BUSINESS COMPUTER

APPLICATIONS

COMPUTER SYSTEM
HARDWARE
Review –Computer
• Computer is a
machine that
manipulates data
according to a
set of
instructions.
• Computer is a
programmable
machine.
 Computer Basic Operations
 Input
 Output
 Process
 Storage
Computer Basic Operations in action

Input Devices Output Devices

Process
Computer Parts
Computer Parts..

T
o
d
a
y
 Computer System Unit
• Speed, capacity, and flexibility determine the
power of microcomputers.
• Knowledge of a computer’s power allows you
to make good buying decisions and to
determine if your current system will run new
applications.
• Competent end users need to understand the
basic principles of how microcomputers are
put together.
 The System unit
 The system unit is the core of a
computer system.
 A case that contains the electronic
components of the computer used to
process data.
 The case of the system unit is made of
metal or plastic and protects the
electrical components inside.
 The System Unit ..
• The system unit is composed of 6 basic
components ; Motherboard, Processor, RAM,
Hard drive, Video card and Power supply.
• A motherboard or also know as system board,
is the main circuit board of the system
• The most important of these components is
the Central Processing Unit (CPU), or
Microprocessor and Random Access Memory
(RAM).
• Almost every other part of your computer
connects to the system unit using cables.
 The System Unit ..
• The cables plug into specific ports (openings),
typically on the back of the system unit.
• Hardware that is not part of the system unit
is sometimes called a peripheral device or
device.
• It’s where all computer peripherals such as
mouse, keyboard, monitor, speakers are
attached.
 System Unit Types
•Comes in a variety of shapes and sizes.

•Desktop System Units

•Notebook System
Units
•Tablet PC System Units
•Handheld Computer
System Units
The System unit ..
The System unit ..
Inside System unit
System Unit-
Unit-Components

PC or Laptop Motherboard
 Motherboard
Motherboard – is the board in the computer where all
communication takes place and everything is connected
to the motherboard.

Motherboard (System Board) –Smart Phones &

other devices
 PROCESSOR
 Its also called the Central Processing Unit
(CPU) that interprets and carries out basic
commands that run a computer.
 The processor is often thought of as the
"engine“ or “brain” of the computer.
 Multi-core processor is one chip with two or
more separate processor cores.
PROCESSOR
 PROCESSOR--Machine Cycle
PROCESSOR
• For every instruction, a processor repeats a set
of four basic operations, which comprise a
machine cycle: Fetch, decode, execute, & Store.
– Fetching, involves retrieving an instruction from
program memory
– Decoding, Process of translating the instruction into
signals the computer can execute.
– Executing , various portions of the CPU, such as
the Arithmetic Logic Unit (ALU) and the floating point
unit (FPU) are connected so they can perform the
desired operation.
– Writeback (Storing), simply writes back the results of
the execute step to some form of memory.
 PROCESSOR
 Contains a Control Unit
and an Arithmetic Logic
Unit (ALU)
◦ Control Unit: Component
of the processor that
directs and coordinates
most of the operations in
the computer
◦ Arithmetic Logic Unit:
Component of the
processor that performs
arithmetic, comparison,
and other operations
 PROCESSOR-- Registers
PROCESSOR
 A processor contains small, high speed
storage locations, called registers that
temporarily hold instructions and data.
 The processor relies on a system clock that
controls the timing of all the computer
operations.
 The clock speed is measured by the number
of ticks per second.
 The System Clock
A small quartz crystal circuit used to
control the timing of all computer
operations.
 Each tick equates to a clock cycle.
 Today, processors are superscalar, which
means they can execute more than one
instruction per clock cycle.
 The System Clock..
 Clock speed is the pace of the system
clock and is measured by the numbers
of ticks per second.
 Current personal computers have clock
speeds in the gigahertz range.
 One gigahertz (GHz) equals one billion
ticks of the system clock per second.
Processor Cooling
Heat Sink Fan

Heat Sink
 Computer Memory
 Consists of electronic components that
store instructions waiting to be executed by
the processor, data needed by those
instructions, and the results of processing
the data.
 Memory usually consists of one or more
chips on the motherboard or some other
circuit board on the computer.
 Bytes and Addressable Memory

 A byte is the basic storage unit in memory.

 The instructions and data exist in memory
as bytes.
 An address is a location in memory where
each byte resides temporarily.
 Memory Sizes
 Manufacturers state the size of memory and
storage devices in terms of the number of bytes of
available storage.
 Types of Memory
• Two types of memory:
• Volatile memory: Memory that loses its
contents when the power is turned off.
– RAM
• Non-volatile memory: Memory that does not
lose its contents when the power is turned off.
– Read Only memory (ROM), flash memory, and
Complementary metal-oxide semiconductor(CMOS)
 RAM
 Users typically are referring to RAM when
discussing computer memory.
 RAM (random access memory), or main
memory, consists of memory chips that can
be read from and written to by the
processor and other devices.
 When the computer is powered up, the
RAM is initially populated with operating
system files from a storage devices, such as
a hard disk.
 RAM
 The processor interprets and executes
instructions while the program is in RAM.
 Most RAM is volatile, so it will lose its
contents when the power is removed.
 RAM chips usually reside on a memory
module, which is a small circuit board.
 Memory slots on the motherboard hold the
memory modules.
RAM
 RAM Configurations
 The amount of RAM necessary in a
computer often depends on the types of
software you plan to use.
 Retail software typically indicates the
minimum amount of RAM it requires.
 ROM
• ROM (Read-only memory) refers to memory chips
storing permanent data and instructions.
• ROM chips are not volatile and can not be changed
by the user
• Read only means that the CPU can read, or
retrieve data and program written on ROM chips,
but the computer can not write (change) the
information or instructions stored in ROM
• Example of ROM instructions are start the
computer
 ROM
 PROM is a Programmable ROM on which a programmer
can write permanently.
 EEPROM is an Electrically Erasable PROM
 Flash Memory
• A type of non-volatile memory that can be
erased electronically and rewritten.
• It allows computers to store startup
instructions and is easy to update contents.
• They store data and programs for many mobile
computers and devices such as smart phones,
portable media players, and digital cameras.
 Removable Flash Memory
• With hot plugging, flash memory devices
can be changed without shutting down or
restarting the computer.
• A memory card is a removable flash
memory device that you can insert and
remove from a slot in a personal
computer, game console, mobile device, or
card reader/writer.
• A USB flash drive is a flash memory
storage device that plugs in a USB port.
 CMOS
• Complementary Metal-Oxide Semiconductor
(CMOS) chips contain essential information that is required
every time the computer is turned on
• CMOS chip provides information such as current date and
time, amount of RAM, type of mouse, keyboard, monitor and
disk drives.
 CMOS does not loose its content when the power is turned
off.
 CMOS contents can change to reflect changes in the
computer system such as increase in RAM
 Hard Disk Drive
• Hard drive – is the secondary storage
memory for the computer system.
• It is where all files and data including
operating system, antivirus and other
applications are saved.
 Optical Storage Disks

The optical storage device mostly known as

compact disc (CD) to capable of holding up to
600MB to 750 MB data storage and more as 4.7
G.B in DVD Disk.
 Expansion Slots and Adapter Cards
• An expansion slot is a socket on the
motherboard that can hold an adapter
card.
• Expansion slots allow users to expand
their systems.
– User can insert expansion cards (also called
plug-in boards, controller cards, adapter cards
and interface cards) into expansion slots located
in the motherboard.
 Expansion Slots and Adapter Cards
PCI- Peripheral Component
• Example of expansion Interconnect /Expansion slots
cards are:
• Video card
• Sound card
• Modem card
• Network Card
• TV tuner card
Expansion Slots and Adapter Cards
 Ports and Connectors
A port is the point at which a
peripheral attaches to or
communicates with a system unit
so that the peripheral can send data
to or receive information from the
computer.
 A connector joins a cable to a port.
Ports and Connectors
 Standard ports are Serial, parallel, USB and
FireWire
 USB port, or universal serial bus port, can connect up
to 127 different peripherals with a single connector.
 FireWire port, similar to USB, used for connecting
devices that require faster data transmission, such as
video cameras.
 Bluetooth uses radio waves to transmit data between
two devices
Ports--Summary
Ports
 POWER SUPPLY
• A power supply is the component of the
system unit that converts the wall outlet
AC power into the DC power.
• AC adapter is an external power supply. An
example would be a cable modem, speakers,
or a printer
• Different motherboards
and computers require
different wattages
 BUS LINES
 Bus lines provide data pathways that connect various
system components.
 There are two categories of Bus lines:
 System bus and
 Expansion Bus

 System Bus connects the CPU to memory on the

motherboard

 Expansion bus connects the CPU to expansion slots on

the motherboard
What is input device?
Example of Input devices
What is output device?
Example of output Devices
Devices that are both input & output device