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Physics
*The branch of science concerned with the nature and properties of
matter and energy
Ans : Physics
*Scientists known as fathers of Physics
Ans : Einstein,Newton and Galileo
*Father of Nuclear Physics
Ans : Ernest Rutherford
*Father of Indian Nuclear Programme
Ans : Homi.J.Bhabha

UNITS AND MEASUREMENTS

*The chosen standard used for measuring a physical quantity is called
Ans : Unit
*Units are classified into
Ans : Two
*Two types of Units are
Ans : Fundamental Units and Derived Units
*The Units of fundamental quantities which can't be derived from any
other quantities
Ans : Fundamental Units
*Fundamental units can be expressed in 3 kinds of measuring systems
such as
Ans : CGS, MKS and FPS
* The Units which are derived from fundamental units
Ans : Derived Units

FUNDAMENTAL UNITS
Measurement CGS MKS FPS
Length Centimeter Meter Foot
Mass Gram Kilogram Pound
Time Second SecondSecond

*Modified form of MKS System

Ans : SI (System International)
*Globally approved form of unit system
Ans : SI system
*Physical quantities are divided into
Ans : Scalar quantity & Vector quantity
*Physical quantity having only magnitude, but no direction
eg : Mass, Length, Time etc
Ans : Scalar quantity
*Physical quantity having both magnitude and direction
eg: Velocity, Momentum, Force etc
Ans : Vector quantity
*Einstein proposed the General Theory of Relativity in
Ans : 1915

MOTION
*The change in position of an object over time is called
Ans : Motion
*Actual length travelled by a body is called Distance
Shortest distance from the initial to the final position of a body is called
Ans : Displacement

MECHANICS
*The study of particles or bodies when they are at rest or in motion is
dealt with
Ans: Mechanics
*Mechanics is divided into two
Ans: Statics & Dynamics
*The study of objects of rest is called
Ans: Statics
*The study of moving objects is called
Ans: Dynamics

KINETICS AND KINEMATICS

*Kinetics and Kinematics are the subdivisions of
Ans : Dynamics
*Kinetics deals with relationship between the motion of bodies and
forces acting on them
*Kinematics is the study of the relationship between displacements,
velocity, acceleration and time of a given motion, without considering
the forces that cause the motion

Parameters Formula Unit Speed

*Speed Distance/Time m/s
*Velocity Displacement/Time m/s
*Acceleration Change in Velocity/Time m/s

TYPES OF MOTION EXAMPLE

* Translator motion - Moving vehicles
* Rectilinear motion - Motion of lift
* Curvilinear motion - Motion of rocket
* Circular motion - Spinning wheel
* Oscillatory motion - Movement of swing
* Periodic motion - Rotation of earth
* Simple harmonic motion - Pendulum
* Circular Motion - Orbits of planets

MOMENTUM
* The product of mass and velocity of a body
Ans : Momentum
P = mv [m=Mass, v=velocity]
* It's a vector quantity
* Unit - kg m/s
* A Karate player in order to break a brick hits quickly because of
Ans : Momentum

NEWTON'S LAWS OF MOTION

*Newton established the laws of motion in his book
Ans : 'Principia Mathematica'

FIRST LAW OF MOTION

*Every body continues in its state of rest or uniform motion along a
straight line unless compelled by an external unbalanced force
*This law is based on Galileo's law of inertia
eg : Passenger in a bus

SECOND LAW OF MOTION

*Rate of change of momentum is directly proportional to the external
unbalanced force
*It is used to express force
*Represented by the equation F = Ma (F = Force, M = Mass, a =
Acceleration)

THIRD LAW OF MOTION

*For every action there is an equal and opposite reaction
eg : Propulsion of rocket, Swimming, Flying Birds etc.

INERTIA
*A property of a body which is unable to change its state by itself in the
absense of external force called
Ans : Inertia
*The Law of inertia was discovered by
Ans : Galileo
*There are three types of inertia
Ans : Inertia of Rest, Inertia of Motion and Inertia of Direction
*Example of Inertia of motion
Ans : An athlete runs some distance before taking a long jump
*Example of Inertia of rest
Ans : As the train starts moving, a man sitting inside leans backward
*Example of Inertia of direction
Ans : Rotating wheel of an automobile throw out mud tangentially
outward

ROTATION AND REVOLUTION

*If a rotating body spins on its axis, its motion is called
Ans : Spin motion or rotation motion
eg: The earth spins on its own axis in 24 hrs
*When an object travels around another object it is known as
Ans: Revolution
eg: The Earth revolving around the sun

PROJECTILE MOTION
*The motion of an object in a vertical plane under the influence of
gravitational force is known as
Ans : Projectile motion
*Projectile path is known as
Ans : Trajectory
*A projectile reaches maximum range, when angle of projection is at
Ans : 45°
*The path of the projectile is always a
Ans : Parabola

FORCE
*An influence that changes the state of rest in a straight line of a body
is called - Force
Ans : F = ma
[m = mass, a = acceleration]
*Unit - Newton or Kg m/s2
*CGS unit - Dyne
*One Newton = 10^5 dyne
*Strongest force in the universe
Ans:Nuclear force
*Weakest force in the universe
Ans:Gravitational Force
*Force acting for a short time
Ans:Impulsive force
CENTR.IPETAL FORCE AND CENTRIFUGAL FORCE
CENTRIPETAL FORCE
*Force which acts on a body moving in a circular path and it is directed
towards centre is called
Ans:Centripetal force
eg: Vehicle moving round a curved road requires this force
(when speed increases, more centripetal force is required)

CENTRIFUGAL FORCE
*Force that acts on a body moving in a circular path and is directed
away from the centre is called
Ans:Centrifugal force
eg : This force helps to separate cream from milk
*Capability of rotating objects around a fixed axis is called
Ans:Torque
eg : Tightening of nut

FRICTIONAL FORCE
*Force that resists the movement of one surface over another is called
Ans:Frictional Force
*The substances which reduce the frictional force between moving
surfaces
Ans:Lubricant
APPLICATIONS OF FRICTION
*We can walk on ground
*Car can stop with a sudden brake
*Slow landing of a parachute through air

TYPES OF FRICTIONAL FORCES

*Static friction
Ans:Force acts in a direction opposite to the direction of motion
*Kinetic friction
Ans:Force occurs when two objects are moving relative to each other or
rub together
*Rolling friction
Ans:Force acts when two bodies role one another
eg : Ball bearing operation

ADHESION FORCE
*Force of attraction between unlike molecules is termed as
Ans:Adhesion
eg : water drop sticks on glass surface
COHESION FORCE
*Force of attraction between like molecules is termed as
Ans:Cohesion
eg: water molecules join together

VISCOSITY
*Frictional force acting between parallel layers of a liquid is called
Ans : Viscosity
*Unit - Poise
*With increase in temperature, viscosity
Ans : Decreases
*Viscosity of gas is less than viscosity of
Ans : Liquid
*Viscosity of an ideal fluid is
Ans : Zero

MOBILE LIQUIDS
*Liquids having low viscosity are called
Ans : Mobile liquids
*Mobile liquids can flow easily
eg : Water, Kerosene, Alcohol, Petrol etc

SUPERFLUIDS
*Fluids flow with zero viscosity is called
Ans: Super fluids
*It shows antigravitational property
eg : Honey, Coal tar, Glycerineetc

SURFACE TENSION
*The property of a liquid by which the free surface of liquid acts like a
stretched membrane
Ans : Surface tension
*Surface tension is caused due to
Ans : Unbalanced molecular cohesive force
*Surface tension is inversely proportional to temperature and
Ans : Pressure
*Surface tension of hot water is less than that of
Ans : Cold water
APPLICATIONS AND EXAMPLES
*Insects to walk over the water surface
*Spherical shape of rain drops
*Detergents inverse the surface tension of water

CAPILLARITY
* It is the phenomenon of surface tension
eg : rise of water level in plants
: The chalk and blotting paper quickly absorb ink
* It is due to adhesive force

ELASTICITY
* Ability of a body to return to its original shape is called
Ans: Elasticity
* Hierarchy of elasticity
Ans: Steel > Rubber

PRESSURE
*The force per unit area is called
Ans: Pressure
Pressure = Force/Area
*The SI Unit of pressure = Pascal or N/m2
*Unit of thrust
Ans : Newton
*CGS unit
Ans : dyne /cm2
*Force acts more on objects having
Ans : Low Surface area

ATMOSPHERIC PRESSURE
*Atmospheric pressure = 760mm of Mercury
*Unit of Atmospheric pressure
Ans : Bar
1 bar = 10^5 pascal
*Pressure at sea level is taken as the
Ans : Standard Atmospheric Pressure
*Barometer is used to calculate
Ans : Atmospheric Pressure
*The liquid used in Barometer
Ans : Mercury

BAROMETER
Liquid Level change Indication
*Rising-Calm climate
*Sudden fall-Storm

GRAVITATIONAL FORCE
*The mutual attractive force between two point masses m1 and m2, is
inversely propotional to the square of the distance between them
Ans : Newton's law of Gravitation
Fa^m1m2/d2 ->F=G^m1m2/d2
g -> gravitational constant
*Force of attraction between any two bodies in the universe is called
Ans : Gravitation
*Law of gravitation was discovered by
Ans : Sir Isaac Newton
*Weakest force in nature
Ans : Gravitational Force
*The force keeps the earth and other planetary objects in their orbits
around the sun
Ans : Gravitational Force
*The acceleration with which the freely falling bodies are attracted
towards the earth is called the
Ans : Acceleration due to gravity (g) g = 9.8m/s2 (32.2 feet/s2)
*Weight of freely falling body
Ans : Zero
VALUE OF'G' IS
*Maximum at Polar regtons
*Minimum at Equatorial regions
*Zero at the center of the earth
*Universal Law of Gravitation was put forward by
Ans : Sir Isaac Newton
*The 'g' is maximum on Jupiter and minimum on the planet
Ans : Mercury
*Astronaut cannot drink lemonade with the help of a straw because
Ans : There is no atmosphere on the moon

ESCAPE VELOCITY
*Minimum speed which a body must have to escape from the earth's
gravitational force is called
Ans : Escape Velocity
*Escape velocity of moon
Ans : 2.4 km/s
*Escape velocity of earth
Ans : 11.2km/s
*Escape velocity of planet Jupiter
Ans : 60km/s
*Escape velocity of planet Mercury
Ans : 4.2km/s
*Escape velocity of the planets increases with its
Ans : Mass

LIGHT
* Scientific study of light
Ans : Optics
* Light is an
Ans : Electromagnetic Wave & Transverse wave
* It behaves as wave and particle. Thus light has dual nature
* Light travels through air or vacuum at a speed of
Ans : 3 x 108m/s
*Order of speed of light
Ans : water < glass < air < vacuum
*Velocity of light is greater than the
Ans : Sound
*Light reaches earth from sun in
Ans : 8 minutes 20 seconds (500seconds)
*Substances which do not pass light through them are called
Ans : Opaque substances
eg : paper, stone
*Substances which allow light to'pass through them are called
Ans : Transparent substances
eg : glass
*Wave theory of light was proposed by
Ans : Christiaan Huygens
*Electromagnetic theory of light was propsed by
Ans : James Clark Maxwell
*'The Corpuscular theory' related to light was proposed by
Ans : Isaac Newton in 1675
*The shadow obtained from a point source is a region of darkness
which is called
Ans : Umbra

COLOURS
*Colour of any transparent object depends on the colour of the light
transmitted by it
*Colour of any opaque object depends on the colour of light it reflects
*Spectrum of white light -
Ans : Light consits of seven colours such as Violet, indigo, Blue, Green
Yellow, Orange and Red (VIBGYOR)
*The band of seven colours obtained due to the dispersion of white
light is called
Ans : Visible Spectrum
*When frequency increases wave length
Ans : Decreases
* Deviation most through glass prism
Ans : Red
* Deviation least through glass prism
Ans : Violet
* Colour with maximum frequency
Ans : Violet
* Colour with minimum wavelength
Ans : Violet
* Colour with maximum wavelength
Ans : Red
* Colour with minimum frequency
Ans : Red
*Colour used In laboratory for Indicating danger
Ans : Yellow
*Colour sensitive to human eye
Ans : Yellow
*Colour used as danger signal
Ans : Red
DISCOVERIES SCIENTISTS
*Corpuscular theory - Isaac Newton
*Wave theory - Christiaan Huygens
*Quantum Theory - Max Planck
*Electromagnetic theory - James Clark Maxwell
*Photo electric effect - Heinrich Hertz
*A white surface reflects all form's of light and heat
*A black surface absorbs all forms of light and heat
*Red light passing through a green object, appears
Ans : Black
*Sky appears blue - Due to the shorter wavelength of blue colour, it is
scattered more than the red colour of longer wavelength

PRIMARY COLOURS AND IT'S COMBINATIONS

*Primary colours are
Ans : Red, Green, Blue
*Primary colours used in colour television are
Ans : Red, Green, Blue
*Colour television uses
Ans : Additive colour mixing
*By mixing suitable mixture of primary colours gives
Ans : Secondary colours
eg : Magenta, Cyan, Yellow
*Green Red = Yellow
*Blue Red = Magenta
*Green Blue = Cyan
*Green Blue Red = White
*The branch of physics which deals with the measurement of light
emitted by objects is called
Ans : Photometry
*Tertiary colours:
Ans : Mixing up of two secondary colours

COMPLEMENTARY COLOURS:
Complementary colours are the primary colours which give white
colour when put together with the secondary colours
*Green Magenta -->White
*Blue Yellow -->White
*Red Cyan -->White
*The substances used in colour paints, filters, plastics and other
materials
Ans : Pigments
*Subtractive colour mixing is used in
Ans : Pigments
For printing, colour pigments used are
Ans : Yellow, Magenta, Cyan

QUANTUM THEORY
*The light rays consist of small energy packets called
Ans : Quantum
*Quantum of light is known as
Ans : Photon
*Quantum Theory was put forward by
Ans : Max Planck
*Absorption of light of one wave length by a substance and the re-
emission of light of greater wavelength is called
Ans : Flourescence
*Emission of light in the visible region after absorbing certain
electromagnetic radiations is called
Ans : Photoluminescence

PHOTOELECTRIC EFFECT
*Photoelectric Effect was proposed by
Ans : Heinrich Hertz
*Photoelectric Effect was explained by
Ans : Albert Einstein
*For his explanation of Photoelectric Effect, he got Nobel prize for
Physics in
Ans : 1921
*Metal surfaces like Sodium, Potassium, Zinc will eject electrons when
electromagnetic radiations fall upon them
*The Law of Photoelectric Effect was formulated by
Ans : Albert Einstein
*The working principle of solar cells
Ans : Photoelectric Effect

REFLECTION
*When a ray of light falls on a smooth surface and returns to the same
medium, it is called
Ans : Reflection of light
*An object which reflects all colours appears as
Ans : White
*An object which absorbs all colours appears as
Ans : Black

REFRACTION
*The bending of light when a ray of light travels from one medium to
another is called
Ans : Refraction
*Snell's law is related with
Ans : Refraction

EXAMPLES FOR REFRACTION

*Twinkling of stars
*A pond looks shallow
*Stick appears to be bended, when immersed in water
*Early sunrise and late sunset
*Mirage

SNELL'S LAW
*The ratio of the sine of angle of incidence in the first medium to the
sine of angle of refraction in the second medium is a constant for a
given pair of medium and for a given wavelength of light
Ans : N - Sine i /Sine r
*Due to change of medium the phase velocity of the wave is changed
but its frequency remains
Ans : Constant
*Fatamorgana is a term associated with
Ans : Mirage
*The measure of optical density of the medium is
Ans : Refractive index
*Refractive index of a medium
=Speed of light in vacuum /Speed of light in medium

REFRACTIVE INDEX
*Vacuum - 1
*Ice - 1.31
*Water - 1.33
*Diamond - 2.42

TOTAL INTERNAL REFLECTION

*The complete reflection of a light ray reaching an interface with a less
dense medium when the angle of incidence exceeds the critical angle is
called
Ans : Total Internal Reflection
*The father of fibre optics
Ans : Narendra Singh Kapani

APPLICATIONS
In the construction of
*Optical fibres
*Endoscopy
*Vehicle reflectors
*Binoculars etc
EXAMPLES
*Sparkling of diamond
*Working principle of optical fibres
*Glittering of water bubbles

DISPERSION
*The splitting up of light ray into different colours is called
Ans : Dispersion
*Dispersion was discovered by
Ans : Sir Isaac Newton
*Rainbow is formed due to
Ans : Reflection, Refraction and Dispersion of light
*Main principle due to the formation of rainbow
Ans : Dispersion
*Rainbow is seen as circle from
Ans : Space
*Rainbow is seen as semi-circle from
Ans : Earth
*Rainbow appears in the opposite direction of
Ans : Light
*Red colour angle in rainbow
Ans : 42.8°
*Violet colour angle in rainbow
Ans : 40.8°
*Colour at top of a rainbow
Ans : Red
*Colour at bottom of a rainbow
Ans : Violet
*Colour at centre of a rainbow
Ans : Green

INTERFERENCE
*The phenomenon that occurs when two waves meet while travelling
along the same medium
Ans : Interference
*Interference was observed first by
Ans : Thomas Young

APPLICATIONS AND EXAMPLES

*Different colour of the soap foam
*Oil spread in water
*Colours that appear on the upper layer of oil that spread on road
*Holography, Holograms
DIFFRACTION
*The bending of light around the corners of an obstacle or aperture
into the region of geometrical shadow of the obstacle is called
Ans :Diffraction

APPLICATIONS AND EXAMPLES

*The fuzzy uneven edges of shadow
*Principle behind the working of projector in a film theatre
*Fringes pattern in CD

SCATTERING OF LIGHT
*The reflection of a ray from a straight path due to particles or in the
interface between two media is called
Ans : Scattering of Light

EXAMPLES
*Reddening of sun at sunrise and sunset
*The blue colour of the sky and sea
*Colour lamp used in fog for veicles
Ans : Yellow light
*On moon, sky appears black colour due to the absence of
Ans : Scattering of light
*Rayleigh scattering
Ans : Due to this blue colour of the sky and yellow tone of the sun
*The scientist who explained the blue colour of the sky
Ans : Rayleigh
*The scientist who explained the blue colour of sea
Ans : C.V.Raman

TYNDAL EFFECT
*Scattering of light by colloidal particle is termed as
Ans : Tyndal effect

EXAMPLES
*Sunlight passing through the mist
*Twinkling of comet
*Blue colour seen in the smoke emitted by motor cycles

MIRRORS AND LENSES

*Spherical Mirrors are of
Ans : Two types
*Concave mirror
Ans: Reflecting surface curved inward
*Convex mirror
Ans : Reflecting surface curved outward
CONCAVE MIRROR CAN BE USED
*As a shaving mirror
*Reflector in solar cooker
*Reflector in astronomical telescope
*Search light and head light of automobiles
*Used by dentists and ENT specialists
*Used as burning glass
*Used in torches

CONVEX MIRROR CAN BE USED AS

*Rear view mirror in automobiles
*Device to check theft in shops
*The mirror forms a virtual or real image depending on the position of
the object
Ans : Concave mirror

LENS
*A transparent medium bounded by two surfaces atleast one of which
is curved surface is called
Ans: Lens
*The lens thicker at the middle than in edges is called
Ans: Convex Lens
*The lens thicker at edges than in the middle
Ans: Concave lens
*The unit of power of lens
Ans: Dioptre
*Power and focal length of convex lens
Ans: Positive
*The power and focal length of concave lens
Ans: Negative
*Lens in human eye
Ans: Convex lens
*Image formed in concave lens
Ans: Virtual and erect

ALTERNATIVE NAMES
*Converging lens - Convex lens
*Diverging fens - Concave lens
*Converging mirror - Concave mirror
*Diverging mirror - Convex mirror
*Image formed in Convex lens
Ans: Real and inverted
*The shortest distance for clear vision is
Ans: 25cm
*Twenty - Twenty means
Ans: Perfect vision

■EYE RELATED DISORDERS AND THE LENSES USED

*Myopia/Shortsightendness
Can be corrected by using
Ans: Concave lens
* Hypermetropia / long sightedness
Can be corrected by using
Ans: Convex lens
*Both Myopia and hypermetropia
Can be corrected using
Ans: bifocal lenses
*Astigmatism
Can be corrected by using
Ans: cylindrical lens
*Presbyopia
Can be corrected by
Ans: convex lenses
EXTRA POINTS
*Persistence of vision of human eye
Ans: 1/16 seconds
*Magnification
Ans: height of image / height of the real object
*Mirror equation = 1/u1/v=1/f

LASER
Fullform : Light Amplification by Stimulated Emission of Radiation
*LASER sources have only one type of wavelength
*LASER was discovered by
Ans : Theodore Maiman (1960)
*LASER is used in the medical field to perform minute operations
[w]
MASER
Fullform : Microwave Amplification by Stimulated Emission of Radiation
*MASER was discovered by
Charles.H.Towns
RADAR
Fullform : Radio Detection and Ranging
*Uses radiowaves to detect the position of objects such as missile,
aeroplanesetc .
*RADAR was invented by
Ans : Albert.H.TaylorandLeo.C. Young

POLARISATION
*The phenomenon of confining the vibrations of a transverse to a
particular direction is called
Ans : Polarisation
*Nicol prism is a Polaroid
*A natural polarizing material is
Ans : Tourmaline
*Brewster's Law is associated with
Ans : Polarisation of Light

APPLICATIONS
*Used in windows of aeroplanes and cars
*Sunglasses
*3 dimensional motion pictures
DOPPLER EFFECT
*A change in frequency of light wave when the source or the observer
moves with respect to one another is called
Ans : Doppler effect
*High pitch of the siren of an approaching ambulance which passes an
observer is due to
Ans: Doppler effect
*Two types of shift occur due to this phenomenon
(1) Red Shift
Ans : Decrease in frequency of the visible light when it moves away
from the observer
(2) Blue shift : Increase in frequency of the visible light when it moves
towards the observer

ELECTROMAGNETIC RADIATION
*The pattern of arrangement of different types of electromagnetic
radiations in the order of increasing wavelength
Ans : Electromagnetic spectrum
*Arrangement of radiations in the increasing order of wave length
Ans : Radiowaves> Microwaves > IR-rays > Visible light > UV rays > X -
rays > Gama rays > Cosmic rays
*Maximum wavelength of electromagnetic wave
Ans : Radio waves
*Waves used for communication through satellite
Ans : Microwaves

X-RAYS
*Electromagnetic waves with shorter wavelength
Ans : X-rays
*Two types of X-rays
(1)Soft X-rays:
Having high wavelength and low energy used in radiations
(2)Hard X-rays:
Having short wavelength and high energy
*X-rays were Discovered by
Ans: Roentgen
*Rays used to study the internal atomic structure of crystal
Ans : X-rays
*Rays appear to be originated from outside of earth is called
Ans : Cosmic rays
*Cosmic rays was discovered by
Ans : Victor Hess

INFRARED RAYS (IR RAYS)

*Infrared Rays was discovered by
Ans : William Herschel
*Heat rays emitted by sun is
Ans : Infrared rays

USES AND EXAMPLES

*Infrared rays is used in TV remote
*Infrared rays is used in distant photography
*Heat of sun is due to
Ans : Infrared rays

ULTRAVIOLET RAYS (UV RAYS)

*The electromagnetic radiation with wavelength ranging from 10nm to
380nm
Ans : Ultraviolet Rays

APPLICATIONS
*For identifying the counterfeit currency
*Used to fill inside the tube lights
*Used to disinfect equipment used for operation
*It causes sunburn
WAVES
*The disturbance which propagates energy from one place to another
without the transport of matter
Ans : Waves

TWO TYPES OF WAVES

*Longitudinal wave
*Transverse wave
*Particles vibrate parallel to the direction of propagation of wave
Ans : Longitudinal wave
eg : sound wave
*Particles vibrate perpendicular to the direction of propagation of wave
Ans : Transverse wave
eg : Light wave
*The distance between two successive crests or troughs
Ans : Wave length
*The maximum displacement of vibrating particle on either side from
the equilibrium position
Ans: Amplitude
*The spatial frequency of a wave, either in cycles per unit distance or
radians per unit distance is called
Ans: Wave Number
*Earthquake waves are
Ans: Infrasonic waves

SOUND
*A form of energy which produces sensation of hearing
Ans: Sound
* Sound requires a
Ans: Medium to travel
* Sound cannot travel through
Ans: Vacuum
* Study of sound is called
Ans: Acoustics
* Velocity of sound in air
Ans: 340m/s
* Velocity of sound is maximum in
Ans: Solids
* Velocity of sound is least in
Ans: Gases
* Sound has the maximum speed in
Ans: Steel
* The number of oscillation made in one second is called
Ans: Frequency
Unit of frequency - Hertz (Hz)
1 cycle/second -1 Hz
* Frequency of audible sound is
Ans: 20Hz to 20,000 Hz
* The machine used to reproduce sound
Ans: Phonogram
* The method of locating under water objects using sound waves
Ans: SONAR (Sound Navigation and Ranging)
* Waves used in SONAR
Ans: Ultrasonic waves
* The phenomena of sound which is used in stethoscope
Ans: Reflection of sound
* The unit which is usually used to denote the intensity of pollution
Ans: Parts per million (ppm)
* Normal sound level in decibel
Ans: 60-120 db

FACTORS OF SOUND
(1)Pitch
(2)Loudness
(3)Timbre / Quality
PITCH
*The shrillness of sound felt by the ear
Ans: Pitch

LOUDNESS
* The intensity of sound is measured in » The intensity of sound felt by
the ear
Ans: Loudness

TIMBRE
*It is the quality of sound
*Different individuals have different Timbre
* Used to denote the speed of a supersonic plane
Ans : Mach Number
* 1 Mach number is equal to
Ans : 340 m/s
* Persistance of sound
Ans : 1/10 seconds
* Velocity of sound in moist air is greater than in dry air
* Ultrasound scanning uses high frequency
Ans : Ultrasonic waves
ECHO
*Echo and reverberation are due to the reflection of
Ans : Sound
*Minimum distance required for the production of echo
Ans : 17m
*Phenomenon utilized by bats to detect prey and obstacles in their
path in night
Ans : Echolocation
*For echolocation bats use
Ans : Ultrasonic sound
*Depth of the sea is measured in
Ans : Fathom
1 fathom = 6 feet = 1.82 m

HEAT
*It is an indication of object's internal energy or it is the degree of
hotness/ coldness
Ans : Temperature
*Heat is measured in the unit of
Ans : Joule (J)
*The study of materials and phenomena at low temperature
Ans : Cryogenics
TEMPERATURE SCALES
*Celsius scale (C)
*Fahrenheit scale (F)
*Kelvin or absolute scale (K)
*Relationship of temperature scale
C/5 = F-32/9 = K-273/5
*In Kelvin scale there is no
Ans: Negative temperature
*The amount of heat required to raise the temperature of the
substance through it
Ans : Heat capacity
*Calorie was the unit, formerly used to measure
Ans: Heat
One calorie = 4.2 Joules
*The amount of heat required to raise the temperature of lgm of water
by 1°C
Ans : One calorie
*The instrument used for measuring high temperature
Ans : Pyrometer
*Amount of heat required to raise the temperature of unit mass of a
substance by 1°C is Known as
Ans : Specific heat capacity
*Water has the highest specific heat capacity
*Specific heat of water
Ans : 4185 J/KgK
*Specific heat of water is minimum at
Ans : 37°c
*Element with the highest specific heat
Ans : Hydrogen
*The temperature above which a gas cannot be liquefied
Ans : Critical temperature
*Absolute Zero
Ans : = 0 Kelvin = -273.15°C
*The temperature which shows same measurement in Celsius and in
Fahrenheit Scale
Ans : -40
*Temperature which shows same measurement in Fahrenheit and in
Kelvin Scale
Ans : 574.25

TRANSMISSION OF HEAT
*There are 3 modes of heat transfer
1. Conduction
2. Convection
3. Radiation
CONDUCTION
*Process of exchange of hotter particles to the neighbouring colder
particles is known as
Ans : Conduction
*In solids, heat transfer takes place by
Ans : Conduction

CONVECTION
*Transfer of heat from hotter region carrying heat to a colder region is
called
Ans : Convection
*In liquid and gas, heat transfer takes place by
Ans : Convection
*Land breeze and sea breeze is due to
Ans : Convection
*Ocean currents Monsoon and trade winds are based on the principle
of
Ans : Convection

RADIATION
*Transmission of heat from one point to another without heating the
medium is called
Ans : Radiation
*Heat from the sun reaches the earth by
Ans : Radiation
*Polished surface reduces radiation, results in
Ans : Heat loss

THERMOMETERS
*Thermometer was invented by
Ans : Galelio

TYPES OF THERMOMETERS
(1)MERCURY THERMOMETER
*Invented by - Farenheit
(2)CLINICAL THERMOMETER
*Invented by - Thomas Allbutt
*Normal temperature of human body
Ans : 36.9°C ( 98.4°F, 310 K)

THERMO FLASK (VACUUM FLASK)

*Invented by
Ans: Sir James Dewar
*It prevents heat loss by
Ans: Conduction and convection
*Glass used in thermo flask
Ans: Borosilicate glass

CONDUCTORS AND INSULATORS

*Substances which easily allows electricity to flow through them is
called
Ans : Conductors
eg: silver, copper, mercury etc
*Substances which does not allow electricity to pass through it is called
Ans : Insulators
eg: plastic, mica, rubber, dry air etc
*Substances which allow electricity to flow through them partially
Ans : Semiconductors eg: Germanium, Silicon
*Mica is a good conductor of heat but bad conductor of
Ans : Electricity
*Copper and Aluminium are the metals commonly used in
Ans : Electric circuit
*Insulators used in electrical system
Ans : Porcelain or Glass

ANOMALOUS EXPANSION OF WATER

*Almost every liquid expands with increase in
Ans : Temperature
*When the temperature of water is increased from 0°C to 4°C the
volume
Ans : Decreases
*If the temperature is increased above 4°c the volume starts
Ans : Increasing
*Temperature at which water has least volume and high density
Ans : 4°C
*Water expands on
Ans : Freezing
*Water pipes break in winter in cold regions due to
Ans : Freezing

THERMAL EXPANSION
*Tendency of matter to change in volume in response to change in
temperature is called
Ans : Thermal Expansion
*All substances expand on
Ans : Heating
*Mercury thermometer works on the principle of
Ans : Thermal Expansion
*Matter which expand most on heating
Ans : Gases
APPLICATIONS
*Rail Road tracks are constructed so that they can safely expand on a
hot day without derailing the trains travelling over them.
*Electri

THERMAL CONDUCTIVITY
*Property of a material to conduct heat is called
Ans : Thermal conductivity
*Unit (SI) of thermal conductivity
Ans : Watts per meter Kelvin (W/mK)
*Co-efficient of thermal conductivity
Ans : K Factor
*The rate of cooling of hot water will be fester than the
Ans : Tap water
*In a refrigerator, cooling is produced by the evaporation of a
Ans : Volatile liquid

Physics 2
HUMIDITY
*The amount of water vapour present in air is called
Ans : Humidity
*When humidity occurs, perspiration is
Ans : Maximum
*Humidity indicates perspiration, dew or fog etc

MELTING POINT
*The process by which a substance is changed from solid state to liquid
state is, called
Ans : Melting
*The fixed temperature at which a substance is changed from solid
state to liquid state is called
Ans : Melting point
*Melting point of ice can be raised by the decrease of
Ans : Pressure

■MELTING
*Mercury - -39 degree C
*Alcohol - -114 degree C
*Ice - -0 degree C

BOILING POINT
*When liquid boils and changes itself into vapour at standard
atmospheric pressure is called
Ans : Boiling point
*When pressure increases boiling point
Ans : Increases
*Boiling point of water
Ans : 100°C
*Water inside a pressure cooker boils at a temperature of
Ans : 120°C

SUBLIMATION
*Sublimation is the process of conversion of a solid directly into
Ans: Vapour
eg : camphor
*Sublimation occurs when boiling point is less than
Ans : Melting point

EVAPORATION
*The process of conversion of liquid into vapour at any temperature
Ans: Evaporation
*Evaporation causes
Ans : Cooling
*Rate of evaporation increases with increase in temperature, surface
area and decrease in
Ans : Pressure
*While sweating under a fan we feel cool because of
Ans : Evaporation

BLACK BODY
*A perfectly black body absorbs all types of
Ans : Heat radiations
*Absorption power of perfectly black body is
Ans : 1
*Device used to measure the temperature of Sun
Ans : Pyroheliometer
*Study of high temperature
Ans : Pyrology
*The radiation emitted from a black body is called
Ans : Black body radiation

ELECTRICITY
*The rate of flow of charge through a conductor per second is called
Ans : Current
(Q - Quantity of charge t - charge flowing in second I - current)
*SI unit is of current
Ans : Ampere (A)
*Electric charge was first observed in a substance called
Ans : Amber
*Unit of electric charge
Ans : Coulomb
*1 coulomb (c) = 6.24 x 1018 electrons
*Charge of an electron = 1.6 x 10'19C
*The region which surrounds the electrically charged particles
Ans : Electric field
*The term electricity is coined by
Ans : Gilbert
*Law of electrolysis were formulated by
Ans : Michael Faraday
*The process of splitting up of a chemical substance when an electric
current flows through it
Ans : Electrolysis
*A good conductor of electricity
Ans : Mercury
*The capacity of an electric field to do work on an electric charge
Ans : Electric potential
*Pure water is a bad conductor of electricity because pure water does
not dissociate into
Ans : Ions
*Electro magnetism was discovered by
Ans : Hans Christian Oersted
*Positively charged particles lose
Ans : Electrons
*Negatively charged particles gain
Ans : Electrons
*Electricity is divided into two
Ans : (1)Static electricity
(2)Dynamic electricity
*The electric charge built upon a material as a static mode
Ans : Static electricity
*The type of electric charge flows from one point to another through
the conductors, cables etc
Ans : Dynamic electricity
*Dynamic electricity are of two types
(a)Alternating current (AC)
(b)Direct current (DC)

ALTERNATING CURRENT (AC)

*It is the continuous flow of current
*It reverse its direction and magnitude with respect to time
*Electricity supplying for domestic use is
Ans : Alternating Current
DIRECT CURRENT (DC)
*Unidirectional flow of electric charge
Ans : Direct Current
*It does not reverse its direction with respect to time
*DC is formerly known as
Ans: Galvanic current
*Batteries, solar cells etc produce
Ans : DC
*AC is used more widely than DC
*The device used to convert AC t[o DC
Ans : Rectifiers
*The device used to convert DC to AC
Ans : Oscillator
*The device which conducts DC but blocks AC is
Ans : Inductor
*When one coulomb charge is carried from one place to another, the
work done is called
Ans : Electric potential difference
*SI unit of electrical potential difference is
Ans : Volt
*The e.m.f or potential difference measured in volt is called
Ans : Voltage
OHM'S LAW
*The potential difference (V) is directly proportional to strength of
current flowing through a conductor
Ans : VaI
V = RI
*Property of some crystals to develop an electromotive force when
subjected to mechanical stress is called
Ans : Piezo Electricity
*Quartz Crystal in watches work on the principle of
Ans : Piezo Electricity
*Piezo Electricity was discoverd by
Ans : Pierre Curie and Jacques Curie

RESISTANCE
*The property of a material due to which it opposes the flow charge
through it
Ans : Resistance
*Unit of resistance is
Ans : ohm
1 siemens = -1/ohm= ohm-1 or mho
*The metal having lowest resistance
Ans : Silver
*The instrument used to control the resistance
Ans : Rheostat
*Nichrome is used as heating element in many appliances because of
Ans : High resistivity Resistance

SUPER CONDUCTIVITY
*Super conductivity was discovered by
Ans : KamerlinghOnnes
*At very low temperature, super conductivity possesses
Ans : Zero resistance
*A super conductor above 100 K
Ans : Ceramics

FUSE
*Fuse is used to avoid
Ans : Overloading of current in electric circuit
*Fuse is made from an alloy of
Ans : Lead and Tin
*Fuse has low melting point and high resistivity
*When a charged body is connected to the earth it gets neutralised. It
is called
Ans : Earthing
*A number of cells connected together are called
Ans: Battery
*A source of emf containing two or more cells is called
Ans: A battery
*Rechargeable batteries like mobile phones torches uses
Ans : Nickel and Cadmium
*The negative electrode in a drycell is
Ans : Cathode
eg : zinc
*The positive electrode in a drycell is
Ans : Anode
eg: carbon rod
*Cell was first invented by
Ans : Alessandro Volta
*Cell is otherwise known as
Ans : Voltaic Cell
*Dry cell was invented by
Ans : Carl Gassner
*In primary cell, chemical energy is converted into
Ans : Electrical energy
eg : Daniel cell, Dry cell etc
*Potential difference measured in volt is called
Ans : Voltage
*Colour of positive wire in domestic circuits
Ans : Red / Brown
* Colour of neutral wire in domestic circuit
Ans : Black/Blue
*Colour of earth wire in domestic circuit
Ans : Green

EMF (ELECTROMOTIVE FORCE)

*The electrical potential for a source in a circuit is called
Ans : EMF
*The emf of a voltaic cell
Ans : 1 volt
*Emf of mercury cell
Ans : 1.35 volt
*The emf of a dry cell
Ans : 1.5volt
*Voltage of a torch cell
Ans : 1.5volt
*Emf of Lithium ion battery
Ans : 3.6volt
ELECTRICAL POWER TRANSMISSION
*The rate of production of electrical energy per unit time
Ans : Electric power
*Electricity supplied for domestic use is
Ans : Alternating Current (AC)
*Electricity for domestic purpose is measured in
Ans : Kilowatt hour (Kwh)
*Kilowatt hour is commonly called as
Ans : Units
1 KWh = 1000 watt x 3600 seconds
*The commercial unit of electrical energy is also
Ans : KWh
*The technique used in the electric circuits in household purpose to
protect appliances
Ans : Short Circuiting
*Instrument used to measure the amount of electric energy used by a
consumer
Ans : Watt hour meter
*Electric power transmission was developed by
Ans : Thomas Alva Edison
*The supply voltage produced in India
Ans : 11KV (Kilovolt) or 11000 volt
*Voltage range for household purpose
Ans : 220-230 volt
*The frequency of household electric current in India is
Ans : 50 Hertz

ELECTRONICS
*The study of nature, control and application of electrons
Ans : Electronics
*Vacuum tubes work on the principle of
Ans : Thermionic emission
*The simplest form of a vacuum tube
Ans : Diode
*The device used to convert alternating current (AC) to Direct Current
(DC)
Ans : Rectifiers
*The device which converts DC energy into AC energy
Ans : Electronic oscillator
*The process which makes the current to pass in the same direction is
called
Ans : Rectification
*Now thermionic valves are completely replaced by
Ans : Transistors
*Miracle child of electronics
Ans : Transistor
*Triode was invented by
Ans : Lee De Forest
*Element used in solar cells
Ans : Silicon

SEMI CONDUCTORS
*Materials whose conductivity lies between conductors and insulators
Ans : Semi conductors
*Examples of semiconductors are
Ans : Germanium, Silicon
*Semi conductor in pure state is called
Ans : Intrinsic Semiconductors
*In intrinsic, number of holes is enoqual to number of
Ans : Electrons
*The process to improve conductivity
Ans : Doping
*Process of adding controlled impurities to a pure semiconductor is
known as
Ans : Doping
*The substances used for doping
Ans : Dopants
*An intrinsic semiconductor undergoes doping, change into
Ans : Extrinsic semiconductor
*Extrinsic are of two types:
(1)N-type semiconductor
(2)P-type semiconductor In N-type, charge carriers are
Ans : Electrons
*An intrinsic semiconductors have
*Trivalent impurity (eg: Boron, Gallium)
*Pentavalent impurity (eg: Antimony, Arsenic)

■ SEMI CONDUCTORS ARE USED MAINLY IN

* Solar cells (silicon) *transistors
*diodes *Integrated circuits (IC)

DIODE
*The electronic device which has semiconducting property that allows
current to flow in one direction
Ans : Diode
*Diode is mostly used to convert
Ans : AC to DC
*Diode is used as a
Ans : Rectifier
*Zener diode is used as
Ans : Voltage regulator

TRANSISTOR
*A semiconductor device used to amplify or switch electronic signals
and electrical power
Ans : Transistor
*Transistor is operated at low temperatures and voltages.
*Three regions of a transistor
Ans : Emitter, Base, Collector
*Transistor transfers a signal from a low resistance to
Ans : High resistance
*Transistor was invented by
Ans : John Bardeen, W.H. Brattain and William Shockley
*Electronic intelligene is called
Ans : ELINT

INTEGRATED CIRCUITS (IC)

*The circuits that act as transistors, diodes, resistors etc is called
Ans : Integrated Circuits
*'IC' chips are made up of
Ans : Silicon or Germanium
*IC was invented by
Ans : Jack Kilby
*IC chip using Silicon was invented by
Ans : Robert Noyce

GATES
*The electronic circuit which works only on two voltage levels (0 and 1)
is called
Ans : Gates

LOGIC GATES ARE

1. AND Gate
2. OR Gate
3. NOT gate
* Universal logics are - NAND, NOR
*Voltage levels In a circuit is either represented by
Ans : '1' or '0'
*The level '1' represents
Ans : High voltage level
*The level '0' represents
Ans : Zero voltage level
TELECOMMUNICATION
*Wireless radio communication was developed by
Ans : Guglielmo Marconi
*First telecommunication device was
Ans : Telegraph
*The frequencies transmitted by TV station is called
Ans : Channel
*For radio transmission BBC uses
Ans : Short waves
*Short waves ranging from 14m to 60m are used for
Ans : International communication
*The waves which travel long distances without loss in intensity
Ans : Short waves (14m to 60m)
*Short waves ranging from 14m to 60m are used for
Ans : International communication
*The waves which travel long distance without loss in intensity
Ans : Short waves (14m to 60m)

VERY HIGH FREQUENCY (VHF)

* Electro magnetic spectrum between 30MHz and 300 MHz is called
Ans:VHF
*VHF is used in
Ans:Radio Transmission and Radar

ULTRA HIGH FREQUENCY (UHF)

*Frequency ranging from 300 MHZ to 3GHz is called
Ans : VHF
*VHF is used in
Ans : Ratio Transmission and Rader

ULTRA HIGH FREQUENCY

*Frequency ranging from 300MHZ to 3GHz is called
Ans : UHF
*UHF is used in
Ans : T.V, Communication of satellite etc.
*Telex
Ans : Teleprinter Exchange
*The device used for communicating the text and images through
telephone lines
Ans : Fax machine
*The device used to convert audio frequency signals into sound
Ans : Loudspeaker
*The instrument which has ability to convert sound into magnetic
energy
Ans : Tape recorder

LCD AND LED

*LCD - Liquid Crystal Display
*LED - Light Emitting Diode
*LED is used as monitor, clocks, watches, calculators, telephones etc.
*LED was invented by
Ans : Oleg Losev and Nick Holonyak
*Working principle of LED
Ans : Electroluminescence

MAGNETISM
*The phenomenon of attraction of a substance by a magnet is called
Ans : Magnetism
*Magnetic substances are
Ans : Iron, Nickel, Cobalt and certain alloys
*A naturally occurring magnet
Ans : Lodestone
*Magnetism was first discovered in
Ans : Lodestone
*Every magnet has two poles
Ans : A North pole and a South pole Like poles repel and unlike pole
attract
*The field around a magnet where its magnetic effect is felt
Ans : Magnetic field
*Permanent magnet is made up of
Ans : Alnico
*Electromagnet is made up of
Ans : Pure Iron
*Molecular theory of magnetism was proposed by
Ans : Weber
*The magnetism of a substance decreases while on
Ans : Heating or hammering
*In a magnet the magnetic line of force are from
Ans : North to South pole
*Artificial magnets made by the use of electricity are called
Ans : Electromagnets
*The instruments which are dependent of magnetic power of electricity
are
Ans : Fan, telephone receiver, dynamo etc
*The scientist who stated that the earth behaves as a huge magnet
Ans : William Gilbert
*A Magnetic force of attraction at the centre of bar magnet
Ans : Zero
*A coil of insulated wire bound on a rod shaped form made of solid iron
is called
Ans : Solenoid
*The unit of magnetic flux density
Ans : Tesla
*Unit of magnetic flux
Ans : Weber

FERROMAGNETIC SUBSTANCES
*Substances acquire strong magnetism in the direction of magnetic
field
Ans : Ferromagnetic substances
eg: Nickel, Iron, Cobalt
*Strongest type of magnetism
Ans : Ferro magnetism
*Refrigerator magnet is
Ans : Ferro magnet
*Ferro magnetism was discovered by
Ans : Louis Neel
PARAMAGNETIC SUBSTANCES
*Substance acquire feeble magnetism in the direction of magnetic field
is called
Ans : Paramagnetic Substances
eg: Platinum, Oxygen, manganese etc
*Paramagnetic substances is temperature dependent

DIAMAGNETIC SUBSTANCES
*Substances acquire weak magnetism in the direction opposite to the
magnetic field is called
Ans : Diamagnetic substances
eg : inert gases, alcohol, copper, gold, water, hydrogen etc.
* Diamagnetic substances is independent of temperature
* Substance used for making electromagnets
Ans : Soft iron
* Electromagnets are used in
Ans : Electric bells, telephones and telegraphs

PERMANENT MAGNET
*An object made from a material that is magnetized and creates its
own persistent magnetic field is called
Ans : Permanent magnet
eg: Refrigerator magnet
*Powerful permanent magnets are made from
Ans : Alnico
* Alnico is an alloy of
Ans : Aluminium, Nickel, Cobalt and Iron
* Some organisms can detect magnetic field called
Ans : Magnetoception
* Technique using a powerful magnetic field to diagnose and treat
diseases
Ans : MRI (Magnetic Resonance imaging)
* A magnet made by binding insulated copper wire over a. soft iron
piece and passing an electric current through the wire is called
Ans : Electro magnet (temporary magnet)

LAMPS
*Bulbs are usually called as
Ans : Filament lamps or Incandescent lamps
*Gases used to fill inside a filament lamp
Ans : Argon, Nitrogen
*Life-span of filament lamp
Ans : 1000 hours
*The material used for making filament of the bulb
Ans : Tungsten
*Examples of discharge lamps are
Ans : Compact fluorescent lamp, Tube lights, vapour lamps
*Life span of fluorescent lamps
Ans : 5000 hours
*A mixture of Argon and Mercury gases are filled in
Ans : Fluorescent lamps
*Phosphor - coating material used in
Ans : Fluorescent lamps
*Lamps used in advertisement boards
Ans : Neon vapour lamps
*Energy efficient in lamps means they consume
Ans : Low energy
*Electric bulb was invented by
Ans : Thomas Alva Edison
*Electrical oscillation was invented by:
Ans : Heinrich Hertz
*National energy conservation day
Ans : December 14
*The electricity carrying cables buried underground made of
Ans : Copper
VAPOUR LAMPS & COLOURS
*Argon vapour lamp - Purple
*Chlorine vapour lamp - Green
*Mercury vapour lamp - White
*Nitrogen vapour lamp - Red
*Neon vapour lamp - Orange
*Sodium vapour lamp - Yellow
*Hydrogen vapour lamp - Blue

ELECTROMAGNETIC INDUCTION
*The production of an electromotive force (voltage) across an electrical
conductor due to its dynamic interaction with a magnetic field is called
Ans : Electromagnetic Induction
*Electromagnetic induction was proposed by
Ans : Michael Faraday
*Transformers, Microphones, Induction coil, Generators, Motors,
Induction coil work on the principle of
Ans : Faraday's law of Electromagnetic Induction

MUTUALINDUCTION
*A charge of current in neighbouring coil will induce (contribute) a
voltage (emf) in a coil is termed as
Ans : Mutual Induction
*The coil in which current is changed is called
Ans : Primary coil
*The coil in which the e.m.f is produced is called
Ans : Secondary coil
*Transformer, Generators works on the principle of
Ans : Mutual Induction

ENERGY CONVERSION
*Wax Candle- Chemical Energy to Heat and Light energies
*Electric Bell- Electrical to Sound energy
*Dynamo - Mechanical to Electrical energy
*Battery - Chemical to Electrical energy
*Electric fan - Electrical to Mechanical energy
*Solar cell - Solar to Electrical energy
*Electric oven- Electrical to Heat energy
*Motor- Electrical to Mechanic energy
*Gas stove - Chemical energy to light and Heat energies
*Loud Speaker- Electrical energy to Sound energy
*Microphone - Sound energy to Electrical energy
[nww]
NUCLEAR PHYSICS
*The strongest force of nature
Ans : Nuclear force
*Nuclear force acts between the
Ans : Nucleons
*Father of Nuclear Physics
Ans : Ernest Rutherford
*Father of Nuclear Physics in India
Ans : Homi.J.Bhabha
*Radio activity was invented by
Ans : Henry Becquerel
*Artificial radio activity was invented by
Ans : Irene Curie and Frederick Curie
*The process of changing nucleus of one element into other by the
spontaneous emission of certain radiation
Ans : Radio activity
*SI unit of Radioactivity
Ans : Curie
*1 becquerel = 1 decay / second
*1 curie = 3.7 x 1010 Bq
*Radioactive substances emit 3 types of radiation
Ans : Alpha, Beta and Gama
*The device used for detecting and measuring radiation
Ans : Gieger counter
*Product of Natural radioactivity
Ans : Lead
*Particle with highest ionization energy
Ans : Alpha
*Particle with least ionization energy
Ans : Gamma
*Particle with highest penetrating power
Ans : Alpha
*Particle with highest velocity
Ans : Gamma
*Particle with least velocity
Ans : Alpha
*Ionisation energy
Ans : alpha>beta>gamma
*Penetrating power
Ans : gamma>beta>alpha
*Velocity
Ans : gamma>beta>alpha

Particle Discovered by Charge Velocity Equivalent

Alpha (a) Ernest Rutherford Positive 1 5 x 106m/s
helium nucleus
Beta (ß) Ernest Rutherford Negative 27 x 107 m/s
electrons
Gama (y) Paul.U.Williard No charge 3 x 108 m/s
electromagnetic waves

*Radioactive elements used as medicine

Ans : Phosphorous 32, Iodine 131, Oxygen 15
*Compound used as heavy water
Ans : Deuterium Oxide (D2O)
*Deuterium is known as
Ans : Heavy hydrogen
*The radio active isotope used for the treatment of cancer
Ans : Cobalt 60

NUCLEAR FISSION AND NUCLEAR FUSION

NUCLEAR FUSION
*The process of combining of two lighter nuclei to give a heavier
nucleus is called
Ans : Nuclear fusion
*Nuclear fusion is otherwise called as
Ans : Thermonuclear reaction
*Hydrogen bomb is based on the principle of
Ans : Nuclear fusion
*Nuclear fusion was discovered by
Ans : Hans Bathe
*Isotope of hydrogen used in nuclear fusion
Ans : Tritium
*The main source of solar energy is
Ans : Nuclear fusion

NUCLEAR FISSION
*The phenomenon of breaking a heavy nucleus into two light nuclei of
almost equal masses along with release of huge amount of energy is
called
Ans : Nuclear fission
*Uncontrolled chain reaction is the working principle of
Ans : Atom Bomb
*Nuclear fission was discovered by
Ans : Ottohann and Frizstrassmann
*Enormous energy is released during atomic bomb explosion
*Time interval taken by a radioactive substance to disintegrate to half
of its initial weight is called
Ans : Half life
*Radio Carbon (carbon -14) has a half life of
Ans : 5760 years
*The average lifetime of atoms in a radioactive substance is called
Ans : Mean life
*Uranium - 235 is known as
Ans : Enriched uranium
*The technique used to determine the age of fossils of animals and
plants
Ans : Carbon dating
*The technique used to estimate the age of rocks from the moon
Ans : Uranium dating
*The technique used for finding the age of rocks
Ans : Rubidium - Strontium dating
*The technique used for calculating the age of caves and sea animals
Ans : Uranium - Thorium dating
*Dating method used for determining the age of archaeological
materials
Ans : Thermoluminescence

NUCLEAR REACTORS
*Fourth largest source of electricity in India
Ans : Nuclear power
*First atomic reactor in India
Ans : 'Apsara' in Trombay (Maharashtra)
*Chain reaction is allowed to proceed slowly and in a controlled
manner in
Ans : Nuclear reactor
*Fuels in nuclear reactors
Ans : Uranium 233, Uranium 235, Plutonium 239
*The device used to slow down the fast moving secondary neutrons
Ans : Moderator
*Commonly used moderators are
Ans : Heavy water, Graphite, Rods of Boron and Cadmium, Berillium
oxide
*The substances used to remove the heat produced from the nuclear
reactor
Ans : Coolants
*Coolant used in high temperature breeder reactor
Ans : Liquid Sodium
*The fuel used in the fast breeder reactors
Ans : Plutonium, Uranium oxide
*Neutron source is Berillium mixed with
Ans : Polonium
*Early reactors were known as
Ans : Atomic piles
*Atomic clock (ceasium) was discovered by
Ans : Louis Essen
REACTORS PURPOSE
* Power reactors Converts nuclear fission energy into electric
power
* Research reactors Produces neutrons and radio isotopes
* Production reactors Converts non-fissionable material into fissionable
material

THRUST
*The total normal force exerted by a fluid on a surface is called
Ans: Thrust
*Unit of thrust is
Ans: Newton

WEIGHT
*The total gravitational force act on a body
Weight
W = mg
[m = mass of the body,
g = acceleration due to gravity]

■ WEIGHT OF A BODY IS:

*Minimum at the Equator
*Zero at the centre
*Maximum at the poles of the Earth
*Weight of a body in moon is equal to
Ans : 1/ 6th of the weight of a body on earth

MASS
*The amount of matter contained in a body is called
Ans : Mass
*Mass doesn't vary with the change of its position on the earth's
surface
*The device used to measure Mass of a body
Ans : Ordinary balance

DENSITY
*Density is defined as - Mass per unit of volume
Density =Mass /Volume
Relative density
=Density of body / Density of water
*Unit - Kg/m3 Density of water
Ans : 1000kg/m3
*Density of water is maximum at - 4°C
*Relative density is also known as
Ans : Specific gravity
*Water occupies maximum volume at - 0°C
*When ice melts level of water remains
Ans : Constant
*When ice melts, its volume
Ans : Decreases

IMPULSIVE FORCE
*A very large force acting for a short period of time is called
Ans : Impulsive force
*Impulse (I) is the force that changes the
Ans : Momentum of a body
*I = Force x time = Ft

PASCAL'S LAW
*The law states that a force exerted on anywhere in a confined
incompressible fluid is transmitted equally in all directions
Ans : Pascal's law
*Pascal's law is also known as principle of
Ans : Transmission of fluid pressure
*Pascal's law was discovered by
Ans : Blaise Pascal
APPLICATIONS
*Hydraulic Jack *Hydraulic Press
*Hydraulic lifts *Flush Tank

APPLICATIONS
*Ice floats on water - Density of Ice is less than the density of water
* A ship of iron and steel float on water - Density of iron is less than the
density of water
* Iron nail sinks - Density of iron is less than the density of water
* An iron nail floats on mercury but sinks in water - Density of mercury
is less than the density of iron
* Ship moves from river to sea rises little higher - Density of sea water is
greater than the density of fresh water
* It is impossible to extinguish petrol fire by water - Density of water is
greater than the density of Petrol
* Ice sinks in alcohol - Density of water is greater than density of
alocohol

BUOYANT FORCE
*When a body is immersed partly or wholly in a liquid, a force acts on
the body by the liquid in the upward direction. This force is called
Ans : Buoyant force
Examples:
*A bucket of water weighs less when immersed in water
ARCHIMEDES PRINCIPLE
*When a body is completely or partly immersed in a fluid, the body
experiences an upward thrust which is equal to the weight of fluid
displaced by the body

FLOATATION
*The law of floatation states that a floating object displaces its own
weight of the fluid in which it floats
*Weight of floating object = weight of fluid displaced

SIMPLE MACHINES
*It is a device used for performing work by applying force (effort) at a
convenient point in a convenient
Ans : Direction to overcome the friction at some other point
*It reduce human effort
*Inclined planes.and levers are simple machines
-->effect of a simple machine
= power output / power input
*The law of lever was proposed by
Ans: Archimedes
FULCRUM (PERMANENT POINT)
*Lever is a rigid bar capable of turning freely about a fixed point

EFFORT OR POWER (E)

*The force applied on the machine

RESISTANCE OR LOAD (R)

*The force felt by the machine
*Mechanical advantage of a machine
= Load/Effort
LEVER ARRANGEMENT EXAMPLE
*Ist Order RFE Balance, nail, puller, sea-saw, a pair of
scissors
*2nd Order ERF Wheel barrow, nut cracker, lemon
squeezer
*3rd Order REF Ice tongs, fishing rod, shovel etc

SCORING MACHINE
*The device used to test the purity of milk
Ans : Lactometer
*The majority of UV radiations coming from the sun are absorbed by
the
Ans : Ozone layer
*Periscope is a device works on the principle of
Ans : Reflection and Refraction
photometry is the branch deals with the measurement of light emitted
by the
Ans : Objects
*Father of Cybernetics
Ans : Norbert Weiner

GAS LAWS
(1)J.L.GAY - LUSSAC'SLAW
If the volume remains constant , the pressure is directly proportional to
the absolute temperature
P&T
V1/T1 = V2/T2

(2)BOYLE'S LAW
IF the Pressure is Kept constant,the volume of a gas is directly
proportional to its absolute temperature
V a 1/p
P1V1 = P2V2
(3)If the pressure is kept constant,the volume of a gas is directly
proportional to its absolute temperature
VaT
V1/T1 = V2/T2

(4)AVOGADRO'S LAW
Equal volume of gases at same temperature and Pressure contain equal
numbers of molecules
Van
V1/n1 = V2/n2
(5)COMBINED GAS LAW
PV = n RT
[P- Pressure,V - Volume n-number of molecules, T - Temperature, R -
Constant]

TABLES
Quantity Unit Symbol
Mass Kilogram Kg
Length metre m
Time second s
Work & Energy Joule J
Electric current ampere A
Temperature Kelvin K
Amount of substance mole mol
Luminous intensity candela cd
Inductance henry H
Intensity of
magnetic field Tesla T
Momentum Kg metre/sec Kgm/s
Intensity of electric
field Newton/coloumb N/C
*Illuminance lux Ix
*Conductance Siemens S
*Capacitance Farad F
*Radioactivity Becquerel Bq
*Resistance ohm
*Potential difference Volt V
*Electric charge Coulomb C
*Power Watt W
*Pressure Pascal Pa
*Frequency Hertz Hz
*Speed metre per sec ms-1
*Volume cubic metre m^3
*Area square metre m^2
*Force Newton N
*Angle radian rad
*Radiant flux Watt N
*Cwlsius temperature Degree Celsius 0C
*solid angle steradianSr
*Magnetic flux Weber Wb

DIMENSIONS OF MOTION
TYPE OF MOTION CHARACTERISTICS EXAMPLE
One dimensional motion Motion restricted to straight line Train
travelling along a straight rail
Two dimensional motion Motion restricted to a plane Boat on
a lake
Three dimensional motion Motion is space Gas molecules
in space
*1 light year = 9.46x10^12 kilometers
*1 parsec = 3.26 light year
*Distance between stars = Light year
*Distance between sun and earth = Astronomical unit
Frequency Resulting sound wave
20Hz - 20,000Hz Audible sound of Human
Less than 20 Hz Infrasonic
Greater than 20,000Hz Ultrasonic

DISCOVERIES
*Corpuscular theory - Sir Isaac Newton
*Light travels faster in vacuum - Leon Foucault
*Speed of light varies in different media - Leon Foucault
*3 primary colours - Thomas Young
*Term Energy coined by - Thomas Young
*Light is an electromagnetic wave - Heinrich Hertz
*White light consist of different colours - Isaac Newton
*Quantum theory - Max Plank
*Wave theory - Christiaan Huygens
Tachyon - ECG Sudharshan

HEAT TRANSFER METHOD

METHOD CHARACTERISTICS EXAMPLE
Conduction Due to vibration In solids of particles In Solids
Convection Due to In liquid movement of and gases In Solids
particles
Radiation Not required any medium Heat of sun to earth

*Raman effect was discovered on

Ans : Feb. 28,1928
*February 28
Ans : National Science Day
*He got Nobel Prize in
Ans : 1930
*Raman effect is associated with
Ans : Scattering of light
*Blue colour of sea was explained by
Ans : CV.Raman
Different tempera ture cases Celsius Kelvin Fahrenhelt
*Ice melts at 0°C 273 K 112 F
*Water boils at 100°C 373 K 212 F

CONVERSION OF TEMPERATURE
*Celsius to Fahrenheit
Ans : F=(C*9/5) 32
*Fahrenheit to Celsius
Ans : C = (F - 32) *9/5
*Celsius to Kelvin Scale
Ans : K = C 273.15
*Kelvin to Celsius
Ans : C = K - 273.15

MICHAEL FARADAY
*Father of electricity
*Law of electrolysis was put forward
*Concept of electric field was put forward
*Invented Dynamo
*Discovered electromagnetic induction.

NUCLEAR POWER PLANTS IN INDIA

POWER PLANT STATE
*kaiga -Karnataka
*Karnataka -Gujarat
*Tarapur -Tamil Nadu
*Rawatbhat -Rajasthan
*Narora -Uttar Pradesh

*Father of Nuclear Physics

Ans : Ruther Ford
*Father of Indian Space Research
Ans : Vikram Sarabhai
*Father of Indian Nuclear Programme
Ans : Homi .J.Bhabha
*Father of Indian Atom Bomb
Ans : Raja Ramanna
*Father of Hydrogen Bomb
Ans : Edward Teller
*Father of Atom Bomb
Ans : Robert Oppenheimer
*Father of Modern Physics
Ans : Albert Einstein
*Lightening conductor
Ans : Benjamin Franklin
*Bifocal lens
Ans : Benjamin Franklin
*Astronomical telescope
Ans : Galileo
*Human eye made up of 3 kinds of colour receptors was explained by
Ans : Thomas Young
*Artifical radioactivity
Ans : Irene Joliot Curie and Frederic Joliot Curie
*The term radioactivity was coined by
Ans : Madam Curie
*The book 'PhilosophiaeNaturalis Principia Mathematica' was written
by
Ans : Isaac Newton
*Electromagnetic wave theory
Ans : James Clerk Maxwell
Physics 3
IMPORTANT INSTRUMENTS AND THEIR USES
*Altimeter : an apparatus used in aircraft for measuring altitudes
*Accumulator : used for storing electrical energy
*Amplifier helps to increase the strength of electrical signals
*Ammeter : used to measure Electric current
*Anemometer : instrument for measuring the force and velocity of
wind
*Audiometer : an instrument to measure intensity of so
*Audiophone : an instrument required to amplify sound and is worn to
compensate for poor hearing
*Barograph : for continuous recording of atmospheric pressure
*Barometer is an apparatus used for measuring the atmospheric
pressure
*Calorimeter : an instrument used for measuring quantities of heat
*Cardiogram a medical instrument used for tracing heart movements
*Commutator : split ring which forms the main part of a D.C. Dynamo
*Crescograph : is an instrument for recording growth of plants
*Dynamo : to convert mechanical energy into electrical energy
*Electroenceph : It is the technique of recording and interpreting the
electrical alograph (EEG) activity of the brain
*Epidiascope : for projecting films as well as images of opaque particles
on a screen
*Eudiometer It is a glass tube for measuring volume changes in
chemical reactions between gases
*Electroscope : to detect the presence of electric charge
*Fathometer : an instrument used for measuring depth of the ocean
*G.M. Counter : This special device is used for detecting the presence
of radiation (Geiger Muller and counting certain atomic particles
Counter)
*Gravimeter : an instrument for recording measurement under water
*Gyroscope : an instrument used to illustrate dynamics of rotating
bodies
*Hydrometer : an instrument used for measuring the specific gravity of
liquids
*Hydrophone : an instrument used for recording sound underwater
* Hygrometer : an instrument used for measuring humidity in air
* Hydroscope : shows the changes in atmospheric humidity
* Hypsometer : measures the boiling point of liquids Inverter used to
convert dc into ac
* Lactometer : an apparatus used for measuring the purity of milk
* Nanometer : for determining the pressure of a gas
* Mariner's : an apparatus which is used to guide the sailors. The
needle always compass points north south
* Micrometer : an instrument used for converting sound i,e, fraction of
the lowest division of a given scale
* Microphone : an instrument used for converting sound waves into
electrical vibrations
* Microscope : an Instrument which is used for magnifying minute
objects by a lens system
* Microtome : used for cutting an object into thin parts for microscopic
inspection
* Odometer : an instrument by virtue of which the distance covered by
wheeled vehicles is recorded
* Oscillator : convert dc into ac
* Phonograph : an instrument used for reproducing sound
* Potentiometer: used for comparing the e.m.f
* Psychrdmeteri : an of the atmosphere
* Pyrometer : an instrument for recording high temperature from a
great distance
* Rheostat : used to adjust resistance
* Resistor : used flow of electric current
* Rain Gauge : an apparatus for recording of rainfall at a particular
place
*Radiometer : an instrument for mesuring the emission of radiant
energy
*Refractometer : an Instrument to measure refractive indices
*Saccharimeter : an instrument for determining the amount of sugar in
a solution
*Seismometer or Seismograph : an instrument used for ing earthquake
shocks
*Spectometer : An instrument for measuring the energy distribution Of
a particular type of radiation
Speedometer : an instrument which indicates speed at which a vehicle
is moving
*Spherometer : an instrument for measuring curvature of surfaces
*Sphygmophone : an instrument, with the help of which a pulse beat
makes a sound
*Sphygmophone : an instrument by virtue of which , arterial pulsations
become visible
*Stereoscope : to view two dimensional images
*Stereoscope : an instrument to hear and analyse movements of heart
and lungs
*Stop watch : for recording small intervals of time in the laboratory, in
races and other events.
*Storeoscope : an instrument for viewing objects moving rapidly with a
periodic motion and see them as If they were at rest.
*Tachometer : an instrument for determining speeds of aeroplanes and
motor boats
*Tonometer : measure the internal pressure of the eye
*Transducer : converts sound signal into an electrical signal, or vice
versa.
*Transformer : an electrical device that transfers electrical energ
between two or more circuits through electromagnetic induction
*Teleprinter : an instrument which prints automatically messages sent
from one place to another on telegraph lines
*Theodolite : an instrument for measuring horizontal and vertical
angles
*Termometer : an instrument based on theremo-electricity used for
measuring temperatures
*Thermometer : an apparatus used for measuring temperature
*Thermostat : an Instrument used to regulate the temperature to a
particular degree
*Viscometer : an instrument to measure viscosity
*Voltmeter : used to measure potential difference
*Wattmeter : to measure the power of an electric current
Calorimeter : used for measuring the heat of chemical reactions