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Navigation

The document outlines the refresher training course for Airblue Flight Operations Officers, focusing on radio navigation aids such as NDB, VOR, DME, and ILS. It details the types, functions, frequency bands, and coverage of each navigation aid, emphasizing their importance in en-route navigation and approach procedures. Each system is described in terms of its components and operational characteristics, providing essential information for effective flight operations.

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18 views4 pages

Navigation

The document outlines the refresher training course for Airblue Flight Operations Officers, focusing on radio navigation aids such as NDB, VOR, DME, and ILS. It details the types, functions, frequency bands, and coverage of each navigation aid, emphasizing their importance in en-route navigation and approach procedures. Each system is described in terms of its components and operational characteristics, providing essential information for effective flight operations.

Uploaded by

Foo Rana
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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AIRBLUE FLIGHT OPERATIONS OFFICER

REFRESHER TRAINING COURSE

Navigation
Radio Navigation
Introduction

Radio navigation aids play important role in en-route navigation and as well as in terminal -areas and approach
procedures, the word "RADIO" means the radiation of electromagnetic waves conveying information and
detection of such waves; with in this meaning a host of navigation aids are all classified as radio e.g. NDB,
VOR, ILS, and DME.

Non Directional Beacon (NDB)


Introduction
Ground based radio stations which provide bearings to aircraft are known as NDB's; they transmit vertically
polarized signals in MF band which arc radiated equally in all directions. Automatic Direction Finding (ADF) is
the equipment used in aircraft to measure the direction of incoming waves, the datum for the direction
measurement is taken from the nose of aircraft, and hence the ADF indications are relative bearings.

Types of NDB’s

There are three types of NDB's, Locator NDB's, Homing and Holding NDB's and En-route and long range
NDB's.

Locator NDB’s

These are low powered NDB's usually installed as supplement to ILS and located at the sites of outer and middle
markers; their average radius of rated coverage is between 10 and 25NM.

Homing and Holding NDB's


These are intended primarily as approach and holding aids in the vicinity of aerodromes with a rated coverage of
around 50NM.

En-route and Long Range NDB's


These type of NDB's provide coverage along the airways and a long range bearing facility for ocean tracking and
similar operations, these types of NDB's may be heard from several hundred of miles.

Frequency Band
Frequencies are allotted to NDBs from LF/MF Bands, by convention an NDB is a MF Aid.
VHF Omni-Directional Radio Range (VOR)

Introduction
VOR emerged as a successor of NDB, it theoretically produces a infinite number of tracks its indications are in
terms of deviation to the Right or Left from the selected track and To or From, from the VOR, when VOR is
paired with DME, range and bearing information provides instantaneous fixes.

Types of VOR
There are four types of VOR's: VOR, TVOR, VOT, and DVOR.

VOR

These types are used for en-route navigation.

TVOR

These types are used in terminal areas.

VOT
These are testing VOR's installed at certain aerodromes to enable pilots to test the airborne VOR equipment.

DVOR
Doppler's VOR a second generation VOR, the main aim being to improve the accuracy of signals

Frequency Band
Frequencies are allotted to VOR's from VHF band.

Range
VHF has line of sight range.
Distance Measuring Equipment (DME)
Introduction
It is a secondary radar system which provides accurate and continuous indications of the -slant distance between
an aircraft and the ground transmitter, DME system consists of two parts, system on ground and system in the
air, system on ground is called "transponder" and system in air i.e. in the aircraft is called "interrogator" both
systems can receive as well as transmit. The basic information provided by DME is the slant range from selected
station up to a distance of 199NM.

Frequency Band
Frequencies are allotted to DME from UHF band. Range

Range
DME is a short range navigation aid which provides a maximum coverage of 200NM at 30,000ft.

Instrument Landing System (ILS)


Introduction
ILS is a pilot interpreted runway approach aid which provides visual instructions enabling the aircraft to be
flown along predetermined flight path to the threshold of the runway.

Components of ILS
ILS consists of three components, Localizer transmitter, Glide Path Transmitter and Marker beacons.

Localizer Transmitter
It gives the position of aircraft in respect of left or right from the runway center line (horizontal plane).

Glide Path Transmitter


It gives the position of aircraft in respect of up or down from the glide slope angle (vertical plane).

Marker Beacons

Marker beacons are installed along the extended center line of runway to give range indications on approach.

Frequency Band
Frequencies are allotted to ILS from VHF band.

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