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Lesson1 and Lesson2 Class Notes

The document provides an overview of Java programming concepts including object-oriented and functional programming, data types, and string manipulation. It explains the use of various Java features such as operators, control structures, and methods for handling input and output. Additionally, it covers advanced topics like immutability of strings, array copying, and the switch expression syntax.

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Uyen Hoang
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0 views

Lesson1 and Lesson2 Class Notes

The document provides an overview of Java programming concepts including object-oriented and functional programming, data types, and string manipulation. It explains the use of various Java features such as operators, control structures, and methods for handling input and output. Additionally, it covers advanced topics like immutability of strings, array copying, and the switch expression syntax.

Uploaded by

Uyen Hoang
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
Available Formats
Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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Lesson - 1

Java Support OO, Functional Programming


OO - Concepts
• Class
• Object
• Polymorphism - Multiple form
• Inheritance - Derive a new class from the existing class

1
Lesson – 2
Data Types
1. Primitive Types

2. Reference Type / Object Type

How == Works on float and double


• The == operator compares the bitwise representation of the
two float or double values.
• If the values are exactly equal at the binary level, the comparison returns true.
• == works for exact equality but may fail due to precision errors in calculations.

• Consider BigDecimal for precision-critical applications and can use equals() to


check.
char type - Assign single character in quotes
char ch = 'A';
char ch1 = '\u0041';
char ch2 = 65; \\ 65 is considered as constant and should be in the range 0-65535
To print the Unicode special characters on the console
IntelliJ - Go to File -> File Properties -> File Encoding to UTF-8
How to get input from the console
1. JoptionPane - Swing library(JDK1.2) - Read as String, need parsing to convert
number type
2. BufferedReder & InputStreamReader(JDK1.1) - Read as String using Read(),

ReadLine()
3. Scanner - JDK 5.0 ( Mostly recommended) - Read as String, Int, Float
BufferedReader ob = new BufferedReader(new
InputStreamReader(System.in));
Scanner ob = new Scanner(System.in);
int x =ob.nextInt();

2
int x = 10;

int y = 5;
int z = 0;
if( x>y)
z = x;
else
x = y;
Ternary operator(?:) z = (x>y)?x:y;

Find greatest among three numbers using Ternary operator


int a = 100, b=55,c=19;
int max = a > b ? (a > c ? a : c) : (b > c ? b : c) ;
System.out.println(max);

Math class is called as Utility class. You cannot create object for the Math class due to
private constructor and not inherit from Math class due to final class. It’s not immutable
class.
Math ob = new Math(); //will get compilation error
It includes static fields and static methods.
Automatic Promotion

byte b1 = 10;
byte b2 = 11;
byte b3 = (byte) (b1+b2); // or int b3 = b1 + b2;

Java String
String x = “Java”;
// Within Double quotes – sequence of Character

3
Strings are Immutable
Try to modify the x value
X = x + “Programming”;
If modify the value it does not modify the original, instead of modifying it will create a
new String with the value of
“Java Programming”
// How to declare strings
String x = “Java” ; // String Literal
String x1 = new String(“Java”); String object

String Literal String Object


Declare using Equal (=) like assignment Create using new keyword
It Stores on String pool memory It stores on heap memory

If string literals are equal or not compare If string objects are equal or not compare
using == using equals() method

String comparison using == checks the String comparison using equals() checks
references are same the contents are same

Come from java.lang.String Come from java.lang.String

String x = “Java” ; → Refer the pool memory 00AB


String y = “Java”; → Refer the pool memory 00AB
String z = y; // 00AB

String Pool Memory


“Java” – 00AB(Ref)

4
String x1 = new String(“Java”); // 00AB
String x1 = new String(“Java”); // 0012

Reason behind Immutability


1. Security
a. Strings are often used to store sensitive information like passwords, user
credentials, and other data. If strings were mutable, modifying a string
holding sensitive information could lead to security vulnerabilities.
2. Thread Safety
a. In multithreaded environments, strings can be shared among multiple
threads without the need for synchronization.
Formatting Strings

1. System.out.printf() – Will directly print on the console


2. String.format() → Which returns a string.
Refer: https://docs.oracle.com/javase/tutorial/java/data/numberformat.html
Looping

1. While(cond) { } – It execute only the condition becomes true – Entry controlled


loop
2. Do {} while(condition) – Atleast one time statement will execute whether
condition is true or false. → Exit Controlled loop
3. For( index, condition, inc/decrem)
4. For each

5
Array Copy Approaches

1. System.ArrayCopy(src, srcindex, destination, desindex, number of elements) –


When you copy from one index to another index.
2. Arrays.copyOf(source, new size), Copy the original data along with resize.
3. Arrays.copyOfRange(Source, start, end) – Copy the range of values
4. Collection.Clone() – No resize , just get another copy

Command line Arguments.


Requirements

1. Read the input from the Commandline


2. Read from the args[] and add each word in to the string, separated by Comma and
add (.) at the end.
Inputs : args[] = {“Java”,”HTML”,”C++”} Outputs(String) : Java,HTML,C++.
String res = null;
For(int i =0; i<args.length-1;i++)
Res = res + args[i] + “,”;
Res = res + args[length-1] + “.”;
Strings are immutable, to overcome costly concatenation

Give inputs for the Command line Arguments, main method args[] in IntelliJ IDEA,
1. Right Click, Select More Run/Debug > Modify Run Configuration

6
Make sure your Class Name, and give input arguments separated by space like one two
three, then click OK.

Java Mutable String Libraries for concatenation

1. StringBuilder – Thread Safe – Single threaded environment


2. StringBuffer – Thread Safe – Multithread environment

About Switch Expression:

When to use Arrow (->) Syntax: Use this for simple cases where the right-hand side
of the arrow is a single expression or a straightforward block of code. It makes the
code more concise and readable.
switch (variable) {
case value1 -> expression1;
case value2 -> expression2;
// ...
default -> defaultExpression;
}
When to use yield Keyword: Use this when you need to execute multiple statements
or perform more complex logic within a case. The yield keyword is used to return a
value from the case block.

7
The yield statement must be the last statement in each case block. It specifies the
value to be returned from the switch expression for that case.
switch (variable) {
case value1->{
// multiple statements
yield expression1;
}
case value2->{
// multiple statements
yield expression2;
}
// ...
Default-> {
// multiple statements
yield defaultExpression;
}
}
HW Problem – 3 - Hints

"231A,Light Bulb,123,Wilco,1.75:"
"113D,Hairbrush,19,Aamco,3.75:"
231A Light Bulb 123 Wilco 1.75
113D Hairbrush 19 Aamco 3.75

String.Split()
Row Split use delimeter (:)
Column split use delimeter(,)

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