CLASS XII (2024-2025)

MATHEMATICS
GIST – Indefinite Integral

Introduction:

Integration may be considered as a reverse process of differentiation,

i.e., given a function 𝐟, we are trying to determine a function 𝐅 such
that 𝐅 ′ (𝐱) = 𝐟(𝐱) for all 𝐱 ∈ Domain(𝐟). Any such function 𝐅 is called a
primitive or an antiderivative of 𝐟.

Notice that if 𝐅 is an antiderivative of 𝐟, then so is 𝐅 + 𝐂, where 𝐂 ∈ ℝ is

a constant. In fact, all the antiderivatives of 𝐟 can be given by the
family of functions {𝐅 + 𝐂: 𝐂 ∈ ℝ}. We introduce the symbol ∫ 𝐟(𝐱)𝐝𝐱 to
represent the entire class of antiderivatives of 𝐟, and call it the
indefinite integral of 𝐟 with respect to 𝐱. Symbolically, we write

∫ 𝐟(𝐱)𝐝𝐱 = 𝐅(𝐱) + 𝐂, where 𝐂 ∈ ℝ

Here,

• 𝐟 is the integrand.

• 𝐅 as an antiderivative or a primitive of 𝐟.

• 𝐱 the variable of integration.

• 𝐂 is the constant of integration.

A function that has an antiderivative is called a Newtonian integrable

function. Every continuous function is integrable.
Geometric Interpretation:

Geometrically, ∫ 𝐟(𝐱)𝐝𝐱 represents a family of parallel curves 𝐲 =

𝐅(𝐱) + 𝐂, each of which is obtained by vertical translating 𝐅. Moreover,
for each curve, the slope of the tangent at the point corresponding to
𝐱 = 𝐚 is 𝐟(𝐚), whenever 𝐚 ∈ Domain(𝐟).

FUNDAMENTAL INTEGRALS

1. ∫ 𝐤𝐟(𝐱)𝐝𝐱 = 𝐤 ∫ 𝐟(𝐱)𝐝𝐱, for all 𝐤 ∈ ℝ.

2. ∫{𝐟(𝐱) ± 𝐠(𝐱)}𝐝𝐱 = ∫ 𝐟(𝐱)𝐝𝐱 ± ∫ 𝐠(𝐱)𝐝𝐱

𝐱 𝐧+𝟏
3. ∫ 𝐱 𝐧 𝐝𝐱 = + 𝐂 (𝐧 ≠ −𝟏)
𝐧+𝟏

𝟏
4. ∫ 𝐱 𝐝𝐱 = 𝐥𝐨𝐠 |𝐱| + 𝐂

𝐞𝐦𝐱
5. ∫ 𝐞𝐦𝐱 𝐝𝐱 = + 𝐂 (𝐦 ≠ 𝟎)
𝐦

𝐚𝐦𝐱
6. ∫ 𝐚𝐦𝐱 𝐝𝐱 = 𝐦 𝐥𝐨𝐠 𝐚 + 𝐂 (𝐚 > 𝟎, 𝐚 ≠ 𝟏)

𝐜𝐨𝐬 𝐦𝐱
7. ∫ 𝐬𝐢𝐧 𝐦𝐱 𝐝𝐱 = − + 𝐂 (𝐦 ≠ 𝟎)
𝐦

𝐬𝐢𝐧 𝐦𝐱
8. ∫ 𝐜𝐨𝐬 𝐦𝐱 𝐝𝐱 = + 𝐂 (𝐦 ≠ 𝟎)
𝐦

𝐭𝐚𝐧 𝐦𝐱
9. ∫ 𝐬𝐞𝐜 𝟐 𝐦𝐱 𝐝𝐱 = + 𝐂 (𝐦 ≠ 𝟎)
𝐦

𝐜𝐨𝐭 𝐦𝐱
10. ∫ 𝐜𝐨𝐬𝐞𝐜 𝟐 𝐦𝐱 𝐝𝐱 = − + 𝐂 (𝐦 ≠ 𝟎)
𝐦

𝐬𝐞𝐜 𝐦𝐱
11. ∫ 𝐬𝐞𝐜 𝐦𝐱 𝐭𝐚𝐧 𝐦𝐱 𝐝𝐱 = +𝐂
𝐦
 𝐜𝐨𝐬𝐞𝐜 𝐦𝐱
12. ∫ 𝐜𝐨𝐬𝐞𝐜 𝐦𝐱 𝐜𝐨𝐭 𝐦𝐱 𝐝𝐱 = − + 𝐂 (𝐦 ≠ 𝟎)
𝐦

METHOD OF SUBTITUTION

To compute integrals of the form ∫ 𝐟(𝐠(𝐱))𝐠 ′ (𝐱)𝐝𝐱

𝐝𝐳
a. Substitute 𝐳 = 𝐠(𝐱), so that = 𝐠 ′ (𝐱).
𝐝𝐱

b. Evaluate the resulting integral: ∫ 𝐟(𝐳)𝐝𝐳.

c. Substitute the value of 𝐳 back in the result.

SOME MORE STANDARD INTEGRALS

1. ∫ 𝐭𝐚𝐧 𝐱 𝐝𝐱 = 𝐥𝐨𝐠|𝐬𝐞𝐜 𝐱| + 𝐂

2. ∫ 𝐜𝐨𝐭 𝐱 𝐝𝐱 = 𝐥𝐨𝐠|𝐬𝐢𝐧 𝐱| + 𝐂

3. ∫ 𝐬𝐞𝐜 𝐱 𝐝𝐱 = 𝐥𝐨𝐠|𝐬𝐞𝐜 𝐱 + 𝐭𝐚𝐧 𝐱| + 𝐂

𝛑 𝐱
= 𝐥𝐨𝐠 |𝐭𝐚𝐧 ( + )| + 𝐂
𝟒 𝟐

4. ∫ 𝐜𝐨𝐬𝐞𝐜 𝐱 𝐝𝐱 = 𝐥𝐨𝐠|𝐜𝐨𝐬𝐞𝐜 𝐱 − 𝐜𝐨𝐭 𝐱| + 𝐂

𝐱
= 𝐥𝐨𝐠 |𝐭𝐚𝐧 | + 𝐂
𝟐

5. ∫ 𝐞𝐱 {𝐟(𝐱) + 𝐟 ′ (𝐱)} 𝐝𝐱 = 𝐞𝐱 𝐟(𝐱) + 𝐂

6. If 𝐅 is an antiderivative of 𝐟, then
𝐅(𝐚𝐱 + 𝐛)
∫ 𝐟(𝐚𝐱 + 𝐛)𝐝𝐱 = +𝐂
𝐚
 Common Trigonometric Substitions

Form Substitution

x 2 + a2 x = a tan z

√a2 − x 2 x = a sin z

√x 2 − a2 x = a sec z

a−x a+x
√ or √ x = a cos 2z
a+x a−x

More Standard Integrals

𝐝𝐱 𝟏 𝐱
1. ∫ = 𝐭𝐚𝐧−𝟏 ( ) + 𝐂
𝐱 𝟐 +𝐚𝟐 𝐚 𝐚

𝐝𝐱 𝐱
2. ∫ = 𝐬𝐢𝐧−𝟏 ( ) + 𝐂 , (|𝐱| < |𝐚|)
√𝐚𝟐 −𝐱 𝟐 𝐚

𝐝𝐱 𝟏 𝐱
3. ∫ = 𝐬𝐞𝐜 −𝟏 ( ) + 𝐂 (|𝐱| > |𝐚|)
𝐱√𝐱 𝟐 −𝐚𝟐 𝐚 𝐚

𝐝𝐱
4. ∫ = 𝐥𝐨𝐠 |(𝐱 + √𝐱 𝟐 ± 𝐚𝟐 )| + 𝐂
√𝐱 𝟐 ±𝐚𝟐

𝐝𝐱 𝟏 𝐱−𝐚
5. ∫ = 𝐥𝐨𝐠 | |+𝐂
𝐱 𝟐 −𝐚𝟐 𝟐𝐚 𝐱+𝐚

𝐝𝐱 𝟏 𝐚+𝐱
6. ∫ = 𝐥𝐨𝐠 | | +𝐂
𝐚𝟐 −𝐱 𝟐 𝟐𝐚 𝐚−𝐱
 𝐝𝐱 𝐝𝐱
TYPE I: ∫ or ∫
𝐚𝐱 𝟐 +𝐛𝐱+𝐜 √𝐚𝐱 𝟐 +𝐛𝐱+𝐜

Method: Complete the square, then use standard integrals

(𝐩𝐱+𝐪)𝐝𝐱 (𝐩𝐱+𝐪)𝐝𝐱
TYPE II: ∫ or ∫
𝐚𝐱 𝟐 +𝐛𝐱+𝐜 √𝐚𝐱 𝟐 +𝐛𝐱+𝐜

𝐝
Method: Write 𝐩𝐱 + 𝐪𝐲 = 𝛌 (𝐚𝐱 𝟐 + 𝐛𝐱 + 𝐜) + 𝛍
𝐝𝐱

for some constants 𝛌, 𝛍 ∈ ℝ. Then use Type I.

𝐟(𝐱)𝐝𝐱
TYPE III: ∫ ,where 𝐟(𝐱) is a polynomial of degree ≥ 𝟐
𝐚𝐱 𝟐 +𝐛𝐱+𝐜

Method: Use polynomial division to reduce the degree of the

numerator. Then use Type II.

𝐚𝐱+𝐛
TYPE IV: ∫ √ 𝐝𝐱
𝐜𝐱+𝐝

𝐚𝐱+𝐛
Method: Write it as . Then use Type II.
√(𝐚𝐱+𝐛)(𝐜𝐱+𝐝)

Integration by Parts

Theorem:

If 𝐮 is a differentiable function and 𝐯 is a continuous function, then

∫ 𝐮(𝐱)𝐯(𝐱)𝐝𝐱
𝐝
= 𝐮(𝐱) ∫ 𝐯(𝐱)𝐝𝐱 − ∫ { (𝐮(𝐱)) ∫ 𝐯(𝐱)𝐝𝐱} 𝐝𝐱
𝐝𝐱
 STANDARD FORMULAE

𝐱 𝐚𝟐
1. ∫ √𝐱 𝟐 + 𝐚𝟐 𝐝𝐱 = 𝟐 √𝐱 𝟐 + 𝐚𝟐 + 𝐥𝐨𝐠|𝐱 + √𝐱 𝟐 + 𝐚𝟐 | + 𝐂
𝟐

𝐱 𝐚𝟐
2. ∫ √𝐱 𝟐 − 𝐚𝟐 𝐝𝐱 = 𝟐 √𝐱 𝟐 − 𝐚𝟐 − 𝐥𝐨𝐠|𝐱 + √𝐱 𝟐 − 𝐚𝟐 | + 𝐂
𝟐

𝐱 𝐚𝟐 𝐱
3. ∫ √𝐚𝟐 − 𝐱 𝟐 𝐝𝐱 = 𝟐 √𝐚𝟐 − 𝐱 𝟐 + 𝐬𝐢𝐧−𝟏 ( ) + 𝐂
𝟐 𝐚

𝐞𝐚𝐱
4. ∫ 𝐞𝐚𝐱 𝐬𝐢𝐧 𝐛𝐱 𝐝𝐱 = (𝐚 𝐬𝐢𝐧 𝐛𝐱 − 𝐛 𝐜𝐨𝐬 𝐛𝐱) + 𝐂
𝐚𝟐 +𝐛 𝟐

𝐞𝐚𝐱
5. ∫ 𝐞𝐚𝐱 𝐜𝐨𝐬 𝐛𝐱 𝐝𝐱 = 𝐚𝟐+𝐛𝟐 (𝐚 𝐜𝐨𝐬 𝐛𝐱 + 𝐛 𝐬𝐢𝐧 𝐛𝐱) + 𝐂