements of works:
• Entries recorded by the section officer are always subjected to test check by sub-divisional officer to the
extent of 50% by their money value.
• Similarly, the divisional officer is required to test check at least 10% of the measurements, recorded by
his subordinate and to accept responsibility for general correctness of the bill as a whole.
The object of check measurement is to detect errors in measurements and to prevent fraudulent entries.
Check measurements should therefore be conducted on such items:
• Which appear obviously incorrect
• Which would be more easily susceptible of fraud
• Which would more seriously affect the total amount of the bill if inaccurate
• After completion of abstract, the M.B. is sent to the sub-divisional officer for entering the rates of items
of the bills by assistant engineer, and for arithmetical and other checks by the Sub-Divisional clerk.
• The bill thereafter is typed out in the prescribed form and made ready for payment and submitted to
the divisional office for further check and payment.
• Any corrections to or calculations of rates needed is made in red ink by the sub-divisional or divisional
officer.
• In case of the final bill, the corrections should be confirmed by the person making the original entries
before authorizing the payment.
• The bill after scrutiny is endorsed with a pay order both on M.B. and bill forms and signed by the
divisional officer or executive engineer or engineer in charge.
• The bill having been accepted and receipted by the contractor, a crossed cheque for the net amount is
drawn ad handed over to the payee by the disbursing officer.
 Standard Measurement Book:
• A set of M.B. containing detailed measurement of specific buildings and structure maintained by each
sub-division is kept to facilitate framing annual repairs estimate and for payment to the contractors for
jobs connected therewith.
• Their M.Bs are known as standard measurement books (S.M.B).
• The S.M.Bs saves time and labour of the departmental officers from repeated work of taking detailed
measurements of the same building again and again.