HK1 – REVISION 2

Read the following passage and choose the correct word or phrase that best
fits each of the numbered blanks.
Climate scientists from the University of Sydney in Australia say tourism causes over
8 percent of greenhouse gasses. They also say that this ___(1)___ will continue to
increase because the tourism industry is growing. Their study looked at the carbon
footprint of many different areas of tourism. It studied the CO2 emissions from
transport, events, hotels, restaurants and shopping. It ___(2)___ researched the
carbon emissions from producing souvenirs. The researchers spent 18 months
conducting the research. They included the tourist activities of 189 countries.
Researcher Dr Arunima Malik said her team analyzed the impact on the environment
of over one million businesses involved in tourism.
The researchers said ___(3)___ travel was a bigger cause of CO2 emissions than
international or business travel. Air travel was the largest part of tourism's footprint.
The researchers said flying would continue to increase global emissions ___(4)___
more people in the world become richer. The countries causing the most harm were
the biggest and richest nations. The USA, China, India and Germany had the largest
tourism carbon footprints. Their carbon emissions will continue to increase as more
of their citizens travel. The researchers encouraged holiday-makers and travelers to
try and reduce their carbon footprint when on vacation so their travel causes less
harm to ___(5)___ planet.
1. A. figured B. figure C. figures D. figurine
2. A. even B. event C. every D. ever
3. A. domicile B. domestic C. domestically D. domesticate
4. A. has B. was C. is D. as
5. A. that B. a C. his D. the
Read the following passage and choose the correct word or phrase that best
fits each of the numbered blanks.
The size of fish in the oceans is shrinking. A new report from the University of British
Columbia in Canada states fish may shrink ___(6)___ as much as a quarter in the
coming decades because of global warming. The research team conducted extensive
tests on the effect of rising ocean temperatures on the size and number of over 600
species of fish around the world. They concluded that most fish are ___(7)___ to
shrink in size by 14-24 per cent by the year 2050. The biggest changes will be seen
in tropical regions. The scientists said there is less oxygen in warmer water so fish
cannot grow at the rate they should. They added that many fish will migrate to cooler
waters outside the tropics.
Lead researcher Professor William Cheung said. "We were surprised to see such a
large decrease in fish size. Marine fish are generally known to respond to climate
change through changing distribution and seasonality. But the unexpectedly big
effect ___(8)___ climate change could have on body size suggests that we may be
missing a big piece of the ___(9)___ of understanding climate change effects in the
ocean." He added that human activities such as overfishing and pollution will worsen
the problem. "Our work shows a very concerning future for the oceans and so it is
very important to reduce greenhouse gas emissions and develop better fish
management policies to ___(10)___ to these changes," he said.
6. A. up B. by C. of D. at
 7. A. liking B. likelihood C. likely D. likeable
8. A. when B. that C. who D. whose
9. A. puzzle B. muddle C. doddle D. doodle
10. A. B. adopt C. apt D. adapt
adept
Read the following passage and choose the correct answer to each of the
questions.
Plants and animals will find it difficult to escape from or adjust to the effects of
global warming. Scientists have already observed shifts in the life cycles of many
plants and animals, such as flowers blooming earlier and birds hatching earlier in the
spring. Many species have begun shifting where they live or their annual migration
patterns due to warmer temperatures.
With further warming, animals will tend to migrate toward the poles and up
mountainsides toward higher elevations. Plants will also attempt to shift their
ranges, seeking new areas as old habitats grow too warm. In many places, however,
human development will prevent these shifts. Species that find cities or farmland
blocking their way north or south may become extinct. Species living in unique
ecosystems, such as those found in polar and mountaintop regions, are especially at
risk because migration to new habitats is not possible. For example, polar bears and
marine mammals in the Arctic are already threatened by dwindling sea ice but have
nowhere farther north to go.
Projecting species extinction due to global warming is extremely difficult. Some
scientists have estimated that 20 to 50 percent of species could be committed to
extinction with 2 to 3 Celsius degrees of further warming. The rate of warming, not
just the magnitude, is extremely important for plants and animals. Some species and
even entire ecosystems, such as certain types of forest, may not be able to adjust
quickly enough and may disappear.
Ocean ecosystems, especially fragile ones like coral reefs, will also be affected by
global warming. Warmer ocean temperatures can cause coral to “bleach”, a state
which if prolonged will lead to the death of the coral. Scientists estimate that even 1
Celsius degree of additional warming could lead to widespread bleaching and death
of coral reefs around the world. Also, increasing carbon dioxide in the atmosphere
enters the ocean and increases the acidity of ocean waters. This acidification further
stresses ocean ecosystems.
11. The pronoun “those” in paragraph 2 refers to ______.
A. ecosystems B. areas C. habitas D. species
12. The level of acidity in the ocean is increased by ______.
A. the decrease of acidity of the pole waters
B. the extinction of species in coastal areas
C. the loss of acidity in the atmosphere around the earth
D. the rising amount of carbon dioxide entering the ocean
13. What does the passage mainly discuss?
A. Effects of global warming on animals and plants
B. Global warming and species migration
C. Global warming and feasible solutions
D. Influence of climate changes on human lifestyles
 14. Scientists have observed that warmer temperatures in the spring cause
flowers to ______.
A. bloom earlier B. become lighter
C. lose color D. die instantly
15. According to paragraph 2, when their habitats grow warmer, animals
tend to move ______.
A. north-westwards and up mountainsides toward higher elevations
B. south-eastwards and down mountainsides toward lower elevations
C. toward the North Pole and down mountainsides toward lower elevations
D. toward the poles and up mountainsides toward higher elevations
Read the following passage and choose the correct answer to each of the
questions.
The weather is a common conversation for many people each day. The weather can
change day-to-day or even from hour-to-hour. On the other hand, the climate in an
area usually takes a long time to change. It is the average temperature and
conditions in a specific place over a long period of time, in years. Climate does not
change day-to-day or even month-to-month, but usually takes hundreds, thousands,
or millions of years to change.
The climate in one place on Earth is different from another place. For example, the
climate in a desert may be hot and dry, but in a rainforest, it is usually warm and
humid, and in some mountain areas and other places it will be cold all year long. In
the world today, the words climate change is often heard, and it usually refers to the
process of the Earth heating up, which is often called global warming. Most people
can agree on the weather, but sometimes climate change or global warming leads to
disagreement.
The Earth is about 4.5 billion years old, and during its life, the climate has changed
quite often and has experienced an Ice Age, warming, and everything in between. All
scientists agree that the climate changed often during the first 4.5 billion years.
However, it is also a proven fact that the Earth's average temperature has increased
about 1.33°F over the past 100 years between the 1900s and 2000s. Reviewing the
past 200 years it has increased about 1.8°F. It may not sound like a big change, but it
will influence the Earth.
The Earth is covered like a greenhouse, which is used by some farmers, florists, and
others to grow plants, it is a 'glass-covered' building that absorbs the heat from the
Sun. Greenhouses are very hot. Of course, the Earth is not covered with glass, but
the greenhouse effect refers to the retention of the Sun's warmth in the Earth's lower
atmosphere by greenhouse gases.
The greenhouse gases include mostly carbon dioxide, methane, and nitrous oxide.
These gases (instead of glass) act as a blanket for the Earth, helping to keep the
Earth warm enough to support life, an average of about 59°F. An increase in the
greenhouse gases causes the Earth to become warmer. Think of it as a heavier
blanket.
There may be some causes of climate change that cannot be prevented and have very
little to do with people, but there are things related to climate change, which are
most likely caused by human behaviors. Fossil fuels are natural fuels found in and on
the Earth, such as oil, coal, and natural gas. When they are burned, the gases
released into the atmosphere are added to the 'blanket' that is covering the Earth.
Farming also contributes to the greenhouse effect. Methane gas is released into the
atmosphere when a cow releases its gas - or farts. There are over 1.5 billion cows in
the world releasing methane gas daily, further adding to the 'blanket' covering the
Earth.
One of the greenhouse gases, carbon dioxide, is absorbed by the trees and forests
throughout the world, and then released as oxygen. Unfortunately, deforestation, the
cutting down of trees and forests to make way for farms, roads, oil mines, and dams
further leads to the greenhouse effect and a thicker 'blanket'.
A warmer climate can affect the planet negatively. It could lead to heavier
precipitation, unusual season changes, heat waves, etc. Polar animals' natural
habitats are melting because of warmer temperatures, affecting polar bears, and
seals. Orangutans in the rainforests are losing their homes, and sea turtles are losing
nesting beaches because of rising sea levels. Farming in developing countries face
increased rain, floods, and droughts; plus, certain kinds of food items may become
scarce, unavailable, or more expensive for people to purchase.
In summary, there was climate change before humans began living on Earth, but the
average temperature has increased over the past 200 years. Many scientists believe
it is a result of human behavior, and changing some of those behaviors will have a
positive effect on climate change and global warming.
16. Which of the following may be an effect of global warming and climate
change?
A. heavier precipitation B. heat waves
C. unusual seasonal changes D. all the above
17. Which of the following does climate change usually refer to?
A. The process of the changing climate of the Earth, whether cooler or warmer
B. The process of the Earth getting colder
C. The process of the Earth getting warmer
D. None of the above
18. Approximately, how much warmer has the Earth become over the past
200 years?
A. Plus 4.5°F B. Plus 1.5°F C. Plus 1.8°F D. Plus 1.3°F
19. Which of the following refers to the retention of the Sun's warmth in the
Earth's lower atmosphere by greenhouse gases?
A. global warming B. deforestation
C. greenhouse effect D. methane release
20. Which of the following is released into the air when a cow farts?
A. carbon B. nitrogen C. methane gas D. oxygen
21. Which of the following best explains the difference between climate and
weather as it relates to the temperature, precipitation, etc. in an area of the
world?
A. Climate changes daily and weather changes over a long-time period.
B. Climate does not change day-to-day, weather can change day-to-day.
C. Climate and weather are basically the same.
D. Climate cannot be measured daily but weather can.
Read the following passage and choose the correct answer to each of the
questions.
Contaminated water and poor sanitation are linked to transmission of diseases such
as cholera, diarrhea, dysentery, hepatitis A, typhoid and polio. Absent, inadequate, or
inappropriately managed water and sanitation services expose individuals to
preventable health risks. This is particularly the case in health care facilities where
both patients and staff are placed at additional risk of infection and disease when
water, sanitation and hygiene services are lacking. Globally, 15% of patients develop
an infection during a hospital stay, with the proportion much greater in low-income
countries.
Inadequate management of urban, industrial and agricultural wastewater means the
drinking water of hundreds of millions of people is dangerously contaminated or
chemically polluted. Natural presence of chemicals, particularly in groundwater, can
also be of health significance, including arsenic and fluoride, while other chemicals,
such as lead, may be elevated in drinking-water as a result of leaching from water
supply components in contact with drinking-water.
Some 829,000 people are estimated to die each year from diarrhea as a result of
unsafe drinking-water, sanitation and hand hygiene. Yet diarrhea is largely
preventable, and the deaths of 297,000 children aged under 5 years could be avoided
each year if these risk factors were addressed. Where water is not readily available,
people may decide handwashing is not a priority, thereby adding to the likelihood of
diarrhea and other diseases.
Diarrhea is the most widely known disease linked to contaminated food and water
but there are other hazards. In 2017, over 220 million people required preventative
treatment for schistosomiasis - an acute and chronic disease caused by parasitic
worms contracted through exposure to infested water.
In many parts of the world, insects that live or breed in water carry and transmit
diseases such as dengue fever. Some of these insects, known as vectors, breed in
clean, rather than dirty water, and household drinking water containers can serve as
breeding grounds. The simple intervention of covering water storage containers can
reduce vector breeding and may also reduce fecal contamination of water at the
household level.
22. The word “transmit” in the fifth paragraph is closest in meaning
to__________.
A. conceal B. break C. retain D. spread
23. According to the third paragraph, how many people may possibly have
diarrhea each year?
A. 829,000 B. more than C. 1,126,000 D. 297,000
829,000
24. The phrase “risk factors” in the third paragraph refers to__________.
A. chemicals in drinking water B. unsafe drinking-water, sanitation and
hand hygiene
C. industrial and agricultural D. poor sanitation
waste
25. The passage is mainly about __________.
A. diarrhea and other diseases
B. diarrhea
C. water pollution
D. diarrhea and other diseases caused by water pollution
 26. Which of the following statements is not true according to the passage?
A. Insects that carry and transmit diseases only breed in clean water.
B. In low-income countries, the proportion of patients developing an infection
during a hospital stay is higher than 15%.
C. Arsenic and fluoride are natural presence of chemicals in groundwater.
D. Diarrhea is preventable for people of all ages.
27. Which of the following diseases is not mentioned in the passage?
A. dengue fever B. schistosomiasis C. cancer D. polio
Read the following passage and choose the correct answer to each of the
questions.
The greenhouse effect is always reported as being a negative consequence of current
human lifestyle practices. However there certainly have been numerous suggestions
of positive consequences of the greenhouse effect.
A slight temperature increase in some of the colder parts of the world may improve
conditions for agriculture and changing rainfall patterns may favor some species
over others. However, they do not balance with overall negative impacts. The social,
economic and ecological disorders brought about by such climatic changes
worldwide are projected to greatly outweigh regional benefits.
The impacts of global warming and climate change could become a source of
increased tension between nations and regions. While the developed, industrialized
world is responsible for 75% of all CO2 emissions, these impacts will most likely hit
hardest upon the poorer, underdeveloped parts of the world. For example, as sea
levels rise countries like Bangladesh will suffer much more from the loss of valuable
and populated lands than European or North American countries, even though they
have emitted only a tiny fraction of the greenhouse gases.
The effect of drowning coastlines could lead to hundreds of millions of climate
refugees. Where will these refugees go? How will they be cared for? Undoubtedly,
such a disaster will seriously worsen the already critical refugee problem in the
world. A severe disorder of the world's food supplies through floods, droughts, crop
failures and diseases brought about by climate change would lead to famines, wars
and civil disorder in many countries.
28. Which of the following will suffer most from the impacts of climate
change?
A. European or North American countries
B. The countries with valuable and populated lands
C. The developed countries
D. The developing countries
29. Why will there be an increased tension between countries?
A. The developed countries are a source of disasters upon the underdeveloped
countries.
B. The European or North American countries will lose more valuable and
populated lands.
C. The developed countries will suffer more than the underdeveloped countries.
D. The developed countries head lots of climate refugees to the underdeveloped
countries.
30. Which of the following is true according to the passage?
 A. Greenhouse effect brings us more benefits than negative impacts.
B. Reports should focus on suggestions of positions consequences of the
greenhouse effect.
C. Greenhouse effect brings us more negative impacts than benefits.
D. Current reports on the greenhouse effect are not accurate.
31. According to the passage, climate change will result in all of the
following EXCEPT ____.
A. famine B. coastline C. crop failure D. refugee problem
disorder
32. The word "tiny" in the passage is closest in meaning to ____.
A. considerable B. large C. small D. much
Read the following passage and choose the correct answer to each of the
questions.
Energy is fundamental to human beings, especially to poor people – the one- third of
humanity that does not have modern energy supplies like electricity, with which their
life could be improved.
Many people who live in the countryside have to gather fuel wood. This takes a lot of
time. Moreover, it causes indoor air pollution because of heavy smoke. For many
people living in rural areas in developing countries of the world, biogas is the largest
energy resource available and costs almost nothing. The main use of biogas is for
cooking and heating. As biogas is smoke-free, it helps solve the problem of indoor air
pollution. Moreover, plant waste and animal manure cost almost nothing.
The tendency to use renewable energy sources is on the increase when non-
renewable ones are running out. In the near future, people in developing countries
may use wind or sea waves as the environment-friendly energy sources.
33. What is the role of energy to human beings?
A. unnecessary B. unimportant C. fundamental D. necessary
34. What is the main use of biogas?
A. It is mainly used for operating.
B. It is mainly used for lighting.
C. It is mainly used for producing in factories.
D. It is used mainly for cooking and heating.
35. The tendency to use renewable energy sources ____.
A. levels B. goes up C. goes down D. fluctuates
36. What, according to the passage, may be used as the environment-friendly
energy sources?
A. Coal B. Oil
C. Nuclear energy D. Wind and sea energy
37. According to the passage, what is the most awful effect of using fuel
wood?
A. It affects the local scenery. B. It may cause fire.
C. It damages their houses. D. It causes indoor air pollution.
Read the following passage carefully and then choose the best option to fit
each space.
Air, water and soil ___(38)___ necessary to the survival of all living things. Badly
polluted air can ___(39)___ illness, and even death. Polluted water kills fish and
___(40)___ marine life. Pollution of the soil reduces the amount ___(41)___ and that is
available for growing food. The pollution problem is very complicated ___(42)___
much pollution is caused by things that benefit people.
38. A. is B. are C. is D. am
being
39. A. B. causing C. causes D. caused
cause
40. A. B. another C. nor D. either
other
41. A. of B. x C. in D. at
42. A. B. because C. and D. but
although
Read the following passage carefully and then choose the best option to fit
each space.
Despite the wealth of information campaigns telling people about global warming
and its causes, most people have yet to realize how severe the problem is. Coming
climate changes could alter as much as one third of plant and animal habitats
___(43)___ the end of the 22nd century. These changes could in turn cause
widespread extinctions among plant and animal ___(44)___ around the globe.
Coastal and island habitats are perhaps in the greatest danger ___(45)___ they face
the combined threats of warming oceans and rising sea ___(46)___. As habitats
change, many animals will come under intense pressure to find more suitable homes
for themselves. Mass ___(47)___ of at least some animals are certainly to be expected,
but the fact remains that many animals will simply not be able to move fast enough.
43. A. until B. at C. since D. by
44. A. B. genres C. types D. categories
species
45. A. B. since C. although D. providing
therefore
46. A. B. extents C. tides D. levels
heights
47. A. B. migrations C. emigration D. onslaught
extinctions
Read the following passage carefully and then choose the best option to fit
each space.
When the word "endangered" is mentioned, people usually think of particular
species, like the panda or whooping crane . However, we would like to encourage you
to think about ___(48)___ in a broader context. It is habitats, the physical places
___(49)___ species live and interact with one another. Although the development of
special breeding programs, also known as captive conservation, may help some
species in some cases, it is clearly not ___(50)___ answer to the global problem.
Indeed, ___(51)___ we are able to protect natural areas where endangered species
actually live, they have no future.
Species become endangered for a wide ___(52)___ of reasons. By analyzing and
grouping many individual cases, however, we find the same broad causes appearing
again and again. They are Habitat Destruction, Exotic Species, and Overexploitation.
Among other factors threatening particular species are limited: distribution, disease,
and pollution.
48. A. B. endangerment C. contamination D. development
pollution
49. A. that B. whose C. which D. where
50. A. an B. a C. x D. the
51. A. so B. if C. but D. unless
52. A. B. commerce C. destruction D. extinction
variety
Read the following passage carefully and then choose the best option to fit
each space.
ENVIRONMENTAL CRIME
We are probably all guilty at some point in our lives of not caring for the environment
as much as we should. Perhaps we drop litter without thinking, or cause ___(53)___
by using our cars when it’s not necessary. However, the real environmental
___(54)___ are those big businesses which ignore the law. For many years now,
___(55)___ have attempted to protect the environment by making businesses
responsible for making sure that the chemicals they use don’t add to the ___(56)___ of
the environment. The problem for businesses is that the ___(57)___ of the
environment costs money, and businesses will always try to lower their costs if they
can.
53. A. B. pollution C. trouble D. damage
accidents
54. A. B. doers C. crimes D. agents
criminals
55. A. B. politics C. parties D. politicians
residents
56. A. B. construction C. instruction D. induction
destruction
57. A. B. deforestation C. destruction D. production
protection