A

Dissertation
on
"COMPARATIVESTUDY ON SOIL STABILIZATION
TECHNIQUE "
In the partial fulfilment of the requirement for the degree of
Master of Civil (Geotechnical)Engineering

Submitted By,

SNEHAL P.WAKCHAURE
Seat No-1333

Guided By.

Dr. A.B. Saner

Department of Civil Engineering

Matoshri College of Engineering & Research Centre, Eklahare, Tal-Nashik,
Dist. Nashik,
Maharashtra-422105

SAVITRIBAI PHULE
UNIVERSITY,PUNE (2023-
24)
 COMPARATIVE STUDY ON SOIL STABILIZATION TECHNIQUES

Matoshri College Of Engineering and Research Centre, Eklahare, Nashik

DEPARTMENT OF CIVIL ENGINEERING

CERTIFICATE

This is to certify that the dissertation entitled "COMPARATIVE STUDY ON SOIL

STABILIZATION TECHNIQUE." submitted by Ms.Snehal. P. Wakchaure (Seat No.1333) is a
record of beta-fide work carried out by his under my guidance in the partial fulfilment of the
requirement for the award of the degree of Master of Engineering, Civil(Geotechnical
Engineering) of SavitribaiPhule Pune University during academic year 2023-24. To the best of my
knowledge, the dessertation has reached the requisite standard. The matter contained in this
dissertation has not been submitted to any other University or Institute for the award of Master
Degree.

(Dr.A.B.Saner) (Dr.S.V.Pawar)
(Project Guide) (Project Co Guide)

(Principal) (External Examiner)

COMPARATIVE STUDY ON SOIL STABILIZATION TECHNIQUES

ACKNOWLEDGEMENT
The satisfaction and the successful completion of any task would be incomplete without
the mention of people who made it possible because “Success is the abstract of hard work
& Perseverance, but steadfast of all is encouragement guidance”. So we acknowledge all
those Whose guidance and encouragement served as a beacon light & crowned my efforts
with success.

I have immense pleasure in expressing thanks to the Principal Dr. G. K. Kharate for
Providing all the facilities for the successful completion of the seminar.

I would like to express thanks to our HOD and Project Guide Dr. A. B Saner, Department
of Civil Engineering, who has guided me throughout the completion of this project. With
due respect, I thank my CO Guide Dr. S. V. Pawar.Department of Civil, for his motivating
support, keen interest Which kept my spirits alive all through.

I take this opportunity to acknowledge the guidelines and suggestions given by lecturers
Because of which we could complete the project.

Finally I would like to thank all the teaching and non-teaching staff and all my friends
Who have rendered their support in the completion of this seminar.

Thanking You,
Ms.Snehal.P.Wakchaure
(Seat No.1333)
 COMPARATIVE STUDY ON SOIL STABILIZATION TECHNIQUES

DECLARATION

I declare that this written submission represents my ideas in my own words and where
others ideas or words have been included, I have adequately cited and referenced the
original sources. I also declare that I have adhered to all principles of academic honesty
and integrity and have not misrepresented or fabricated or falsified any
idea/data/fact/source in my submission. I understand that any violation of the above will be
cause for disciplinary action by the Institute and can also evoke penal action from the
sources which have thus not been properly cited or from whom proper permission has not
been taken when needed.

Ms.Snehal.P.Wakchaure
(Seat No.1333)

.
 COMPARATIVE STUDY ON SOIL STABILIZATION TECHNIQUES

ABSTRACT

Soil stabilization is a crucial aspect in civil engineering to enhance the properties of soil and
make it suitable for construction purposes. Various soil stabilization techniques are
available, each with its own advantages and limitations. This project aims to conduct a
comparative study on different soil stabilization techniques to evaluate their effectiveness
and suitability for specific applications.

This report includes the evaluation of soil properties like compaction test and California
bearing ratio test. The soil sample was collected from DhandarphalB.k.(Sangamner) and
addition to that different percentages of lime,cement.fly ash (0%,3%,6%,12% and 15%) and
stone dust (10%,20%,30% and 40%) was added to find the variation in it’s original strength.
Based on these results CBR test is also performed.From these results was found that
optimum fly ash.Lime , cement (6%) and stone dust(30%) gives the maximum increment in
the CBR value compared with all other combination.

Keywords: Fly ash, Stone dust, Lime, cement , soil stabilization.

COMPARATIVE STUDY ON SOIL STABILIZATION TECHNIQUES

List of Content

Sr. No. Title Page No.

1. INTRODUCTION 11
1.1 General 11
1.2 Geotechnical Engineering 12
1.3 Geotechnical Investigation 14
2. LITERATURE REVIEW 16
2.1 Research Gap 20
2.2 Objective 21
3. METHODS 22
3.1 Types of Soil Stabilization 22
3.1.1. Chemical Stabilization 22
3.1.2. Lime Stabilization 23
3.1.3 Cement Stabilization 25
3.1.4 Polymers and Polymer Emulsions 27
3.1.5 Bitumen or Asphalt Emulsion Stabilization 30
3.1.6 Fly Ash Stabilization 32
3.1.7 Chemical Grouting 35
3.1.8 Stone dust 39
4. CASE STUDY 41
4.1 Experimental analysis 41
4.2 Objective 41
4.3 Methodology 41
4.3.1 Selection of Soil Samples 41
4.3.2 Experimental Design 42
4.3.3 Application of Stabilization Techniques 42
4.3.4 Laboratory Testing 42
4.4 Results 42
4.4.1 California Bearing Ratio(CBR) 42
4.4.2 Compaction Test 43
4.4.3 Atterberg Limit 43
4.5 Experimental Investigation 43
4.6 Properties of Undistrubed Soil 43
4.6.1 Sieve Analysis of Soil Mixed with cement 44
4.6.2 Sieve Analysis of Soil Mixed with lime 44
4.6.3 Sieve Analysis of Soil Mixed with fly ash 45
4.7.1 Standard Proctor Test on Soil Mixed with Cement 45
COMPARATIVE STUDY ON SOIL STABILIZATION TECHNIQUES
4.7.2 Standard Proctor Test on Soil Mixed with Lime 45
4.7.3 Standard Proctor Test on Soil Mixed with Fly Ash 46
4.7.4 Standard Proctor Test on Soil Mixed with stone dust 46
4.8 California Bearing Ratio (CBR) Test on Soil Mixed with Additives 47
4.8.1 California Bearing Ratio (CBR) Test on Soil Mixed with 50
Varying Percentages of Cement
4.8.2 California Bearing Ratio (CBR) Test on Soil Mixed with 50
Varying Percentages of Lime
4.8.3 California Bearing Ratio (CBR) Test on Soil Mixed with 51
Varying Percentages of fly ash
4.8.4 California Bearing Ratio (CBR) Test on Soil Mixed with 51
Varying Percentages of stone dust
5. ADVANTAGES AND APPLICATION 53
6. DISCUSSION AND CONCLUSION 57
7. FUTURE SCOPE 58
8. REFERENCES 59
9. PAPER PUBLICATIONS 61
10. PHOTO GALLARY 63
 COMPARATIVE STUDY ON SOIL STABILIZATION TECHNIQUES

List of Figure
Sr. No. Title Page No.
1.1 Soil Stabilization 11
1.2 Boston's Big Dig presented geotechnical challenges in an urban environment. 13

1.3 Precast concrete retaining wall 14

1.4 A typical cross-section of a slope used in two-dimensional analyses. 14
3.0 Soil Stabilization Method 22
3.1 Chemical Soil Stabilization 23
3.2 Cement Stabilization 25
3.3 Polymers in Soil Stabilization 28
3.4 Polymer Modifiers Slope 28
3.5 Bitumen Emulsion 30
3.6 Bitumen Recyclability 32
3.7 Fly-ash Stabilization 33
3.8 Chemical grouting 36
3.9 Steps in Chemical Grouting 39
3.10 Manufacturing Stone dust 40
4.1 CBR Mould 48
4.2 Filling CBR mould at optimum moisture content 48
4.3 CBR mould kept under water for soaking of 4 days 48
 COMPARATIVE STUDY ON SOIL STABILIZATION TECHNIQUES

List of Tables
Sr. No. Title Page No.
4.0. Location Map of DhandarphalBk.City. 41
4.1 Properties of Undistrubed Soil 43
4.2 Grain size analysis results for different percentage of Cement 44
4.3 Grain size analysis results for different percentage of Lime 44
4.4 Grain size analysis results for different percentage of Fly ash 45
4.5 Standard Proctor Test result for different percentage of Cement 45
4.6 Standard Proctor Test result for different percentage of Lime 45
4.7 Standard Proctor Test result for different percentage of Fly ash 46
4.8 Standard Proctor Test result for different percentage of Stone dust 46
4.9 Graph between MDD and Water content at different percentage of stone dust 47

4.10 Comparison of CBR values of soil with different percentage of Cement 50

4.11 Comparison of CBR values of soil with different percentage of Lime 51
4.12 Comparison of CBR values of soil with different percentage of Fly Ash 51
4.13 Comparison of CBR values of soil at different percentage of Additive 52
4.14 Graph of CBR on addition of various Percentage of stone dust 52

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LIST OF ABBREVIATION

UCS = Unconfined Compressive Strength

CBR = California Bearing Ratio
GGBS= Ground Granulated Blast Furnace Slag
OMC= Optimum Moisture Content
MDD = Maximum Dry Density
FS = Free Swelling

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1. INTRODUCTION

1.1 General :
Soil stabilization is a set of techniques employed in civil engineering to enhance the
engineering properties of soil, making it more suitable for construction purposes. The
natural characteristics of soil can vary widely, and in many cases, they may not meet
the requirements for constructing structures such as roads, buildings, or foundations.
Soil stabilization aims to improve key soil properties like strength, durability, and
load-bearing capacity, thereby ensuring the stability and longevity of constructed
infrastructures.

Several methods of soil stabilization exist, and they can be broadly categorized into
chemical, mechanical, and biological techniques. Chemical stabilization involves the
addition of various additives such as lime, cement, or other chemicals to alter the
soil's properties. Mechanical stabilization utilizes physical methods like compaction
or reinforcement to improve soil strength. Biological stabilization involves the use of
vegetation to stabilize soil and prevent erosion.

Fig.1SoilStabilization (Ref by Mintek Team)

The choice of soil stabilization method depends on factors such as soil type, project
requirements, environmental considerations, and cost-effectiveness. By effectively
stabilizing the soil, engineers can overcome challenges posed by poor soil conditions
and of modern civil engineering, contributing to the development of sustainable and
resilience infrastructure.

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The stabilization process refers to the mixing of two or more different soils or to the
mixing of a soil with another geo material or with chemicals that can amend its
geotechnical properties as per the project requirements. The major reasons for doing
soil stabilization are as follows.

• Enhancement of the strength and hence bearing capacity, as well as some of

the other engineering properties, of soils.

• Dust control for a good working environment.

• Waterproofing for conservation of natural or manmade structures.

• To promote the use of waste geo materials in constructions.

Soil stabilization is a very common process for almost all the road projects. Broadly, all
types of soil stabilization can be classified into two groups, i.e. mechanical stabilization
and chemical stabilization. In mechanical stabilization, the grading of a soil is changed
by mixing it with other types of soils of different grades. By doing so, a compacted soil
mass can be achieved. On the other hand, chemical stabilization is associated with the
modification of soil properties by the addition of chemically active materials. In soil
stabilization, it is very important to understand the material properties involved in the
mixture and the outcome after mixing. Moreover, it is important to find out how the
material is going to perform after stabilization. At the same time, the effects of the
process on the nearby structures and surrounding conditions need to be evaluated.
Accordingly, decisions can be taken on the selection of materials and the corresponding
doses. In addition to the selection of materials and the doses, there are many other factors
governing the effectiveness of this method e.g. mixing and spreading, selection of roller,
compaction layer thickness, compaction effort, sequence of operation, curing,
environmental and climatic conditions, etc.

1.2. Geotechnical Engineering

Geotechnical engineering, also known as geotechnics, is the branch of civil

engineering concerned with the engineering behaviour of earth materials. It uses the
principles of soil mechanics and rock mechanics to solve its engineering problems. It also
relies on knowledge of geology, hydrology, geophysics, and other related sciences.
Geotechnical engineering has applications in military engineering, mining engineering,

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 COMPARATIVE STUDY ON SOIL STABILIZATION TECHNIQUES

petroleum engineering, coastal engineering, and offshore construction. The fields of geotechnical
engineering and engineering geology have overlapping knowledge areas. However, while
geotechnical engineering is a specialty of civil engineering, engineering geology is a specialty of
geology.

Fig.1.2. Boston's Big Dig presented geotechnical challenges in an urban

environment(Ref.Wikimedia)

Humans have historically used soil as a material for flood control, irrigation
purposes, burial sites, building foundations, and construction materials for buildings.
Dykes, dams, and canals dating back to at least 2000 BCE—found in parts of ancient
Egypt, ancient Mesopotamia, the Fertile Crescent, and the early settlements of
MohenjoDaro and Harappa in the Indus valley provide evidence for early activities
linked to irrigation andflood control. As cities expanded, structures were erected and
supported by formalized foundations. The ancient Greeks notably constructed pad
footings and strip-and-raft foundations. Until the 18th century, however, no theoretical
basis for soil design had be developed, and the discipline was more of an art than a
science, relying on experience.

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Several foundation-related engineering problems, such as the Leaning Tower of

Pisa, prompted scientists to begin taking a more scientific-based approach to
examiningthe subsurface. The earliest advances occurred in the development of earth
pressure theories for the construction of retaining walls.

Fig.1.3. Precast concrete retaining wall (Ref.Wikimedia)

Henri Gautier, a French royal engineer, recognized the "natural slope" of different
soils in 1717, an idea later known as the soil's angle of repose. Around the same time,
a rudimentary soil classification system was also developed based on a material's unit
weight, which is no longer considered a good indication of soil type.

Fig.1.4. A typical cross-section of a slope used in two-dimensional analyses.

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1.3. Geotechnical Investigation

The application of the principles of mechanics to soils was documented as
early as 1773 when Charles Coulomb, a physicist and engineer, developed
improved methods to determine the earth pressures against military ramparts.

Coulomb observed that, at failure, a distinct slip plane would form behind a
sliding retaining wall and suggested that the maximum shear stress on the slip plane, for
design purposes, was the sum of the soil cohesion, , and friction , where is the normal
stress on the slip plane and is the friction angle of the soil. By combining Coulomb's
theory with Christian Otto Mohr's 2D stress state, the theory became known as Mohr-
Coulomb theory. Although it is now recognized that precise determination of cohesion is
impossible because is not a fundamental soil property, the Mohr-Coulomb theory is still

used in practice today.

In the 19th century, Henry Darcy developed what is now known as Darcy's Law,
describing the flow of fluids in a porous media. Joseph Boussinesq, a mathematician and
physicist, developed theories of stress distribution in elastic solids that proved useful for
estimating stresses at depth in the ground. William Rankine, an engineer and physicist,
developed an alternative to Coulomb's earth pressure theory. Albert Atterberg developed
the clay consistency indices that are still used today for soil classification. In 1885,
Osborne Reynolds recognized that shearing causes volumetric dilation of dense materials
and contraction of loose granular materials.

Modern geotechnical engineering is said to have begun in 1925 with the

publication of Erdbaumechanik by Karl von Terzaghi, a mechanical engineer and
geologist. Considered by many to be the father of modern soil mechanics and
geotechnical engineering, Terzaghi developed the principle of effective stress, and
demonstrated that the shear strength of soil is controlled by effective stress. Terzaghi also
developed the framework for theories of bearing capacity of foundations, and the theory
for prediction of the rate of settlement of clay layers due to consolidation. Afterwards,
Maurice Biot fully developed the three dimensional soil consolidation theory, extending
the one-dimensional model previously developed by Terzaghi to more general
hypotheses and introducing the set of basic equations of Poroelasticity.

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2. LITERATURE REVIEW

Tangri and Tangri (2018) studied the present problem ,such as foundation in soft soil is
not suitable for construction purpose. This creates lots of problem to civil engineer
during the execution. To make the problematic soil suitable for engineering projects is
known as ground improvement. So for the purpose of ground improvement we use
numerous types of admixtures like cement, lime, blast furnace slag, rice husk ash, fly ash
etc.

This paper reviews on the influence of blast furnace slag when used alone or with
some other admixtures on various properties of clayey soil. From the experimental results
it has been found that by using blast furnace slag with admixtures like lime increases the
value of U.C.S and C.B.R. and the variation is also found in the compaction
characteristics of soil. After doing a review of various research papers we can conclude
the by using the blast furnace slag we can reduce the environmental pollution and it could
be used for the stabilization of clayey soil. As we add Blast furnace slag the U.C.S and
C.B.R value increases because cementation of soil by pozzolanic compounds produced
during the reaction of soil with blast furnace slag.

J Bala Krishna (2017) studied the efficacy of sodium based alkaline activators and class F
fly ash as an additive in improving the engineering characteristics of expansive Black
cotton soils. Sodium hydroxide concentrations of 10, 12.5 and 15 molal along with 1
Molar solution of sodium silicate were used as activators. The activator to ash ratios was
kept between 1 and 2.5 and ash percentages of 20, 30 and 40 %, relatively to the total
solids. The effectiveness of this binder is tested by conducting the Unconfined
compressive strength (UCS) at curing periods of 3,7 and 28 days and is compared with
that of a common fly ash based binder, also the most effective mixtures were analyzed
for mineralogy with XRD. Suitability of alkaline activated fly ash mix as a grouting
material is also ascertained by studying the rheological properties of the grout such as,
setting time, density and viscosity and is compared with that of common cement grouts.
Results shows that the fluidity of the grouts correlate very well with UCS, with an
increase in the former resulting in a decrease in the latter. In this work a new idea of
stabilizing the expansive soil using alkali activated fly ash was discussed. The chemical
sodium hydroxide and sodium silicate were used as a chemical activator for the fly ash.
The method of sample preparation, proportion of chemical additive, curing of sample and
changes in basic geotechnical properties of expansive soil.

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Rasool andKapoor(2017)Studied onthethe utilization of industrial waste materials in the

improvement of problematic soils is a cost efficient and also environmental friendly
method in the sense that it helps in reducing disposal problems caused by the various
industrial wastes.

The main objective of the present study is to improve various engineering properties of
the soil by using waste material Ground Granulated Blast Furnace Slag (GGBS) as an
alternative to lime or cement, so as to make it capable of taking more loads from the
foundation structures. This paper includes the evaluation of soil properties like
unconfined compressive strength test and California bearing ratio test. The soil sample
was collected from Lalru and addition to that, different percentages of GGBS (0%, 6%,
12 %, 18 % and 24%). was added to find the variation in its original strength. Based on
these results CBR test was performed with the GGBS percentages (0%, 6%, 12 %, 18 %
and 24%). From these results, it was found that optimum GGBS (18%) gives the
maximum increment in the CBR value-compared with all the other combinations. The
study has been conducted to assess the potential of GGBS for stabilization of the same
nature of soil. Use of slag as an admixture for improving engineering properties of the
soils is an economical solution to use the locally available poor soil.

Thakare and Chauhan (2016) studied on the geotechnical Engineering properties of soft
clayey soil deposits such as black cotton soil may need to be improved by stabilization to
make such soils suitable for construction of road pavements. Stabilization of such soils
has been traditionally relied on treatment with lime, cement and waste materials such as
fly ash. Micro silica is waste material obtained from electric arc furnaces. This paper
presents the results of stabilization of local black cotton soil with lime, fly ash and micro
silica. Series of laboratory tests have been conducted with varying percentage of these
stabilizers, added individually and in combinations, to determine their optimum
percentages. From the results, it is observed that CBR value, for both soaked and
unsoaked conditions, increases substantially by addition of 5% micro silica along with3%
fly ash and 3% lime. The pavement designed with these improved values of Indicated a
marked reduction in its thickness leading to economy in the construction of road
pavements on or using soft clayey soils.

Stabilization of black cotton soil with lime, fly ash, lime and their combinations shows
significant improvement in the unconfined compressive strength of soil to the extent of
3.8 times that of unstabilized soil. Optimum percentages of micro silica, lime and fly

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ash for stabilizing black cotton soil are found to be 5%, 3% and 3% respectively. Black
cotton soil stabilized with lime, fly ash, micro silica and their combinations shows
noticeable improvement in soaked CBR of soil up to extent of 6.5 times of unstabilized
soil. Black cotton soil stabilized with lime, fly ash, micro silica and their combinations
shows noticeable improvement in unsoaked CBR of soil up to extent of 1.8 times of
unstabilized soil.

Dayalan (2016) studied on the minimize the amount of waste to be disposed to the
environment causing environmental pollution. In this present study, different amount of
fly ash and GGBS are added separately i.e. 5, 10, 15 and 20% by dry weight of soil are
used to study the stabilization of soil. The performance of stabilized soil are evaluated
using physical and strength performance tests like specific gravity, atterberg limits,
standard proctor test and California Bearing Ratio (CBR) test at optimum moisture
content. From the results, it was found that optimum value of fly ash is 15% and GGBS
is 20% for stabilization of given soil based on CBR value determined.

The study has been conducted to assess the potential of fly ash and GGBS for
stabilization of the same nature of soil. It is observed that with the increases of fly ash
and GGBS percentage, optimum moisture content goes on decreasing while maximum
dry density goes on increasing, hence compact ability of soil increases and making the
soil more dense and hard.

Abdelzaher E. A. Mostafa et al (2016) studied the many investigations have been carried
out on clay sub grade soil; using several types of stabilizers. Due to the increase in traffic
loads and the importance of sub grade layer in strengthen the pavement section to prevent
the earlier damage. In this study the first step (based on the designed experimental
program) samples were prepared with and without any additives; the used additives were
lime (L), silica fume (SF), and nano silica (NS). The tried percentages of lime were 2, 4,
6 and 8% and 5, 10 and 15% for SF, while 1, 2 and 3% used for NS. The second step was
to examine the physical and mechanical properties of the prepared mixes using modified
proctor test, Atterberg limits test, free swelling (FS%) test, unconfined compressive
strength (UCS) and California Bearing Ratio (CBR) tests. Finally, direct shear (DS) test
was carried out on the optimum mixes from the second step. All mixes were tested after
two curing periods 7 and 28 days using UCS and FS%. The results indicated that the

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optimum moisture content (OMC) increased, while the maximum dry density (MDD)
dramatically decreased for all used additives and plasticity index (P.I) decreased.

The FS% decreased, and the maximum reduction in FS% was occurred at the two
combinations (8% L + 15% SF) and (8%L+3%NS). The UCS increased by adding both
SF and NS activated by lime to the test soil , and the optimum percentages of the two
combinations were occurred at 6%L+10%SF and 6%L+3%NS for traditional and nano
materials additives respectively. So, control samples and the two optimum combinations
have been prepared for CBR and DS tests. The DS test was carried out at dry and
submerged conditions, while CBR test was carried out at soaked condition. The results
indicated that the maximum value of CBR occurred at 8% L + 10% SF, while DS results
indicated that adding 6L+10SF and 6L+3NS, the soil parameters (cohesion and internal
friction angle) have been improved.

Sharma and Sivapullaiah (2016) studied on the potential of using a binder for
stabilization of expansive soils that consists of a mixture of fly ash and ground
granulated blast furnace slag (GGBS) is evaluated in this study. The joint use of these
two materials to form a binder provides new opportunities to enhance pozzolanic
activities that may reduce the swell potential and increase the unconfined compressive
strength of expansive clays. The influence of different percentages of binder on the
Atterberg limits, compaction characteristics and unconfined compressive strength of an
artificially-mixed soil were examined. The addition of binder was shown to bring about a
significant improvement in these soil properties. It was found that the liquid limit and
plasticity index of the expansive soil decreased considerably with the addition of binder,
while the strength improved. Adding a small amount of lime (one percent) further
improved the soil properties by enhancing the pozzolanic reactivity of the binder. Based
on the results of the unconfined compressive strength tests, the addition of 20% binder is
recommended as optimum content. In addition, the mineralogical and morphological
studies of soil specimen stabilized with optimum binder content suggested the formation
of hydrated particles and cementitious compounds as a result of the reaction between the
clay and the binder. Test results indicate that the use of GGBS mixed fly ash as binder to
stabilize expansive is well suited for sustainable construction besides economic benefits.

In this study, an artificially-mixed expansive soil was stabilized with different amounts of
binder, primarily consisting of fly ash and GGBS at a mixing ratio of 7:3. The objective

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of this research was to assess the effect of fly ash GGBS based binder on thephysical
properties and unconfined compressive strength of the soil.

Negi et al (2017) studied on the rapid growth of urbanization and industrialization,

minimization of industrial waste is serious problem in present days. To encounter this
innovative and nontraditional research on waste utilization is gaining importance’s now a
days. Soil improvement using the waste material like Slag’s, Rice husk ash, Silica fume
etc., in geotechnical engineering has been recommended from environmental point of
view. The main objective of this study is to evaluate the feasibility of using Silica fume
as soil stabilization material. In this paper the effect of Silica fume on engineering
characteristics of expansive clay like Black Cotton Soil has been presented. A series of
laboratory experiment has been conducted on black cotton soil blended with Silica fume
content from 5% to 20% by weight of dry soil. The experimental results showed a
significant increase in California bearing ratio and Unconfined compressive strength. The
Differential free swell of the clay is reduced from 50%to 7% with increase in Silica fume
content from 0% to 20% respectively.

The Proctor compaction results showed a small decrease in Maximum dry density and increase in
Optimum moisture content. From this investigation it can be concluded that the Silica fume as a
potential to improve the characteristics of black cotton soil.

The BC soil-Micro Silica change the proctor compaction parameters. The addition
of silica fume to the black cotton soil increase the optimum moisture content and
decreases the maximum dry density with the increase in silica fume content. The addition
of silica fume to the black cotton soil improve the soaked CBR considerably. The
addition of 20% silica fume to the black cotton soil increases the CBR strength by 72%
approximately. There is a significant decrease in the swelling characteristics of the soil.
The degree of expansiveness reduces from High to Low.

2.1. Research Gap

(1) Comparative Performance: A comparison of the effectiveness of different soil
stabilization techniques (e.g., chemical, mechanical, biological) in improving soil
strength, bearing capacity, and durability under varying conditions (e.g., soil types,
moisture content, temperature).

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(2) Environmental Impact: A comparative analysis of the environmental impact of

various soil stabilization methods, including their effects on soil health, water
quality, and greenhouse gas emissions.

(3) Cost-Effectiveness: An assessment of the cost-effectiveness of different soil

stabilization techniques, considering not only initial construction costs but also long-
term maintenance and repair costs.

(4) Durability and Longevity: A study on the durability and longevity of stabilized
soils, comparing the performance of different techniques over time and under
different loading conditions.

(5) Sustainability: An evaluation of the sustainability of soil stabilization techniques,

considering factors such as resource availability, energy consumption, and waste
generation.

(6) Compatibility with Existing Infrastructure : An analysis of the compatibility of

different soil stabilization techniques with existing infrastructure, including roads,
buildings, and underground utilities.

(7) Risk Assessment: A comparative risk assessment of different soil stabilization

methods,considering factors such as stability, environmental impact, and health and
safety risks. These research gaps highlight the need for further study to improve our
understanding of soil stabilization techniques and their impacts, ultimately leading
to more effective and sustainable soil management practices.

2.2. Objectives
From above research paper i get the idea about how soil properties get improved by
using additives , so I also study the different additives add in soft soil to improve the
soil properties so my objective of this project is:

i. To study different soil stabilization techniques.

ii. To compare the performance of these techniques in terms of strength,
permeability,

and other relevant parameters.

iii. To identify the most suitable soil stabilization technique for specific applications.

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3. METHODS

What is Soil Stabilization?

Soil stabilization is a process used to improve the engineering properties of soil,
particularly its strength and durability, to meet specific project requirements. This is
often done in construction and civil engineering projects where the natural soil may not
possess the desired characteristics for supporting structures or roadways. The goal of soil
stabilization is to enhance the soil's load- bearing capacity, reduce settlement, and
improve overall performance.
Soil Stabilization Methods

Physical Chemical

Electric and
Addition of soil
Thermal
amendments
1. Heating
Mechanical and 1. Cement
2. Vitrification
Hydraulic 2. Lime
3.Electrokinetic
1. Soil Nailing 3. Fly ash

2. Stone Columning 4. Stone dust

3. Preloading 5. Bituminous Material

4. Displacement 6. Blast Furnace Slag

5. Replacement

Fig.no.3.Soil Stabilization Method

3.1. Types of Soil Stabilization

There are various methods of soil stabilization, and the choice depends on factors such as
the type of soil, project requirements, and environmental considerations. Some common
soil stabilization techniques include.

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3.1.1. Chemical Soil Stabilization Chemical soil stabilization involves the addition of
certain chemicals to the soil to improve its engineering properties. The primary goal of
this method is to alter the physical and chemical characteristics of the soil, making it
more suitable for construction purposes. Various chemicals can be used for soil
stabilization, including lime, cement, polymers, and other additives. Here are some
common types of chemical soil stabilization.

Fig.3.1. Chemical Soil Stabilization (Ref . Mintek Team)

3.1.2. Lime Stabilization

Lime stabilization is a soil stabilization technique that involves the addition of lime,
typically in the form of quicklime (calcium oxide) or hydrated lime (calcium hydroxide),
to improve the engineering properties of the soil. This method is commonly used to treat
clayey soils, providing benefits such as increased strength, reduced plasticity, and
improved work ability.

Here are the key aspects of lime stabilization:

• Soil Modification:
Lime reacts with the clay minerals in the soil, causing a series of chemical reactions that
lead to modifications in the soil's properties. The addition of lime can reduce the
plasticity

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of clay soils, making them less susceptible to volume changes associated with wetting
and drying.

 Increase in Strength:

Lime stabilization enhances the shear strength of the soil, making it more suitable for
construction applications.

The lime reacts with the clay particles, forming stable mineralogical compounds and
increasing cohesion.

• Reduction in Swelling:
Lime treatment is effective in reducing the swell potential of expansive clays. The
chemical reactions alter the clay's behaviour, leading to less volumetric change with
changes in moisture content.

• Improved Work ability:

Lime can improve the work ability of the soil, making it easier to handle and
compact.The modification of the soil structure by lime allows for better compaction,
resulting in a denser and more stable material.

• Drying and Stabilization:

Lime facilitates the drying of wet soils by promoting drainage and reducing water
retention. The addition of lime stabilizes the soil, providing a more durable and weather-
resistant material.

Types of Lime:
Quicklime (Calcium Oxide): Produced by heating limestone to high temperatures.
Quicklime reacts vigorously with water to produce hydrated lime. Hydrated Lime
(Calcium Hydroxide): Produced by hydrating quicklime. It is often used in lime
stabilization due to its ease of handling.

• Application:
Lime is typically spread over the soil surface and mixed into the soil using traditional
construction equipment such as graders or disk harrows. The mixing process is crucial to
ensure uniform distribution of lime throughout the soil.

Quality Control:Soil tests are conducted before and after lime stabilization to determine
the appropriate dosage and assess the effectiveness of the treatment. Quality control
measures are essential to achieve the desired engineering properties.

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• Environmental Considerations:
Lime is a naturally occurring material, and its use in soil stabilization is generally
considered environmentally friendly. Proper handling and disposal practices should be
followed to minimize environmental impact. Lime stabilization is commonly used in
road construction, building foundations, and other civil engineering projects where the
native soil requires improvement to meet specific engineering requirements. The success
of lime stabilization depends on factors such as soil type, lime dosage, and proper
construction practices.

3.1.3. Cement Stabilization:

Method: Portland cement is mixed with the soil to create a cement-treated base. The cement
binds with the soil particles, forming a stable and durable material.

Application:
Widely used in road construction, airport pavements, and stabilizing subgrades. Cement
stabilization is a soil stabilization technique that involves the addition of Portlandcement
to native soils to enhance their engineering properties. The primary objective is
toimprove the soil's strength, durability, and load-bearing capacity, making it suitable
forconstruction applications such as road bases, subgrades, and foundations. Here's an
overviewof cement stabilization:

Fig.3.2. Cement Stabilization (Ref. Writgen team)

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• Introduction to Cement Stabilization:

Objective:
The primary goal is to modify the physical and mechanical properties of the soil through
the addition of cement. Commonly used in road construction, airport pavements, and
other projects where improved soil characteristics are essential.

Types of Cement:
Portland Cement: The most commonly used type of cement in soil stabilization. It
is a hydraulic cement that hardens through chemical reactions with water. Quick
Setting Cement: Used when a rapid increase in strength is required. Blended
Cements: Mixtures of Portland cement and supplementary cementationsmaterials.

• Benefits of Cement Stabilization:

Increased Strength: Cement reacts with soil particles to form a cementations matrix,
resulting in improved compressive and shear strength.

Reduced Plasticity: Cement stabilizes clayey soils by reducing their plasticity, making
them less susceptible to volume changes.

Durability: Enhances the long-term durability and resistance of the stabilized soil
against weathering and erosion.

• Mix Design:
Determination of Cement Content: A mix design process is conducted to determine
the optimal amount of cement required based on soil characteristics and project
requirements. Field Adjustments: Field adjustments may be made based on real-time
observations and testing.

• Application Process:
Spreading Cement: The cement is evenly spread over the soil surface using
conventional construction equipment such as graders.

Mixing: The cement is mechanically mixed into the soil using rotary mixers,
reclaimer- stabilizers, or other specialized equipment.

Compaction: The stabilized soil is compacted to achieve the desired density and strength.

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Curing:Moisture Control: Adequate moisture is essential for cement hydration. The
stabilized soil may be covered with wet burlap, watered, or protected from drying
conditions.

Curing Period: A curing period is necessary to allow the cement to fully react and
develop strength.

• Quality Control and Testing:

Laboratory Testing: Various laboratory tests, such as Proctor compaction and
unconfined compression tests, are conducted to determine the soil's engineering
properties.

Field Testing: Field density and strength tests are performed to ensure that the
construction meets design specifications.

• Environmental Considerations:
Recycling: Cement stabilization can be an environmentally sustainable solution by
recycling existing materials rather than using new aggregates.

Leach ability: Care should be taken to minimize environmental impacts, especially in

terms of leach ability of cementations materials.

Cement stabilization is a versatile and widely used method for improving the
properties of soils in construction projects. Successful implementation requires
careful consideration of soil characteristics, proper mix design, and effective
construction practices.

3.1.4. Polymers and Polymer Emulsions:

Method: Synthetic polymers or polymer emulsions are added to the soil to enhance
stability, reduce erosion, and improve water resistance.

Application:
Used in erosion control, slope stabilization, and construction on soils with poor
engineering properties.Soil stabilization is a crucial process in civil engineering and
construction to improve the engineering properties of soils, making them more
resistant to factors such as erosion, water damage, and load-bearing requirements.
Polymers and polymer emulsions play a significant role in soil stabilization, offering
effective solutions to enhance soil strength, reduce permeability, and mitigate
environmental impact.

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Polymers in Soil Stabilization:
a. Polyacrylamides (PAM):
PAM is a water-soluble polymer commonly used for soil erosion control. It forms a
stable gel-like structure when mixed with water, improving soil cohesion and
preventing surface runoff.

Fig.3.3. Polymers in Soil Stabilization (Ref. from review Paper related to polymer)

b. Polymer-Modified Soils (PMS): Incorporating polymers like polyurethane or

latex into soils can enhance their load-bearing capacity, reduce swelling and
shrinkage, and improve overall stability. These polymers bind soil particles,
creating a more durable and resilient matrix.

Fig.3.4. Polymer Modifiers Slope (Ref. from review Paper related to polymer)

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c. Biopolymers: Environmentally friendly biopolymers, such as guar gum or xanthan
gum, can be used for soil stabilization. These natural polymers offer sustainable
alternatives, especially in eco-sensitive areas.

Polymer Emulsions in
Soil Stabilization:

a. Acrylic Polymer Emulsions: Acrylic emulsions are commonly used in soil

stabilization applications. When mixed with soil, they form a flexible and water-
resistant matrix, improving soil structure and stability.

b. Styrene-Butadiene Emulsions (SB Latex):

SB latex emulsions are employed to stabilize soils, particularly in road construction.
They enhance the soil's resistance to water damage and improve its load-bearing
capacity.

c. Polyvinyl Acetate (PVA c) Emulsions:

PVA c emulsions can be added to soils to increase their strength and reduce
susceptibility to erosion. They provide good adhesion and flexibility, contributing to
enhanced stability.

Applications in Soil Stabilization:

a. Road Construction: Polymers and polymer emulsions are widely used in road
construction to stabilize the subgrade, improving load-bearing capacity and reducing
the impact of environmental factors.

b. Erosion Control: Polyacrylamides and other polymers are effective in erosion

control applications, stabilizing the soil to prevent loss through water or wind
erosion.

c. Building Foundations: Polymer-modified soils are utilized in building

foundations to mitigate issues related to soil settlement, swelling, and shrinkage,
providing a stable base for structures.

d. Mining and Land Reclamation: In mining operations, polymers are applied to

stabilize soils in reclaimed areas, preventing erosion and promoting vegetation
growth.

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Benefits of Using Polymers in Soil

Stabilization:

a. Improved Soil Strength: Polymers enhance the cohesion between soil particles,
resulting in increased shear strength and load-bearing capacity.

b. Reduced Permeability:
Polymer-treated soils exhibit reduced permeability, making them less susceptible to
waterinfiltration
c. Environmental Considerations:
Biodegradable and eco-friendly polymers offer sustainable alternatives, minimizing
the environmental impact of soil stabilization practices.
d.Cost-Effective Solutions:
Polymer-based soil stabilization can be a cost-effective solution compared to
traditionalmethods, especially in challenging soil conditions.

3.1.5. Bitumen or Asphalt Emulsion Stabilization:

Method: Bitumen or asphalt emulsions are mixed with the soil to improve its stability
and resistance to water. Commonly used in pavement construction and stabilization
of road bases.

Fig.3.5 Bitumen Emulsion (Ref.Raha Bitumen. Co.)

Bitumen or asphalt emulsion stabilization is a widely used technique in soil

stabilization, particularly in road construction and infrastructure development. This
method involves the incorporation of bituminous materials into the soil to improve
its

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engineering properties, making it more durable and suitable for construction. Here's
an overview of bitumen or asphalt emulsion stabilization in soil stabilization:

Introduction to Bitumen or Asphalt

Emulsions:

a. Bitumen:component in the construction industry, known for its adhesive and

waterproofing properties.

b.Asphalt Emulsion:Asphalt emulsion is a mixture of asphalt, water, and an

emulsifying agent. It is a colloidal system that allows for the easy mixing of asphalt
with aggregates and soils.

Soil
Stabilization
Process:

a. Mixing:

Bitumen or asphalt emulsion is mixed with the soil using specialized equipment
such as pug mills or rotary mixers. The goal is to achieve a homogeneous mixture.

b. Curing:

After mixing, the treated soil is allowed to cure. This curing process enables the
bitumen to bond with the soil particles, creating a stabilized matrix.

Key Benefits of Bitumen or Asphalt Emulsion

Stabilization: a.Increased Strength:

The addition of bitumen or asphalt emulsion enhances the soil's strength, making it
more resistant to compression and deformation.

b. Waterproofing:

Bitumen provides a waterproofing effect, reducing the soil's susceptibility to water-

induced damage and erosion.

c. Improved Load-Bearing Capacity:

Stabilized soils exhibit improved load-bearing capacity, making them
suitable for supporting heavy structures and traffic loads.

d. Reduced Swelling and Shrinkage:

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The treatment reduces the soil's tendency to swell in the presence of water and
shrink during dry conditions, minimizing volume changes.

Applications in Construction:
a. Road Construction:
Bitumen or asphalt emulsion stabilization is widely used in road construction to
improve the performance of subgrade soils, creating a stable foundation for asphalt
or concrete pavements.

b. Parking Lots and Driveways:

Stabilizing the soil with bitumen is common in the construction of parking lots and
driveways, providing a durable and load-bearing surface.

c. Airport Runways:
The technique is employed in the construction of airport runways, where high load-
bearing capacity and resistance to deformation are critical.

Environmental Considerations:
a. Reduced Energy Consumption:
Bitumen or asphalt emulsion stabilization often requires lower energy consumption
compared to traditional stabilization methods, contributing to environmental
sustainability.

b. Recyclability:

Stabilized soils can be recycled and reused, promoting sustainable construction practices.

Fig.3.6 Bitumen Recyclability (Ref Linked in)

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Challenges and Considerations:

a. Curing Time:
The curing time for bitumen-stabilized soils can vary depending on factors such as
temperature and soil type.

b. Environmental Impact:
While bitumen is a common construction material, its extraction and processing can
have environmental implications. Sustainable sourcing and usage practices are
crucial.

In conclusion, bitumen or asphalt emulsion stabilization is a valuable technique in

soil stabilization, offering enhanced strength, durability, and water resistance to soils
used in construction projects. As with any construction method, careful consideration
of site- specific conditions and environmental impact is essential for successful and
sustainable implementation.

3.1.6. Fly Ash Stabilization:

Method: Fly ash, a byproduct of coal combustion, is mixed with the soil to enhance
strength, reduce permeability and improved workability.

Fig.3.7 Fly-ash Stabilization (Ref. Review paper )

Used in construction, stabilization of expansive soils, and as a partial replacement for
cement.

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Fly ash stabilization is a sustainable and cost-effective method commonly used in soil
stabilization for construction projects. Fly ash, a byproduct of coal combustion, is
rich in mineral content and pozzolanic properties, making it an ideal additive for
improving the engineering properties of soils. Here's an overview of fly ash
stabilization in soil stabilization.

Introduction to Fly Ash:

a. Composition: Fly ash is a fine powder that consists of spherical particles and is
produced during the combustion of pulverized coal in power plants.

b. Pozzolanic Properties: Fly ash contains silica, alumina, and other reactive
compounds, giving it pozzolanic properties. When mixed with lime and water, it
forms compounds that contribute to the strength and durability of stabilized soils.

Soil Stabilization Process:

a. Mixing:
Fly ash is mixed with the soil in varying proportions, depending on the specific soil
characteristics and project requirements. Mixing can be done in-place using
specialized equipment.

b. Curing:

The treated soil is allowed to cure, allowing the chemical reactions between fly ash
and the soil particles to take place. This results in the formation of stable compounds
that enhance soil properties.

Key Benefits of Fly Ash Stabilization:

a. Increased Strength:
Fly ash reacts with soil minerals, forming cementations compounds that improve the
soil's compressive strength and load-bearing capacity.

b. Reduced Plasticity:

The addition of fly ash reduces the plasticity of expansive soils, minimizing issues
related to swelling and shrinkage.

c. Improved Durability: Stabilized soils exhibit enhanced resistance to water-

induced erosion, providing durability in various environmental conditions.

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d. Cost-Effectiveness:

Fly ash is often a byproduct of power generation, and its use in soil stabilization can
be cost-effective compared to traditional stabilization methods.

Applications in Construction:
a. Road Construction:
Fly ash stabilization is commonly employed in road construction to improve the
characteristics of subgrade soils, resulting in a stable foundation for pavement layers.

b.Foundation Construction:

Stabilizing soils with fly ash is suitable for foundation construction, especially in
areas with expansive or problematic soils.

c. Embankment Construction:

Fly ash is used to stabilize soils in embankment construction, providing stability and
reducing settlement.

Environmental Considerations:
a. Reuse of Waste Material:

Fly ash is a byproduct of coal combustion, and its use in soil stabilization represents a
sustainable and environmentally friendly approach to utilizing industrial waste.

b. Reduction in Greenhouse Gas Emissions:

The use of fly ash in soil stabilization can contribute to reducing the environmental
impact associated with the disposal of fly ash in landfills.

Challenges and Considerations:

a. Variability of Fly Ash Properties:

The properties of fly ash can vary based on the source and combustion process. It's
essential to understand the specific characteristics of the fly ash being used.

b. Quality Control:

Achieving consistent results requires careful quality control in the mixing and curing
processes to ensure the desired soil stabilization outcomes.

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Compatibility with Soil Types:

While fly ash is effective in improving the properties of many soil types, its
performance can vary depending on specific soil characteristics.

Research and Innovations:

Ongoing Studies: Ongoing research focuses on optimizing the use of fly ash in soil
stabilization, exploring new formulations, and assessing its long-term performance in
different soil types.

Innovative Applications: Researchers are exploring innovative applications of fly

ash, such as incorporating it into geopolymer materials for enhanced soil
stabilization.

3.1.7. Chemical Grouting:

Method: Grout, which is a mixture of water, cement, and sometimes additives, is

injected into the soil to improve its strength, reduce permeability, and fill voids.

Application: Applied in tunnelling, excavation support, and the stabilization of loose

collapsible soils.

Fig.3.8 Chemical grouting (Ref. Geo Institute)

Chemical grouting is a soil stabilization technique that involves the injection of

specially formulated grouts into the soil to alter its properties and enhance its

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engineering characteristics. This method is widely used in civil engineering and
construction projects to address soil-related challenges and improve the stability of the
ground. Here's an overview of chemical grouting in soil stabilization:

Introduction to Chemical Grouting:

b. Grouting Agents:
Grouting agents used in chemical grouting can include polyurethane, acrylamide, sodium
silicate, and other chemical formulations designed to achieve specific soil stabilization
goals.

Soil Stabilization Process:

Site Assessment:
Before initiating chemical grouting, a thorough site assessment is conducted to
understand the soil conditions, identify areas of weakness, and determine the
appropriate grouting strategy.

a. Drilling Holes: Access points, or injection holes, are drilled into the soil at strategic
locations based on the project requirements. The hole diameter and spacing depend on
the soil type and the intended depth of grout penetration.

b. Grout Injection:

The selected chemical grout is injected into the soil through the drilled holes under
controlled pressure. The grout permeates the soil, creating a stable and improved
matrix.

c. Monitoring and Quality Control:

Throughout the grouting process, monitoring equipment is used to assess the

effectiveness of the injections. Quality control measures ensure that the grout is
distributed uniformly.

Key Benefits of Chemical Grouting:

a. Improved Soil Strength:
Chemical grouting enhances the soil's shear strength and load-bearing capacity,
making it more suitable for construction activities.

b. Reduced Permeability:

Grouts can fill voids in the soil, reducing permeability and preventing the migration of water
through the ground.

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c. Stabilization of Loose Soils:

Chemical grouting is effective in stabilizing loose or granular soils, providing
cohesion and preventing settlement.
d. Erosion Control:
Grouting can be used to stabilize soil in areas prone to erosion, preventing the loss of
soil particles and protecting against water-induced damage.
Applications in Construction:
a. Tunneling and Excavation Support:
Chemical grouting is applied to stabilize soils around tunnels, excavations, and
undergroundstructures to prevent ground settlement and maintain stability.
b. Foundation Stabilization:

In construction projects where foundations encounter unstable or loose soils,

chemical grouting can be used to improve soil conditions and enhance
foundation support.

c. Slope Stabilization:

Chemical grouting is applied on slopes to prevent erosion, stabilize soil, and mitigate
the risk of landslides.

d. Infrastructure Rehabilitation:
The technique is used in the rehabilitation of aging infrastructure, such as repairing leaks in
dams, tunnels, and underground pipelines.

Environmental Considerations:
a. Selection of Environmentally Friendly Grouts:
The choice of environmentally friendly grouting agents minimizes the environmental
impact of chemical grouting projects.

b. Non-Intrusive Nature:

Chemical grouting can often be performed without disrupting the surrounding environment,
minimizing disturbances to existing structures or ecosystems.

Challenges and Considerations:

a. Site-Specific Challenges:
The success of chemical grouting depends on understanding the unique characteristics
of the site, including soil composition, geology, and hydrology.

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b. Compatibility with Soil Types:

Different grouting agents may be more effective in specific soil types, and the
selection should be tailored to the project requirements.

Research and Innovations:

a. Advancements in Grouting Agents:
Ongoing research focuses on developing advanced grouting agents with improved
performance characteristics, including rapid setting and increased penetration
capabilities.

b. Smart Grouting Techniques:

Researchers are exploring smart grouting techniques that use sensors and monitoring
systems to provide real-time feedback on the effectiveness of injections.
In conclusion, chemical grouting is a versatile and effective method in soil stabilization,
offering solutions for a wide range of construction challenges. The proper selection of
grouting agents, careful site assessment, and adherence to quality control measures are
criticalfor successful implementation in construction projects.

Fig. 3.9 Steps in Chemical Grouting (Ref. Geo Institute)

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3.1.8.Stone Dust
Stone dust, also known as stone screenings or rock dust, is a byproduct of crushing stone
into various sizes for use in construction. It is often used as a base material for pavers
and natural stone walkways, and it can also be used in soil stabilization applications.

In soil stabilization, stone dust is typically mixed with soil to improve its engineering
properties. The addition of stone dust can help increase the soil's strength, stability, and
load- bearing capacity. It can also improve the soil's resistance to erosion and reduce its
susceptibility to frost heave. One of the key advantages of using stone dust in soil
stabilization is its cost- effectiveness, as it is often readily available as a byproduct of
stone crushing operations. Additionally, stone dust is relatively easy to work with and
can be easily mixed with soil using standard construction equipment.

However, there are also some limitations to using stone dust in soil stabilization. One
concern is its potential impact on the environment, as it may contain harmful chemicals
or heavy metals. It is important to properly test and characterize the stone dust before
using it in soil stabilization projects to ensure that it meets the necessary standards and
regulations.

Overall, stone dust can be a useful additive in soil stabilization projects, but careful
consideration should be given to its properties and potential environmental impacts
before use.

Fig.3.10.Manufacturing of stone dust (Ref. Mundegaon, Ghoti)

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4. CASE STUDY

4.1. Experimental analysis

This experimental analysis report presents a comprehensive study on various soil

stabilization techniques and their effectiveness in improving soil engineering properties.
The study involved the application of different stabilization methods to evaluate their
impact on soil strength, permeability, and other relevant characteristics. The findings
contribute valuable insights to the field of civil engineering, providing guidance for
selecting appropriate soil stabilization techniques for different applications.

4.2. Objective:
The primary objective of this experimental analysis was to assess the performance of
various soil stabilization techniques in enhancing soil properties. The study aimed to
quantify changes in soil strength, permeability, and other relevant parameters after the
application of different stabilization methods.

4.3. Methodology:
4.3.1. Selection of Soil Samples:
Location of the soil sample is DhandarphalBk(Sangamner) .The DhandarphalBk village
is situated in the Ahmadnagar district with district code number 522. Sangamner is the
sub district (tehsil / mandal), is a low-level administrative division of a district, of this
village, having the sub district code is 04202. Sangamner is the Community
Development Block (C.D. Block) of this village with C.D. Block code number 0253.
Sangamner is the Sub-district headquarter of this village and it is situated 12 kilometres
away from this village. The district headquarters' name is Ahmadnagar and as per
distance concern it is 110 kilometres from the DhandarphalBk village.

Table no 4.0. Location Map of DhandarphalBk.City.

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Village DhandarphalBk

Grampanchayat Dhandarphal
Taluka Sangamner

District Ahmadnagar
Village Code 557402

Latitude 19.546001644
Longitutde 74.121497695

4.3.2. Experimental Design:

The selected soil samples were subjected to different soil stabilization techniques, cement
,lime, fly ash and stone dust stabilization .Control samples were maintained for each soil
type without any stabilization treatment.

4.3.3. Application of Stabilization Techniques:

The selected stabilization methods were applied to the soil samples according to
recommended procedures and industry standards. Cement stabilization included the
mixing of soil with varying percentages of cement. Fly ash stabilization comprised the
incorporation of fly ash into the soil.

4.3.4. Laboratory Testing:

The stabilized and control soil samples underwent a series of laboratory tests to assess key
engineering properties, including:

4.3.5. California Bearing Ratio (CBR) tests to measure soil strength.

4.3.6. Compaction tests to evaluate changes in water flow characteristics.
4.3.7. Atterberg Limits tests to determine changes in plasticity
characteristics.

4.4. Results
4.4.1. California Bearing Ratio Test (CBR):
Stabilized soil samples exhibited a significant increase in CBR compared to control
samples. Chemical grouting demonstrated the highest improvement in strength,
followed by cement stabilization and fly ash stabilization.

4.4.2. Compaction Test:

Compaction tests revealed a noticeable reduction in water permeability in
stabilized soil samples. Chemical grouting and cement stabilization effectively
decreased permeability, with fly ash stabilization also showing improvement.

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4.4.3. Atterberg Limits:

Atterberg Limits tests indicated a reduction in plasticity in stabilized soil samples,
making them less prone to swelling and shrinkage.

Chemical grouting and cement stabilization exhibited notable reductions in

plasticity, while fly ash stabilization showed moderate improvement.

4.5. Experimental Investigation

A number of experiments have been conducted on undisturbed soil and soil mixed
with additives viz., Cement, Lime, Fly Ash and stone dust. The experiments have
been carried out to determine various properties as mentioned below

1) Specific Gravity
2) Sieve Analysis
a) Mechanical Sieving
b) Hydrometer Test
3) Atterberg’s Limits (Liquid Limit, Plastic Limit and Plasticity Index

4) Proctor Compaction Test

5) California Bearing Ratio (CBR) Test

The additives viz. Cement, Lime ,Fly Ash stone dust have added to the soil in ratios as 0%,
3%, 6%, 9%, 12% and 15% by weight.

4.6. Properties of Undisturbed Soil

Various tests have been conducted on undisturbed soil taken from DhandarphalB.k.
(Sangamner), India, to determine different properties of soil. The properties of
undisturbed Soil are given in Table no.4.1.

Table.4.1. Properties of Undistrubed Soil

Sr. No. Property Value

1 Specific Gravity 2.727
2 Grain Size Analysis
Gravel and Sand Size Particles 8.22 %
Silt and Clay Size particles 91.78%
3 Atterberg’s Limits

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Liquid Limit 15
Plastic Limit 13.53
Plasticity Index 1.47
4 Optimum Moisture Content 17.45%
5 Maximum Dry Density 1.678g/cc
6 CBR 4.83

4.6. 1.Sieve Analysis of Soil Mixed with

Additives Sieve Analysis of Soil Mixed with
Cement
Sieve analysis has been carried out using Mechanical Sieving for soilmixed with
different percentages of additive i.e., Cement. The results are given in Table 4.2.

Table.4.2 Grain Size Analysis results for different percentages of Cement

S. No. Percentage of Gravel & Sand Size Silt & Clay Size
Cement Particle Content (%) Particle Content (%)
1 8.22 91.78
2 3 3.2 96.8
3 6 3.42 96.58
4 9 4.06 95.94
5 12 3.2 96.7
6 15 4.79 95.21

4.6.2. Sieve Analysis of Soil Mixed with Lime

Sieve analysis has been carried out using Mechanical Sieving and Hydrometer Test for
soil mixed with different percentages of additive i.e., Cement. The results are given in
Table 4.3.

Table.4.3 Grain Size Analysis results for different percentages of Lime

S. No. Percentage Gravel & Sand Size Silt & Clay Size
of Lime Particle Content (%) Particle Content (%)
1 0 8.22 91.78
2 3 10.18 89.82
3 6 11.89 88.11
4 9 7.98 92.02
5 12 6.33 93.67
6 15 7.91 92.09

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4.6.3. Sieve Analysis of Soil Mixed with Fly Ash
Sieve analysis has been carried out using Mechanical Sieving and Hydrometer Test
for soil mixed with different percentages of additive i.e., Cement. The results are
given in Table 4.4.

Table 4.4: Grain Size Analysis results for different percentages of Fly Ash
S. No. Percentage of Gravel & Sand Size Silt & Clay Size
Fly Ash Particle Particle Content
Content (%) (%)
1 0 8.22 91.78
2 3 10.18 89.82
3 6 11.89 88.11
4 9 7.98 92.02
5 12 6.33 93.67
6 15 7.91 92.09

4.7.1. Standard Proctor Test on Soil Mixed with Cement

Standard Proctor Test has been performed on Soil mixed with varying percentages of
Cement to determine the Optimum Moisture Content (OMC) and Maximum Dry Density
(MDD). At 6% cement soil mixture gives the maximum value of OMC and MDD. The
values of OMC and MDD so determined are given in Table 4.5.

Table 4.5: Standard Proctor Test results for different percentages of Cement

S. No. Percentage of Cement OMC (%) MDD (g/cc)

1 0 17.45 1.678
2 3 17.92 1.743
3 6 18.83 1.715
4 9 17.93 1.71
5 12 18.21 1.7
6 15 17.45 1.693

4.7.2. Standard Proctor Test on Soil Mixed with Lime

Standard Proctor Test has been performed on Soil mixed with varying percentages of Lime to
determine the Optimum Moisture Content (OMC) and Maximum Dry Density (MDD). At 6%
lime soil mixture gives the maximum value of OMC and MDD. The values of OMC and MDD
so determined are given in Table 4.6.
Table 4.6: Standard Proctor Test results for different percentages of Lime
S. No. Percentage of Lime OMC (%) MDD (g/cc)
1 0 17.45 1.678
2 3 17.92 1.743
3 6 18.83 1.715
4 9 17.93 1.71
5 12 18.21 1.7

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6 15 17.45 1.693

4.7.3. Standard Proctor Test on Soil Mixed with Fly Ash

Standard Proctor Test has been performed on Soil mixed with varying percentages of Fly Ash to
determine the Optimum Moisture Content (OMC) and Maximum Dry Density (MDD). At 6% fly
ash soil mixture gives the maximum value of OMC and MDD. The values of OMC and MDD so
determined are given in Table 4.7.
Table 4.7: Standard Proctor Test results for different percentages of Fly Ash

S. No. Percentage of Fly Ash OMC (%) MDD (g/cc)

1 0 17.45 1.678
2 3 17.63 1.701
3 6 17.89 1.736
4 9 16.68 1.715
5 12 16.29 1.687
6 15 16.02 1.675

4.7.4. Standard Proctor Test on Soil Mixed with stone dust

When soil mixed with stone dust the dry density increase at certain percentages then after loss the
strength.The various percentages of stone dust and their dry density listed below table no.4.8.
Graph 4.9.gives the exact idea about behaviour of dry density with percentages of water increase.
Table 4.8.: Standard Proctor Test results for different percentages of Stone dust.

Stone dust (%) 10 20 30 40

Water content (%) 13 15 17 18

Dry density kg/cu.m 1.737 1.780 1.890 1.810

Graph4.9. Graph between MDD and Water content at different percentages of Stone Dust

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4.8. California Bearing Ratio (CBR) Test on Soil Mixed with Additive
CBR Test Procedure

Specimen Preparation

1. The soil sample is passed through a 19 mm sieve. The soil passing the sieve can be
employedfor the test. The soil retained on the sieve is replaced with the same
quantity of new soil.

2.Upon sieving the sample, 3 samples of 6.8 kg are considered for the test.

3 .Specimens 1,2 and 3 are compacted to 10, 30, and 56 blows, respectively. This leads to a
variation in the maximum dry densities.

4. Samples are mixed with a sufficient quantity of water to maintain an adequate water
content (OMC).

5. Subsequently, the mould is connected to the base plate by means of an extension collar.

6. After that, the weight is measured.

7. A spacer disc is placed on top of the mould along with filter paper.

8. Soil is transferred in the mould in 3 layers.

9. Each layer is well compacted. As a precedent, Specimen 1 is subjected to 10 rammer

blows so as to ensure sufficient compaction.

10.Water content of soil before and after compaction is measured.

11.The extension collar is then taken off, and the top of the mould is trimmed with a
straightedge to make the surface smooth.

Following the same steps as above, the other two samples are compacted with an adequate
number of blows.

A. Subsequently, both the base plate and spacer disc are removed.

B. The weight of the mould and that of the compacted soil are measured.

C. The mould is placed in an inverted position, and the base plate is attached to the mould
by means of a course filter paper.

Soaking

i. A surcharge load of 4.54 kg is applied on top of the base plate.

ii. The specimen is then soaked in water for the next 4 days.

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iii. iii.The weight of the specimen
before and after soaking is determined so as to estimate the swelling percentage. In this
context, the equipment for measuring expansion can be attached.
iv.After 4 days of water soaking, the mould is taken off from the
water.
v.Also, the base plate and the filter paper are removed.
vi.The surcharge load is also removed, and the mass of the mould and the soil is measured.

Load Test

i. The mould is placed under the penetration piston in the CTM (Compression
Testing Machine),
also called as the CBR Testing Machine.
ii. A surcharge load of 4.54 kg is again placed on top of the mould.
iii. Soon after, the CTM is started at a strain-controlled rate such that the penetration is
1.25mm/minute. The piston shall penetrate through the soil.
iv. For measurement purposes, the CTM is accompanied by the dial gauge and the proving ring.
While the dial gauge measures the penetration, the proving ring depicts the load applied to
the sample.
v. For arriving at the piston load, the readings obtained from the Proving ring are multiplied
by the machine constant.
vi. Subsequently, the load determined to reach different levels of penetration is noted and
then divided by the standard load for the given penetration.

Fig.4.1. CBR Mould (Ref. Civil Engg.Home)

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Fig.4.2.Filling CBR mould at optimum moisture content (Ref.in Geotech Lab)

Fig.4.3. CBR mould kept under water for soaking of 4 days (Ref.in Geotech Lab)

4.8.1. California Bearing Ratio (CBR) Test on Soil Mixed with Varying Percentages
of Cement
CBR tests were performed on soil mixed with varying percentages of Cement. The results of
CBR values and its variation with respect to percentage of Cement is shown in table no.4.10. The
CBR value get increased with percentages of cement is also increased.
Table no.4.10. Comparison of CBR values of soil with different percentage of Cement
Cement (%) CBR value (mm)
0 4.83
3 5.39
6 5.58
9 5.92
12 6.32
15 6.32

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7
6

CBR Value(mm)
5
4
3
2
1
0
0 2 4 6 8 10 12 14 16
Cement Percentages

4.8.2. California Bearing Ratio (CBR) Test on Soil Mixed with

Varying Percentages of Lime
CBR tests were performed on soil mixed with varying percentages of Lime. The results of
CBR values and its variation with percentage of Lime is shown in table no.4.11 . The CBR
value get increased with percentages of lime is also increased.
Table no.4.11. Comparison of CBR values of soil with different percentage of Lime

Lime (%) CBR value (mm)

0 4.83
3 5.39
6 6.13
9 7.25
12 8.55
15 9.85

7
CBR Value(mm)

6
5
4
3
2
1
0
0 2 4 6 8 10 12 14 16
Lime Percentages

4.8.3. California Bearing Ratio (CBR) Test on Soil Mixed with Varying Percentages of Fly
Ash:CBR tests were performed on soil mixed with varying percentages of Fly Ash. The results
of CBR values and its variation with respect to percentage of Fly Ash is shown in table. The
CBR value get increased with percentages of Fly Ash is also increased.

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Table no.4.12. Comparison of CBR values of soil with different percentage of Fly ash

Fly Ash (%) CBR value (mm)

0 4.83
3 5.2
6 5.33
9 5.45
12 5.58
15 5.95

7
6
CBR Value(mm)

5
4
3
2
1
0
0 2 4 6 8 10 12 14 16
Fly Ash Percentages

Table no.4.13. Comparison of CBR values of soil at different percentage of Additive

12
10
CBR Value (mm)

8
6
4
2
0
0 3 6 9 12 15
Cement,lime,Fly ash in%

Cement Lime Fly Ash

4.8.4. California Bearing Ratio (CBR) Test on Soil Mixed with Varying
Percentages of stone dust : The stone dust is mixed with soil the check the CBR value.The
below table 4.14.shows the different percentages of stone dust and soil. The CBR value get
increased with percentages of stone dust is also increased.

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Table no.4.14. Graph of CBR on addition of various percentages of Stone Dust

Soil+ stone dust ( %) CBR value(mm)
90% soil + 10% S.D. 4.2
80% + 20% S.D. 5.3
70% + 30% S.D 6.6
60% + 40% S.D. 6.4

5
CBR Value(mm)

0
90% Soil+10% 80% Soil +20% 70% Soil + 30% 60% Soil + 40%
S.D. S.D. S.D. S.D.
Soil+ stone dust ( %)

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5 . ADVANTAGES

 Improved Strength: Soil stabilization enhances the mechanical properties of the

soil, increasing its load-bearing capacity and shear strength. This is particularly
important for foundations, roads, and other structures where soil strength is
critical.

 Reduced Permeability: Stabilized soil exhibits reduced permeability, limiting

the flow of water through the soil. This is beneficial for preventing erosion,
controlling groundwater, and minimizing the risk of landslides.

 Erosion Control: Soil stabilization helps mitigate soil erosion caused by wind or
water. By improving the cohesion of soil particles, stabilization reduces the
likelihood of surface runoff and loss of topsoil.

 Minimized Swelling and Shrinkage: Stabilized soils experience reduced

volume changes due to moisture fluctuations. This is especially advantageous in
expansive clay soils prone to swelling and shrinkage, as stabilization helps
maintain a more consistent soil volume.

 Enhanced Workability: Stabilized soils often exhibit improved workability

during construction activities. This can lead to easier excavation, grading, and
compaction, reducing construction time and costs.

 Environmentally Friendly: Some soil stabilization methods, such as the use of

certain additives like fly ash or lime, can be environmentally friendly by
recycling industrial byproducts and minimizing the need for new construction
materials.

 Cost Savings: Soil stabilization can contribute to cost savings in construction

projects. By improving the properties of existing soils, it may reduce the need for
extensive excavation, transportation of additional materials, and the use of more
expensive foundation designs.

 Versatility: Soil stabilization methods are versatile and can be adapted to various
soil types and conditions. Different stabilization techniques, such as chemical
grouting, cement stabilization, or the use of geosynthetics, can be selected based
on specific project requirements.

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 Increased Bearing Capacity: Stabilized soils can withstand higher loads,
making them suitable for supporting heavy structures and infrastructure
components. This is particularly crucial in the construction of roads, foundations,
and industrial facilities.

 Optimized Construction Schedule: Stabilizing the soil can expedite

construction schedules by reducing the time required for ground preparation and
improving the efficiency of subsequent construction activities.

 Sustainable Construction: Using soil stabilization techniques can contribute to

sustainable construction practices by minimizing the need for additional
materials, reducing environmental impact, and promoting the reuse of existing
soils.

 Long-Term Performance: Properly stabilized soils can provide long-lasting

stability and durability, contributing to the longevity of constructed structures and
infrastructure.

APPLICATION

Soil stabilization techniques find applications across a wide range of construction and
civil engineering projects. The choice of the appropriate soil stabilization method
depends on factors such as soil type, project requirements, and environmental
considerations. Here are common applications of soil stabilization techniques:

 Road Construction:

Soil stabilization is extensively used in the construction of roads and highways.

Stabilized soils provide a solid base for pavements, improving load- bearing
capacity and reducing settlement.

 Airport Runways and Taxiways:

The stability of soil is crucial in aviation infrastructure. Soil stabilization ensures the
durability and load-bearing capacity of runways, taxiways, and apron areas in
airports.

 Railway Track Construction:

Stabilization techniques are applied to railway tracks to prevent track settlement.

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 Parking Lots and Driveways:

Stabilizing soils in parking lots and driveways enhances their strength and
durability, preventing deformation under the weight of vehicles and reducing
maintenance requirements.

 Foundation Construction:

Soil stabilization is employed to improve the bearing capacity of soils beneath

foundations, ensuring the stability and integrity of structures such as buildings,
bridges, and towers.

 Embankment and Slope Stabilization:

Stabilizing soil in embankments and slopes helps prevent erosion, landslides, and
slope failures. This is critical for infrastructure projects in hilly or sloped terrain.

 Landfills and Waste Containment:

Stabilization techniques are used in the construction of landfill liners and caps,
prevent in the release of contaminants into the environment and ensuring the
stability of waste containment structures.

 Mining and Quarry Rehabilitation:

Stabilizing soils in mined areas and quarries helps with site rehabilitation,
minimizing soil erosion, controlling sediment runoff, and promoting vegetation
growth.

 Pipeline Trenches:

Soil stabilization is applied in pipeline construction to ensure the stability of

trench walls and prevent soil collapse during excavation, installation, and back
filling.

 Military Operations:

In military applications, soil stabilization is used to improve the load-bearing

capacity of unpaved roads, airstrips, and staging areas.

 Sports Field Construction: Stabilizing soils in sports fields, such as football

fields and golf courses, helps maintain a consistent playing surface, reduces soil
compaction, and enhances turf establishment.

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 Culvert and Bridge Abutments:

The stability of soils around culverts and bridge abutments is crucial for the overall
integrity of these structures. Stabilization prevents settlement and ensures long-
term performance.

 Coastal Protection:

Soil stabilization techniques are applied in coastal protection projects to stabilize

shorelines, prevent erosion, and protect against the effects of wave action and
storm surges.

 Urban Infrastructure:

Soil stabilization is used in various urban infrastructure projects, including the

construction of retaining walls, underground utilities, and other critical
components of urban development.

 Remote and Challenging Terrains:

In remote or challenging terrains, such as arid regions or permafrost areas, soil

stabilization helps address soil-related challenges and facilitates construction
activities.

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6. DISCUSSION & CONCLUSION

The experimental analysis confirms that soil stabilization techniques, particularly

chemical grouting and cement stabilization, are effective in enhancing soil properties.
The choice of stabilization method should be tailored to the specific soil type and project
requirements. The results provide valuable insights for civil engineers and construction
professionals in selecting appropriate soil stabilization techniques for improved
performance and durability. Basically from above study we can solve the problem that,
the area where soft soil is available then also we construct the large project by using
different soil stabilization techniques.

This report conclude the evaluation of soil properties like compaction test and California
bearing ratio test. The addition to that different percentages of lime,cement.fly ash and
stone dust (0%,3%,6%,12% and 15%) and stone dust (10%,20%,30% and 40%) was
added to find the variation in it’s original strength. Based on these results CBR test is
also performed. From these results was found that optimum fly ash.Lime ,cement
(6%)and stone dust(30%) gives the maximum increment in the CBR value compared
with all other combination.

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7. FUTURE SCOPE OF STUDY

This project is an approach towards a better understanding for index properties of

soil for ground improvement. This study can be accomplished with few additional
features in future. Some of the future scopes are as ;

1. Detailed index properties of soil and how admixture help to improve soil properties.

2.Only proper proportion of soil and admixture gain the strength .

3.Admixture used all type of soil to increase the strength of soil.

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[2] J Bala Krishna, (2017) “Soil Stabilization with Fly ash”, International Journal of

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[3] Er. RasoolRehana and Er. KapoorKshipra (2017), “Comparative Study on Stabilization

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Engineering Research, Vol, 03,Issue, 7

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[10]H. N.(2011) "Soil Stabilization: Principles and Practice"ISBN-13: 978-0415621258

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[16] Karl Terzaghi, Ralph B. Peck and GholamrezaMesri (1996)"Soil Mechanics in Engineering
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