Optical and Quantum Electronics (2023) 55:190

https://doi.org/10.1007/s11082-022-04423-y

New diverse variety analytical optical soliton solutions

for two various models that are emerged from the perturbed
nonlinear Schrödinger equation

Emad H. M. Zahran1 · Ahmet Bekir2 · Maha S. M. Shehata3

Received: 27 July 2022 / Accepted: 21 November 2022 / Published online: 6 January 2023
© The Author(s), under exclusive licence to Springer Science+Business Media, LLC, part of Springer Nature 2022

Abstract
In this work we will extract new private types of impressive soliton solutions for two dis-
tinct models that describe propagation of waves in nonlinear optics. The first one is the
perturbed Gerdjikov-Ivanov equation (PGIE) which act for the dynamics of solitons propa-
gation that carry quantic nonlinearity of Schrödinger’s equation while Schrödinger’s equa-
tion is classically explored with cubic nonlinearity. In fact, it describes the solitons that
carry quartic nonlinearity of Schrödinger’s equation, specially the propagations of elec-
tromagnetic waves in nonlinear optical fibers. The second one is the perturbed nonlinear
Schrödinger equation with Kerr-Law nonlinearity (PNSEWKL) that describes the behavior
of wave propagation in nonlinear optical fibers. The study of these two models will con-
tribute to high quality to long-distance communications, hence improve the telecommuni-
cations processes. The soliton solutions will be implemented to these two models for the
first time in the framework of the Paul-Painleve approach method (PPAM). Furthermore,
we will hold a comparison between our achieved results with that achieved previously by
other authors.

Keywords The Paul-Painleve approach method · The perturbed Gerdjikov-Ivanov

equation · The perturbed nonlinear Schrödinger equation with Kerr law nonlinearity, the
soliton solutions

1 Introduction

The main idea of this paper splits into two parts:

* Ahmet Bekir
[email protected]
1
Department of Mathematical and Physical Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, Benha University,
Shubra, Egypt
2
Neighbourhood of Akcaglan, Imarli Street, Number: 28/4, 26030 Eskisehir, Turkey
3
Department of Mathematics, Faculty of Science, Zagazig University, Zagazig, Egypt

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190 Page 2 of 16 E. H. M. Zahran et al.

(i) The first part concentrates on how we can enforce the PPAM (Kudryashov 2019; Bekir
and Zahran 2021a, 2020, 2021b; Bekir et al. 2020) to construct the lump solutions of
the PGIE (Gerdjikov and Ivanov 1983) which act for the dynamics of the propagation of
solitons that carry quantic nonlinearity of Schrödinger’s equation while Schrödinger’s
equation is classically explored with cubic nonlinearity. For this purpose, we will
propose the dimensionless GI-equation
| |
i qt + a qxx + b|q4 |q + i c q2 q∗x = 0 . (1)
| |
With q∗ (x, t) denotes the complex conjugation of the complex valued wave structure
q(x, t) with x and t as spatial and temporal variables sequentially. The first and last
dimensionless terms of the PGIE represent the linear and the nonlinear dispersion
stands for soliton temporal evolution respectively. All the involved parameters S a, b
and h(ξ)c are real-valued constants. For example, a gives dispersion of group velocity
and b depends on coefficient of quantic form of nonlinearity.
The famous full nonlinearity structure of the perturbed GI- equation is
| | ( ) ( )
iqt + a qxx + b|q4 | q + i c q2 q∗x = i [𝛼qx + 𝜆 q|q|2m x + 𝜇( |q|2m x q]. (2)
| |
where α, μ and λ represent the depiction of the inter-modal dispersion, the higher-order
dispersion effect and the self-steepening for short pulses respectively, m signifies full non-
linearity effects. The current analysis concentrates on one such nonlinear evolution equa-
tion as GI equation (Bekir et al. 2020). The spectral problem and the associated perturbed
GI hierarchy (Fan 2000a) of nonlinear evolution equations are presented and show that
the GI hierarchy is integrable in a Liouville sense and possesses bi-Hamiltonian structure.
Numerous efficient and influential methods have been projected for obtaining solutions
of GI equation, such as algebra-geometric solutions (Dai and Fan 2004), soliton hierar-
chy (Guo 2009), bifurcations and travelling wave (He and Meng 2010), bright and dark
soliton solutions (Lü et al. 2015), Darboux transformations (Yilmaz 2015) and many more
being studied for more than a decade (Fan 2000b; Rogers and Chow 2012; Manafian and
Lakestani 2016; Biswas et al. 2017, 2018; Triki et al. 2017; Zhang et al. 2017), Kaura and
Wazwaz (2018) obtain the optical solitons for PGIE.
Let us now introduce this wave transformation:

q(x, t) = u(𝜁 ) ei 𝜓(x,t) . (3)

[ ]
qt = −vu� + i wu ei 𝜓(x,t) . (4)

[ ]
qx = u� − i ku ei 𝜓(x,t) . (5)

[ ]
qxx = u�� − 2iku� − k2 u ei 𝜓(x,t) . (6)

With 𝜁 = x − 𝜈t, 𝜓(x, t) = −kx + wt + 𝜃 , u(𝜁) represents the shape features of the
wave pulse, 𝜓(x, t) is the phase component of the soliton, k is the soliton frequency, w is the
wave number, 𝜃 is the phase constant and 𝜈 is the velocity of the soliton. Considering (3–6)

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New diverse variety analytical optical soliton solutions for… Page 3 of 16 190

into (1), followed by uncoupling of real and imaginary parts of the equation gives a pair of
equations namely the real part is

au�� − (w + ak2 + 𝛼k)u − k𝜆u2m+1 − cku3 + bu5 = 0. (7)

And the imaginary part is

v = −2𝛼k − 𝛼 + cu2 − [(2m + 1)𝜆 + 2m𝜇]u2m . (8)

The velocity of the soliton can be extracted from Eq. (8), hence we can control the
soliton arising while Eq. (7) can be solved to determine the soliton behaviour.
Now let us put m = 1 and study Eq. (7) by putting implement the homogeneous
balance1
between u′′ , u5 that implies N = 12 which pushes us to take the transformation
u = U hence Eq. (7) will be converted to
2

2aUU �� − aU �2 − 4(w + ak2 + 𝛼k)U 2 − 4k(𝜆 + c)U 3 + 4bU 4 = 0. (9)

Now, let us implement the homogeneous balance between UU and either U or U 4 ′′ ′2

we get N = 1.
(ii) The second split concentrated on haw we can used the PPAM to obtain new soliton
solutions of the PNSEWKL (Zhang et al. 2010; Moosaei et al. 2011; Biswas and
Konar 2007; Zahran 2015; Eslami 2015; Salam 2018; Akramaand and Mahak 2018;
Ahmed et al. 2018) that describes the propagation of waves in optical fibres
{ ( ) }
iqt + qxx + 𝛾|q|2 q + i 𝜇1 qxxx + 𝜇2 |q|2 qx + 𝜇3 |q|2 x q = 0. (10)

where 𝛾, 𝜇1 , 𝜇2 , 𝜇3 are constants where 𝜇1 , 𝜇2 , 𝜇3 are the third order dispersion, the
nonlinear dispersion and version of nonlinear dispersion respectively (Kaura and
Wazwaz 2018). With the aid of the transformation

q(x, t) = U(𝜁)e[i(−kx+wt)] , 𝜁 = x − vt. (11)

√
where i = −1 while k, w and v are constants.

Now, by using the transformation Eq. (11) into Eq. (10) the following two real and
imaginary parts can be respectively emerged

𝜇1 U ��� + (2k − v − 3𝜇1 k2 ) U � + (𝜇2 + 2𝜇3 )U 2 U � = 0. (12)

(1 − 3𝜇1 k) U �� + (w − k2 + 𝜇1 k3 )U + (𝛼 − 𝜇2 k)U 3 = 0. (13)

If we integrate Eq. (12) we obtain

1
𝜇1 U �� + (2k − v − 3𝜇1 k2 )U + (𝜇2 + 2𝜇3 )U 3 = 0. (14)
3
Equations (13), (14) are the same when
1
𝜇1 2k − v − 3𝜇1 k2 (𝜇
3 2
+ 2𝜇3 )
= = . (15)
1 − 3k𝜇1 w − k2 + 𝜇1 k3 𝛼 − 𝜇2 k

From which we get the following relations

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190 Page 4 of 16 E. H. M. Zahran et al.

w1 − 𝛼𝜇1 (1 − 3𝜇1 k)(2k − v − 3𝜇1 k2 ) 1 2

k= ,w= + k2 − 𝜇1 k3 , w1 = 𝜇1 + 𝜇3 .
3w1 − 𝜇1 𝜇2 w1 3 3

Hence, we will solve any one of Eqs. (13) or (14) say Eq. (14) which is
1
𝜇1 U �� + (2k − v − 3𝜇1 k2 )U + (𝜇2 + 2𝜇3 )U 3 = 0. (16)
3
The NLPDE have been linked with nonlinear physical structures that concerning with
several disciplines, like fluid dynamics, wave propagation, plasma physics, nonlinear tel-
ecommunication networks, optical fibres and so on to develop these phenomena and its
applications. Discussion the studies for some NLPDE concerning their solutions through
reasonable analytical, asymptotic and mixture methods to obtain the exact solution for the
NLPDE have significant role in many nonlinear problems arising in various branches of
science. Many forms of NLPDE have been studied to construct the exact solutions in terms
of some parameters, when these parameters take definite values the soliton solutions could
be detected. Some trials have been documented through some published articles via some
authors to study various forms of shallow-water equations, see for example Kumar et al.
(2021) who used the tanh–coth method to obtain the soliton solutions of RLW equations as
well as used the mesh-free method to converts the RLW model into a system of nonlinear
ordinary differential equations, solved the resultant system via Runge–Kutta method and
discuss the stability for the extracted solutions, Jiwari and Gerisch (2021) who developed
a mesh free algorithm based on local radial basis functions (RBFs) combined with the dif-
ferential quadrature (DQ) method to provide numerical approximations of the solutions of
time-dependent, nonlinear and spatially one-dimensional reaction–diffusion systems and to
capture their evolving patterns, Jiwari et al. (2020) who employed the Lie Group method to
reduce the compressible Navier–Stokes equations to a system of highly nonlinear ordinary
differential equations with suitable similarity transformations and obtained exact solutions
of the main equation and used the conservation laws multiplier to find the complete set of
local conservation laws of this equation and Yadav and Jiwari (2019) who studied some
soliton-type analytical solutions of Schrödinger equation, with their numerical treatment
by Galerkin finite element method. There recent studies are implemented to discuss wave
propagations in optical fibers see for example Younas and Ren (2021) who studied the
propagation of waves through magneto-optic waveguides by using the extended Fan-sub
equation method and extracted the exact solutions in the forms of Jacobi’s elliptic func-
tions, trigonometric, hyperbolic, including solitary wave solutions like bright, dark, com-
plex, singular, and mixed complex solitons, Younas et al. (2021) who extracted pure-cubic
optical solitons in nonlinear optical fiber modeled by nonlinear Schrödinger equation with
the effect of third-order dispersion, Kerr law of nonlinearity and with-out chromatic disper-
sion. The extracted soliton solutions in different forms like, Jacobi’s elliptic, hyperbolic,
periodic, exponential function solutions including a class of solitary wave solutions such
that bright, dark, singular, kink-shape, multiple-optical soliton, and mixed complex soliton
solutions, Younas et al. (2022a) who investigated a series of abundant new soliton solutions
to The Kraenkel-Manna-Merle model which expresses the nonlinear ultra-short wave pulse
motions in ferrite’s materials having an external field with zero-conductivity, extracted the
different forms of solutions like, Jacobi’s elliptic, hyperbolic, periodic, rational function
solutions including a class of solitary wave solutions such that dark, singular, complex
combo solitons, and mixed complex soliton solutions by using model expansion method,
Younas et al. (2022b) who investigated the dynamical behavior of doubly dispersive

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New diverse variety analytical optical soliton solutions for… Page 5 of 16 190

equation which governs the propagation of nonlinear waves in the elastic Murnaghan’s rod,
extracted a variety of solitary wave solutions with unknown parameters in different shapes
such as bright, dark, kink-type, bell-shape, combine and complex soliton, hyperbolic, expo-
nential, and trigonometric function solutions by using the new extended direct algebraic
method and the generalized Kudryashov method, Younas et al. (2022c) who discussed the
dynamical behavior of ill-posed Boussinesq dynamical wave equation that depicts how
long wave made in shallow water propagates due to the influence of gravity, obtained dif-
ferent wave structures as novel breather waves, lump solutions, two-wave solutions, and
rogue wave solutions by utilizing of Hirota’s bilinear method and different test function
approaches, Younas et al. (2022d) who secured the different soliton and other solutions in
the magneto electro-elastic circular rod, obtained abundant solutions of the nonlinear lon-
gitudinal wave equation with dispersion caused by the transverse Poisson’s effect in a long
circular rod by using the modified Sardar sub-equation method and extracted the soliton
wave structures such as bright, dark, singular, bright-dark, bright-singular, complex, and
combined and generate hyperbolic, trigonometric, exponential type and periodic solutions
and Younas et al. (2022e) who secured the different forms of optical soliton solutions by
using the new extended direct algebraic method to three-component Gross–Pitaevskii (tc-
GP) system which describes the F = 1 spinor Bose–Einstein condensate, with F denoting
the atom’s spin the spinor Bose–Einstein condensate, achieved different kinds of solitons,
such as dark, singular, kink, bright–dark, complex and combined, are extracted.
The main target of our work focused on derived new types of soliton solutions for these
two various models in the framework of the PPAM, the novelty our achieved solutions
appears through the performance of the new behaviour of the extract solitons.
This article is prepared as follow, in the second and third sections the PPAM algorithm
and its application to construct new types of soliton solutions for the two suggested models
respectively, in the fourth section the conclusion is established.

2 The PPAM algorithm

Any nonlinear evolution equation can be written in the form

R(U, Ux , Ut , Uxx , Utt , ⋅ ⋅ ⋅) = 0. (17)
where R is defined in terms of U(x, t) and its partial derivatives, with using the transforma-
tion U(x, t) = U(𝜁 ), 𝜁 = x − vt, Eq. (17) can be reduced to the following ODE:

S(U � , U �� , U ��� , ⋅ ⋅ ⋅) = 0. (18)

where S in term of U(𝜁 ) and its total derivatives.
According to PPAM (Kudryashov 2019; Bekir and Zahran 2020, 2021a, b; Bekir et al.
2020) the exact solution for any nonlinear ordinary differential equation can be written in
the following form

U(𝜁) = A0 + A1 S(X) e−N𝜁 , X = R(𝜁 ). (19)

Or

U(𝜁 ) = A0 + A1 S(X) e−N𝜁 + A2 S2 (X) e−2N𝜁 , X = R(𝜁 ). (20)

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190 Page 6 of 16 E. H. M. Zahran et al.

−N𝜁
where X = R(𝜁) = C1 − e N and S(X) appearing in Eq. (18) and Eq. (19) surrenders to the
Riccati-equation in the form Sx − AS2 = 0 which has solution in the form
1
S(X) =
SX + X0
. (21)

Consequently

U � = −NA1 Se−N𝜁 − A1 A e−2N𝜁 S2 . (22)

U �� = A1 N 2 S e−N𝜁 + 3A1 ANS2 e−2N𝜁 + 2A1 A2 S3 e−3N𝜁 . (23)

3 Applications

3.1 Firstly for the PGIE

In this section we are going to apply the PPAM to get new lump solutions for the PGIE, via
inserting Eqs. (19), (22), (23) into Eq. (9) mentioned above and equating the coefficients of
various powers S(𝜁 )e−N𝜁 to zero we obtained a system of equations whose solution is
2 2 2 2 k2
(1) A0 = 0, a = − 3k c +16b(w+𝛼k)+6𝜆ck
16bk2
+3𝜆
,
8bkA1
A= √ 2 2 2 2 2
, (24)
9k c +48b(w+𝛼k)+18𝜆ck
√ +9𝜆 k
−2 3k2 (c+𝜆)
N= √ .
3k2 c2 +16b(w+𝛼k)+6𝜆ck2 +3𝜆2 k 2

2 2 2 +3𝜆2 k2
(2) A0 = 0, a = − 3k c +16b(w+𝛼k)+6𝜆ck
16bk2
,
−8bkA1
A= √ 2 2 2 2 2
, (25)
9k c +48b(w+𝛼k)+18𝜆ck
√ +9𝜆 k
2 3k2 (c+𝜆)
N= √ .
3k2 c2 +16b(w+𝛼k)+6𝜆ck2 +3𝜆2 k 2

2 c2 +16b(w+𝛼k)+6𝜆ck2 +3𝜆2 k2
(3) A0 = 3k(c+𝜆)
4b
, a = − 3k 16bk2
,
−8bkA1
A= √ 2 2 2 +9𝜆2 k 2
, (26)
9k c +48b(w+𝛼k)+18𝜆ck
√
−2 3k2 (c+𝜆)
N= √ .
3k2 c2 +16b(w+𝛼k)+6𝜆ck2 +3𝜆2 k2

2 c2 +16b(w+𝛼k)+6𝜆ck2 +3𝜆2 k2
(4) A0 = 3k(c+𝜆)
4b
, a = − 3k 16bk2
,
8bkA1
A= √ 2 2 2 +9𝜆2 k 2
, (27)
9k c +48b(w+𝛼k)+18𝜆ck
√
2 3k2 (c+𝜆)
N= √ .
3k2 c2 +16b(w+𝛼k)+6𝜆ck2 +3𝜆2 k2

Now, we will implement the solutions corresponding to the first and last result.

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(1) For the first result which is

3k2 c2 + 16b(w + 𝛼k) + 6𝜆ck2 + 3𝜆2 k2

A0 = 0, a = − ,
16bk2
8bkA1
A= √ ,
9k c + 48b(w + 𝛼k) + 18𝜆ck2 + 9𝜆2 k2
2 2
√
−2 3k2 (c + 𝜆)
N= √ .
3k2 c2 + 16b(w + 𝛼k) + 6𝜆ck2 + 3𝜆2 k2

That can be simplified to be

b = c = w = v = k = 𝜆 = 𝛼 = A1 = 1, A0 = 0, a = −2.8, A = 0.7, N = −1.1. (28)
The solution in the framework of this result, according to the suggested method will be

e1.1𝜁
U(𝜁) = . (29)
e1.1𝜁
0.7(1 + 1.1
)+1

( )0.5
1.1e1.1𝜁
u(𝜁) = . (30)
1.9 + 0.7 e1.1𝜁

( )0.5
1.1e1.1𝜁
q(x, t) = × ei𝜓(x,t) . (31)
1.9 + 0.7 e1.1𝜁

q(x, t) = u(x, t)[cos 𝜓(x, t) + i sin 𝜓(x, t)]. (32)

( )0.5
1.1e1.1𝜁
Req(x, t) = × cos 𝜓(x, t). (33)
1.9 + 0.7 e1.1𝜁

( )0.5
1.1e1.1𝜁
Imq(x, t) = × sin 𝜓(x, t). (34)
1.9 + 0.7 e1.1𝜁

(2) For the last result which is

3k(c + 𝜆) 3k2 c2 + 16b(w + 𝛼k) + 6𝜆ck2 + 3𝜆2 k2

A0 = ,a = − ,
4b 16bk2
8bkA1
A= √ ,
9k2 c2 + 48b(w + 𝛼k) + 18𝜆ck2 + 9𝜆2 k2
√
2 3k2 (c + 𝜆)
N= √ .
3k2 c2 + 16b(w + 𝛼k) + 6𝜆ck2 + 3𝜆2 k2

That can be simplified to be

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190 Page 8 of 16 E. H. M. Zahran et al.

X0 = b = c = c1 = w = v = k = 𝜆 = 𝛼 = 1, A0 = 1.5, a = −2.8, A = 0.7, N = 1.1.

(35)
The solution according to the suggested method and this result will be

1.1e−1.1𝜁
U(𝜁) = 1.5 + . (36)
1.9 − 0.7e−1.1𝜁

( )0.5
1.1e−1.1𝜁
u(𝜁) = 1.5 + . (37)
1.9 − 0.7e−1.1𝜁

( )0.5
1.1e−1.1𝜁
q(x, t) = 1.5 + × ei𝜓(x,t) . (38)
1.9 − 0.7e−1.1𝜁

( )0.5
1.1e−1.1𝜁
Req(x, t) = 1.5 + × cos 𝜓(x, t). (39)
1.9 − 0.7e−1.1𝜁

( )0.5
1.1e−1.1𝜁
Imq(x, t) = 1.5 + × sin 𝜓(x, t). (40)
1.9 − 0.7e−1.1𝜁

3.2 Secondly for the PNSEWKL

Via inserting Eqs. (19), (22–23) into Eq. (16) and by equating the coefficients of various
powers of S(𝜁 )e−N𝜁 to zero we get a system of equations from which the following results
will be detected
√ √ √
3k2 𝜇1 +v−2k 𝜇2 +2𝜇3 3k2 𝜇1 +v−2k
(1) A0 = −1.8i 𝜇 +2𝜇
, A = −0.4i A1 𝜇
, N = 1.4i 𝜇
. (41)
2 3 1 1

√ √ √
3k2 𝜇1 +v−2k 𝜇2 +2𝜇3 3k2 𝜇1 +v−2k
(2) A0 = −1.8i 𝜇2 +2𝜇3
, A = 0.4i A1 𝜇1
, N = −1.4i 𝜇
. (42)
1

√ √ √
3k2 𝜇1 +v−2k 𝜇2 +2𝜇3 3k2 𝜇1 +v−2k
(3) A0 = 1.8i 𝜇2 +2𝜇3
, A = −0.4i A1 𝜇1
, N = −1.4i 𝜇
. (43)
1

√ √ √
3k2 𝜇1 +v−2k 𝜇2 +2𝜇3 3k2 𝜇1 +v−2k
(4) A0 = 1.8i 𝜇2 +2𝜇3
, A = 0.4i A1 𝜇1
, N = 1.4i 𝜇1
. (44)

From which we will discuss the first and the third results to get the corresponding
solutions.

(1) For the first result which is

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√ √ √
3k2 𝜇1 + v − 2k 𝜇2 + 2𝜇3 3k2 𝜇1 + v − 2k
A0 = −1.8i , A = −0.4i A1 , N = 1.4i .
𝜇2 + 2𝜇3 𝜇1 𝜇1

That can be simplified to be

X0 = k = v = c1 = B = w = 𝜇1 = 𝜇2 = 𝜇3 = A1 = 1, A0 = −1.5i, A = −0.7i , N = i.
(45)
The solution in the framework of this result, according to the suggested method will
be

e −i𝜁
H(𝜁) =
e −i𝜁
. (46)
−0.7i(1 − i
)+1

0.7 sin 𝜁 + cos 𝜁 + 0.7

Re H(𝜁) = . (47)
0.98 sin 𝜁 + 1.4 cos 𝜁 + 1.98

0.7 cos 𝜁 − sin 𝜁

Im H(𝜁) = −1.5 + . (48)
0.98 sin 𝜁 + 1.4 cos 𝜁 + 1.98

q(x, t) = H(𝜁 ) exp[i(−kx + wt + 𝜃)].

� � ��
⎧ 0.7 sin 𝜁 + cos 𝜁 + 0.7 0.7 cos 𝜁 − sin 𝜁 ⎫
⎪ + i −1.5 + ×⎪
q(x, t) = ⎨ 0.98 sin 𝜁 + 1.4 cos 𝜁 + 1.98 0.98 sin 𝜁 + 1.4 cos 𝜁 + 1.98 ⎬.
⎪ (cos(−kx + wt + 𝜃) + i sin(−kx + wt + 𝜃)) ⎪
⎩ ⎭
(49)
⎧� 0.7 sin 𝜁 + cos 𝜁 + 0.7
� ⎫
⎪ × cos(−kx + wt + 𝜃) ⎪
⎪ 0.98 sin 𝜁 + 1.4 cos 𝜁 + 1.98 ⎪
Re q(𝜁 ) = ⎨ � � ⎬ . (50)
⎪ − −1.5 + 0.7 cos 𝜁 − sin 𝜁
× sin(−kx + wt + 𝜃)⎪
⎪ 0.98 sin 𝜁 + 1.4 cos 𝜁 + 1.98 ⎪
⎩ ⎭

⎧� 0.7 sin 𝜁 + cos 𝜁 + 0.7

� ⎫
⎪ × sin(−kx + wt + 𝜃) ⎪
⎪ 0.98 sin 𝜁 + 1.4 cos 𝜁 + 1.98 ⎪
Im q(𝜁 ) = ⎨ � � ⎬ . (51)
⎪ + −1.5 + 0.7 cos 𝜁 − sin 𝜁
× cos(−kx + wt + 𝜃)⎪
⎪ 0.98 sin 𝜁 + 1.4 cos 𝜁 + 1.98 ⎪
⎩ ⎭

(2) For the third result which is

√ √ √
3k2 𝜇1 + v − 2k 𝜇2 + 2𝜇3 3k2 𝜇1 + v − 2k
A0 = 1.8i , A = −0.4i A1 , N = −1.4i .
𝜇2 + 2𝜇3 𝜇1 𝜇1

That can be simplified to be

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190 Page 10 of 16 E. H. M. Zahran et al.

X0 = k = v = c1 = B = w = 𝜇1 = 𝜇2 = 𝜇3 = A1 = 1, A0 = 1.5i, A = −0.7i , N = −i.

(52)
The solution in the framework of this result, according to the suggested method will
be

e i𝜁
H(𝜁) =
e i𝜁
. (53)
−0.7i(1 + i
)+1

cos 𝜁 − 0.7 sin 𝜁 − 0.7

Re H(𝜁) = . (54)
0.98 sin 𝜁 − 1.4 cos 𝜁 + 1.98

0.7 cos 𝜁 + sin 𝜁

Im H(𝜁) = 1.5 + . (55)
0.98 sin 𝜁 − 1.4 cos 𝜁 + 1.98

q(x, t) = H(𝜁 ) exp[i(−kx + wt + 𝜃)].

� � ��
⎧ cos 𝜁 − 0.7 sin 𝜁 − 0.7 0.7 cos 𝜁 + sin 𝜁 ⎫
⎪ + i 1.5 + ×⎪
q(x, t) = ⎨ 0.98 sin 𝜁 − 1.4 cos 𝜁 + 1.98 0.98 sin 𝜁 − 1.4 cos 𝜁 + 1.98 ⎬.
⎪ (cos(−kx + wt + 𝜃) + i sin(−kx + wt + 𝜃)) ⎪
⎩ ⎭
(56)
⎧� cos 𝜁 − 0.7 sin 𝜁 − 0.7
� ⎫
⎪ × cos(−kx + wt + 𝜃) ⎪
⎪ 0.98 sin 𝜁 − 1.4 cos 𝜁 + 1.98 ⎪
Re q(𝜁 ) = ⎨ � � ⎬ . (57)
⎪ − 1.5 + 0.7 cos 𝜁 + sin 𝜁
× sin(−kx + wt + 𝜃)⎪
⎪ 0.98 sin 𝜁 − 1.4 cos 𝜁 + 1.98 ⎪
⎩ ⎭

⎧� cos 𝜁 − 0.7 sin 𝜁 − 0.7

� ⎫
⎪ × sin(−kx + wt + 𝜃) ⎪
⎪ 0.98 sin 𝜁 − 1.4 cos 𝜁 + 1.98 ⎪
Im q(𝜁 ) = ⎨ � � ⎬ . (58)
⎪ + 1.5 + 0.7 cos 𝜁 + sin 𝜁
× cos(−kx + wt + 𝜃)⎪
⎪ 0.98 sin 𝜁 − 1.4 cos 𝜁 + 1.98 ⎪
⎩ ⎭

4 Conclusion

Throughout of this study, the PPAM was implemented for the first time to achieve new
lump solutions of the PGIE in various behaviour forms as bright soliton solution, dark
soliton solution and rational soliton solution that are appear through Figs. 1, 2, 3 and
4. When the comparison imbed between our obtained lump solutions to PGIE with
that previously achieved by Triki et al. (2017) that used other techniques, the agree-
ments shown in some cases while the others are new. In a related subject, the suggested
method has been used for construct new types of lump solutions for the PNSEWKL as
bright soliton solution, dark soliton solution and trigonometric soliton solution that are

13
New diverse variety analytical optical soliton solutions for… Page 11 of 16 190

Fig. 1  The plot Req(x, t) Eq. (33) in 2D and 3D with values:

X0 = b = c = c1 = w = v = k = 𝜆 = 𝛼 = A1 = 1, A0 = 0, a = −2.8, A = 0.7, N = −1.1

Fig. 2  The plot Imq(x, t) Eq. (34) in 2D and 3D with values:

X0 = b = c = c1 = w = v = k = 𝜆 = 𝛼 = A1 = 1, A0 = 0, a = −2.8, A = 0.7, N = −1.1

appear through Figs. 5, 6, 7 and 8. When we compare the achieved lump solutions of
the PNSEWKL with the previously achieved solutions by Zhang et al. (2017); Biswas
et al. 2018; Kaura and Wazwaz 2018; Zhang et al. 2010; Moosaei et al. 2011; Biswas
and Konar 2007; Zahran 2015; Eslami 2015) who used other techniques it is clear that
the obtained solutions are new. Consequently, we can document new lump solutions for

13
190 Page 12 of 16 E. H. M. Zahran et al.

Fig. 3  The plot Req(x, t) Eq. (39) in 2D and 3D with values:

X0 = b = c = c1 = w = v = k = 𝜆 = 𝛼 = 1, A0 = 1.5, a = −2.8, A = 0.7, N = 1.1

Fig. 4  The plot Imq(x, t) Eq. (40) in 2D and 3D with values:

X0 = b = c = c1 = w = v = k = 𝜆 = 𝛼 = 1, A0 = 1.5, a = −2.8, A = 0.7, N = 1.1

the two models via the PPAM which weren’t achieved before by any other methods. The
new types of soliton solutions detected by adjusting the parameter have great contribu-
tion, significance in improve the quality of optical communications for the related appli-
cations such as recent telecommunication processes, few-cycle pulse propagation in
metamaterials, the nonlinear refractive index cubic-quartic through birefringent fibers,
helpful in the design optical amplifiers and so on. The prediction of the solitons appear-
ing in this work is sufficient for the experimental observations. The achieved soliton

13
New diverse variety analytical optical soliton solutions for… Page 13 of 16 190

Fig. 5  The plot Req(x, t) Eq. (50) in 2D and 3D with values:

X0 = k = v = c1 = B = w = 𝜇1 = 𝜇2 = 𝜇3 = A1 = 1, A0 = −1.5i, A = −0.7i , N = i

Fig. 6  The plot Imq(x, t) Eq. (51) in 2D and 3D with values:

X0 = k = v = c1 = B = w = 𝜇1 = 𝜇2 = 𝜇3 = A1 = 1, A0 = −1.5i, A = −0.7i, N = i

Fig. 7  The plot Req(x, t) Eq. (57) in 2D and 3D with values:

X0 = k = v = c1 = B = w = 𝜇1 = 𝜇2 = 𝜇3 = A1 = 1, A0 = 1.5i, A = −0.7i, N = −i

13
190 Page 14 of 16 E. H. M. Zahran et al.

Fig. 8  The plot Imq(x, t) Eq. (58) in 2D and 3D with values:

X0 = k = v = c1 = B = w = 𝜇1 = 𝜇2 = 𝜇3 = A1 = 1, A0 = 1.5i, A = −0.7i, N = −i

solutions denote that the used method is effective and can be applied for any nonlinear
evolution equations.
Acknowledgements Not applicable

Author contributions All authors contributed equally to the writing of this paper. All authors read and
approved the final manuscript.

Funding The authors have not disclosed any funding.

Availability of data and materials The datasets generated during and/or analysed during the current study
are available from the corresponding author on reasonable request.

Declarations
Conflict of interest The authors declare that they have no competing interests.

Ethics approval and consent to participate Not applicable.

Consent for publication Not applicable.

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