DATABASE

MANAGEMENT
SYSTEM(DBMS)
Is a software tool used to perform various types of operations on data in a database
and creates a convenient efficient environment which helps the user to access data
easily.
A collection of information that is grouped and stored in structured way is called
database.
 A collection of information that is grouped and stored
in structured way is called database.

Operating system

DBMS
Database Databases
management
DBMS Application
programs
Data
dictionary

Database development
Database interrogation
Database maintenance
Application development
  Self describing nature
 Isolation between programme and data
 Support multiple views of data
 Sharing of data and multi user system
Characteristics  Control data redundancy
of database  Data sharing
 Enforcing integrity constraints
 Restricting unauthorized access
 Transaction processing
  Availability
 Share-ability
Objectives of  Evlov-ability
database  Data independence
 Data integrity
 Database: A collection of integrated and
related files
 Character
 Field File: A collection of related records
Organisation  Record
of database  File Record: A collection of related fields

 Databases
Field: A group of characters

Character : Basic building block of

information represented by a byte
 Field

Roll no Name DoB Sex Address Subjects

972001 Suraj K 25.11.1999 M A31, Phy, Che,
Palakkad Bio, Eng,
Hin

Organisation of
Record
database
First name Last name Age Address Tel 1 Tel 2
Lalith Nhaskar 21 tamilnadu 933678945 23145675
3

File

Master file Transaction file Report file

BASIC
ARCHITECTURE
OF DBMS
  DML Pre compiler: DML precompiler is used to convert the DML
statements into regular functions
 DDL interpreter: it interprets and converts the DDL statements
into a set of table sot record metadata
 File manager: task of file manager is space allocation on disk
storage and data structure which represents the information
COMMON stored on disk
COMPONENTS  Data base manager: is a program module which acts like an
interface between low level data and application programs and
OF DBMS queries
 Query processor: is used to interpret the user’s queries and
convert it into understandable form by data manager for further
execution.
  Database administrator: is a high level function which manages all
data sources in an organization and also includes maintaining
corporate wide data definitions and standards
 Responsibilities :
 schema definition
 Performance monitoring and storing
COMMON
 Schema and physical organization modification
COMPONENTS  Granting of authorization for data access
OF DBMS  Availability, backup and recovery
 Integrity constraint specification
 User and data security
 Working with developers and network administrators
  Data dictionary: contains data about data or metadata. It contains
the real database descriptions used by DBMS
 Storage manager: it creates the interface between the low level
data , application programs and queries. Data storage, retrieval
and updation are the main functions of storage manager
 Buffer manager: a buffer is the area in which a block from a file is
COMMON read. Buffer management comes with the objective of optimum
performance with minimum demand on CPU resources
COMPONENTS  Database users: are the end users who retrieve the information
from database
OF DBMS
Casual end users
Naïve and parametric end users
Sophisticated end users
Application programmers
 Object oriented data model

Object based logical

models
Entity relationship data model

Database
Models
Relational data model

Record based data Network data model

models
Hierarchical model

A group of conceptual tools is known as data model.

The structure of a database includes data types, relationship and constraints.
  A logical organization of real world entities(objects) is known as
object oriented data model.
 Concepts :
 Object and object identifier
Object  Attributes and methods
oriented data  Class
model  Class hierarchy and inheritance
 Advantages: capable of identifying large variety of data types,
combining object oriented programming with database
technology, improved productivity, improved data access.
 Disadvantages: no precise definition, difficult to maintain, not
suited for all applications
  Is an abstract and conceptual representation of data.
 ER diagrams are created using this process

Entity
relationship
data model
Name
Roll no Course

clients
  Advantages:
 Easy
 For small business it is every effective
 With the help of ER database a variety of enquiries can be managed
using a computer system
 Improves performance
 To represent the real world entities and their relationships ER model is
the most useful model
Entity  Disadvantages:
relationship  Handling of large database is complex
 Database has the less hierarchical structure
data model  Constraints representation is limited
 Relationship representation is limited
 Data manipulation language is absent
 Information content is lost
  To represent the data and relationships among them , this
model uses the relations(group of tables)

Name hours rate total

Abhay 40.5 10.35 419.175
Shobit 38 8.75 332.5
Ajay 42.7 9.25 394.975
Relational data
model
Advantages: ease of use, flexibility, precision, security data independence,
DDL

Disadvantages: hard to handle voluminous data, physical storage matters etc

  This model represents data by collection of records and
relationships among data. This is represented by links,
which can be viewed as pointers.

Network 1 Network 2

Network data
Network A Network B Network C
model
Advantages: is useful for representing such records which have many-to
many relationships, problem of inconsistency does not exist, searching a
record is easy

Disadvantages: all the records are maintained using pointers and hence
the whole database structure becomes very complex
Insertion, deletion and updation of any record requires pointer adjustments
  Hierarchical model is similar to network model in
the sense that data and relationships are
represented by records and links respectively.
 EMPLOYEE HIERARCHY FOR eg

Employee

Hierarchical
Job
model Compensation
assignment
Benefits

Rating Salary Pension Insurance Health

Advantages: simple, straight forward and natural method of implementing

Record relationships, useful when there is some hierarchical character in the
Database
Disadvantages : the hierarchical model cannot represent all relationships
that occur in the real world, it cannot demonstrate the overall data
model for the enterprise, used only when hierarchical character is there.
 ADVANTAGES DISADVANTAGES

 Redundancy can be reduced  High cost

 Inconsistency can be avoided  Problems associated with
centralization
 Data can be shared
 Complex back up and
DBMS  Standards can be enforced recovery
 Security restrictions can be  Confidentiality, privacy and
applied security
 Integrity can be maintained  Data quality
  Airlines and railways
 Banking
Applications of  Education

DBMS  Telecommunication
 Govt.
 Pvt organisations
Difference
between file
system and
DBMS