Presentation of data

• Frequency distribution table

• Graphic&Diagrametic presentation

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 Frequency Distributions

A frequency distribution is a table that shows classes or

intervals of data with a count of the number in each
class. The frequency f means the number of times a
certain value of variable is repeated.
Class Frequency, f
1–4 4
5–8 5
9 – 12 3 Frequencies
13 – 16 4
17 – 20 2

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 Class width
The class width is the distance between lower (or
upper) limits of consecutive classes.
Class Frequency, f
1–4 4
4–1=3 5–8 5
8–5=3 9 – 12 3
12 – 9 = 3 13 – 16 4
13-16=3 17 – 20 2
The class width is 3.

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 Guidelines
1. Condense the data by classifying them in to groups or
classes called as class intervals..
2. It is best to select class intervals of equal size.
3. Find the class width
4. Find the class limits. You can use the minimum entry
as the lower limit of the first class. To find the
remaining lower limits, add the class width to the
lower limit of the preceding class. Then find the upper
class limits.
5. Make a tally mark for each data entry in the row of the
appropriate class.

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CONT………..
6. Count the tally marks to find the total frequency f for
each class.

7. Class limits are specially started either inclusive or

exclusive manner.

8. Inclusive manner- 45-49;50-54;55-59….

9. Excusive manner-45-50;50-55;55-60….

10.Interval may be represented by midpoints of class

interval.
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 Constructing a Frequency Distribution

Example:
The following data represents the ages of 30 students in a
statistics class. Construct a frequency distribution that
has five classes.
Ages of Students
18 20 21 27 29 20
19 30 32 19 34 19
24 29 18 37 38 22
30 39 32 44 33 46
54 49 18 51 21 21

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 Constructing a Frequency Distribution

Example continued:
Number
Ages of
Ages of Students
students
Class Tally Frequency, f
18 – 25 13
26 – 33 8
34 – 41 4
42 – 49 3
Check that
50 – 57 2
the sum
f 30 equals the
number in
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the sample.
 Midpoint

The midpoint of a class is the sum of the lower and

upper limits of the class divided by two. The midpoint is
sometimes called the class mark.
Midpoint = (Lower class limit) + (Upper class limit)
2

Class Frequency, f Midpoint

1–4 4 2.5

1 4 5 2.5
Midpoint = 2 2
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 Relative Frequency

The relative frequency of a class is the portion or

percentage of the data that falls in that class. To find the
relative frequency of a class, divide the frequency f by
the sample size n.
Class frequency f
Relative frequency = n
Sample size

Relative
Class Frequency, f
Frequency
1–4 4 0.222
f 18
f 4 0.222
Relative frequency n 18
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 Cumulative Frequency

The cumulative frequency of a class is the sum of the

frequency for that class and all the previous classes.
Ages of Students
Class Frequency, f Cumulative
Frequency
18 – 25 13 13
26 – 33 +8 21
34 – 41 +4 25
42 – 49 +3 28
Total number
50 – 57 +2 30
of students
f 30
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Graphical &Diagrammatic Presentation

• It provides a visual method of examining quantitative

and qualitative data.
• It brings out clear and relative importance of different
figures and helpful in finding out relation between
two or more sets of data.
a. Presentation of qualitative data:
A. Bar diagrams
B. Line diagrams
C. Pie diagrams

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 CONT………

D. Pictograms.
E. Map diagrams.
b. Presentation of quantitative data
A. Histogram
B. Frequency polygon
C. Cumulative frequency curve or ogive
D. Scattered diagram

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Presentation of qualitative data:
(A)Bar diagram

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 (B)The Line diagram

Example:

Figure (1) Crude birth rate of Gaza Strip . 1997-2001

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 (C)The Pie Chart
Marital Status CC
Frequency %
Single 20 28
Married 30 41
Divorced 10 14
Widowed 12 17
Total 72 100

Distribution of a group of subjects by marital status 18

(D)Pictogram

Fireflies

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 Presentation of quantitative data

1.The Histogram
Examples:

Age in Years Number of patients

0-5 4
5 - 10 10
10 - 15 18
15 - 20 8
20 - 25 6
Total 46

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 The Histogram

Examples:
Number of
patients

Age in Years

Distribution of a group of subjects by age 22

 2.The Frequency Polygon
• Examples:

Age in Years Sex Mid-point of interval

Males Females
20-30 (20+30)/2=25
30-40 (30+40)/2=35
40-50 (40+50)/2=45
50-60 (50+60)/2=55
60-70 (60+70)/2=65

Total

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 The Frequency Polygon
• Example:

Figure (2): Distribution of a group of subjects by age and sex

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 3.Cumulative Frequency Graph
A cumulative frequency graph or ogive, is a line graph that
displays the cumulative frequency of each class at its upper class
boundary.

30 Ages of Students
Cumulative frequency
(portion of students)

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The graph ends at
the upper
12 boundary of the
last class.
6

0
17.5 25.5 33.5 41.5 49.5 57.5
Age (in years)
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 Class Boundaries
Example:
Find the class boundaries for the “Ages of Students” frequency distribution.

Ages of Students

Class Boundaries
Class Frequency, f

The distance from the 18 – 25 13 17.5 25.5

upper limit of the first
26 – 33 8 25.5 33.5
class to the lower limit
of the second class is 1. 34 – 41 4 33.5 41.5
42 – 49 3 41.5 49.5
Half this distance 50 – 57 2 49.5 57.5
is 0.5.
f 30
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 4.The Scatter Diagram
• When two quantitative variables such as blood pressure and weight
have been measured on the same set of individuals, a simple and
effective way of describing them is the scatter diagram.
• Each individual’s X (first variable value) and y (2nd variable value)
measurements are plotted as a point on the diagram.
• The X value plotted on the horizontal scale.
• The Y value on the vertical scale.
• For example for the data below, the first individual’s weight is 67 kg,
his blood pressure is 114 mmHg.
• The marked point in the figure corresponds to this individual's weight
and blood pressure.
Weight (kg) 67 69 85 83 74 81 97 92 114

SBP (mmHg) 114 90 88 96 113 92 103 123 125

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 The Scatter diagram
Weight (kg) 67 69 85 83 74 81 97 92 114
SBP (mmHg) 114 90 88 96 113 92 103 123 125

Scatter diagram of weight and systolic blood pressure for a group of individuals
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Thank you

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