CCNA 1 PART 2

CHAPTER 1

o Introduction
o Definition of protocol
o Define switching
o Types of switching
o Transmission processes
o Switching domains
o Condition domain
o Broadcast domain
o Conclusion

CHAPTER 2

o VLAN concept
o Introduction
o Definition of VLAN
o Role of VLAN’s in a switching network
o Types of VLAN’s
o VLAN is single switching and multi switching environment
o Steps for configuring VLAN
o Lab 1: Creating VLAN’s by level testing functionality
o Concepts of trunks in VLAN’s
o Lab 2: Configuring a trunk clean between switches
o Inter VLAN routing
o Why inter-VLAN routing?
o Functioning of inter-VLAN routing
o Steps for configuring inter-VLAN routing
o Lab 3: Configuring inter-VLAN routing
o Concept of VTP
 o VTP server
o VTP client
o Conclusion

CHAPTER 3 STP Concept

o Introduction
o Definition of STP protocol
o Functioning of STP protocol
o Frame format
o Route switch electron process
o Port state
o STP protocol’s and it’s variants
o Steps for configuring STP and RSTP
o Conclusion

CHAPTER 4 : ETHERCHANNEL

o Introduction
o Definition of etherchannel
o Operation of a etherchannel
o Protocol’s used
o LACP Protocol
o PagP Protocol
o Steps for configuring etherchannel technology
o Lab 4: Configuring etherchannel
o Conclusion

CHAPTER 5: Switch Board Security

 o Introduction
o Define board security
o Why is board security important
o Categories of switch adapt
o MAC address adapt
o VLAN adapt
o VHTP adapt
o STP adapt
o Address spoofing adapt
o Board security modes
o Steps for configuring boards with different modes
o Lab 5: Configuring board security
o Conclusion

Objectives

CHAPTER 1: SWITCHING CONCEPTS

Introduction

Switching refers to the process of forwarding data from one segment to another base on the
destination address contained in the data packet . It allows multiple devices to communicate
over the same network medium without interfering with each other, by managing connection
dynamically.

Switching takes place at the data link layer of the osi model. This means that after the generation
of the data packets in the physical layer, switching is the immediate process in data
communication.

In a computer network the switching can be achieve using switches, a switch is a small piece of
hardware device that is use to join multiple computer together with one local area network
(LAN). A switch works like a traffic cop at a busy intersection. when a data packet arrives the
switch decides where it needs to go and sends it through the right port. Some data packets come
from devices directly connected to the switch like computer or VoIP Phones other packets come
from devices connected through hubs or routers

TYPE OF SWITCHING
There are three types of switching
Message
Circuit SWITCHING
Packet
Types of switching
MessageSwitching
Message switching Circuit Switching y
Packet Switching
Virtual circuit switch* Datagram
switch*

Message Switching
This is an older switching technique that has become obsolete. In this message switching
technique, data is send as whole message from one node to another and stored at each
intermediate node until the next node is available.

Circuit Switching
In this type of switching a connection is establish between the source and destination beforehand
for the duration of the communication e.g traditional telephone network where a circuit is
establish for the call duration

Packet Switching
Here data is broken into packets that are send independently over the network. Each packet can
take different path to reach the destination, where they are reassemble. There are two types of
packet switching
Cell Switching
Data gram and virtual circuit.
1. Data gram packet switching
In this type each data frame is taken as an individual entity and thus, they are process
separately. Here, no connection is established before data transmission occurs.

2. Virtual circuit packet switching

In virtual packet switching, a logical connection between the source and the destination is
made before transmitting data. These logical connections are called virtual circuits. Each
data frame follows this logical paths and provides a reliable way of transmitting data with
less chance of data loss.

FRAME TRANSMITTING PROCESSING IN A SWITCHING NETWORK

Frame transmission in a switch network involve several processes that ensure data is efficiently
and accurate delivered from the source device and the destination device. Here is an expanded
overview of these processes
Assignment: State and explain the different processes for frame transmission
Frame transmission is a fundamental process in network communications, where data is packaged
into frames and sent over a network from one device to another. Here are the key processes
involved in frame transmission:

1. *Frame Creation*: The sending device encapsulates the data into a frame by adding a header
and a trailer. The header typically includes control information such as source and destination
addresses, while the trailer often contains error-checking data like a Cyclic Redundancy Check
(CRC).

2. *Frame Encoding*: The frame is then encoded into a series of bits that can be transmitted over
the physical medium. This may involve converting digital data into electrical, optical, or radio
signals, depending on the type of network.

3. *Frame Transmission*: The encoded frame is transmitted over the network medium (e.g.,
copper wire, fiber optic cable, or wireless) to the destination device. This process is governed by
the rules of the specific network protocol being used (e.g., Ethernet, Wi-Fi).

4. *Frame Reception*: The receiving device detects the incoming frame and begins the process of
decoding it back into a digital format. The device checks the frame's integrity using the error-
checking data in the trailer.

5. *Frame Decoding*: The frame is decoded to extract the original data. The header and trailer
are removed, and the data is passed up to the appropriate protocol layer for further processing.

6. *Error Checking and Handling*: The receiving device performs error checking using the CRC
or other error-detection mechanisms. If an error is detected, the frame may be discarded, and the
sending device may be notified to retransmit the frame.

7. *Acknowledgment (if required)*: In some protocols, the receiving device sends an

acknowledgment back to the sender to confirm that the frame was received correctly. If no
 acknowledgment is received, or if a negative acknowledgment is received, the sender may
retransmit the frame.

8. *Flow Control*: To manage the rate of data transmission and prevent congestion, flow control
mechanisms may be employed. These mechanisms ensure that the sender does not overwhelm the
receiver with too many frames at once.

These processes ensure reliable and efficient data communication across networks, allowing
devices to exchange information accurately and securely.

SWITCHING DOMAINS
There are fundamental concepts in networking , that pertain how data is manage and
transmitted within a LAN. Understanding switching domains helps in designing and
managing , efficient and reliable network , here is a detail exploration of the key types of
switching domains; occurs at layer 2

COLLISION DOMAIN
It is a network segment , where data packets can collide with one another while been send
over a shared medium. This typically occurs in networks using tradition Ethernet hubs or
within the same broadcast domain where multiple devices transmit simultaneously
(Minimize collision between networks)
IMPACT
In a collision domain, only one device can successfully send data at a time. If two devices
transmit simultaneously, a collision occurs resulting in both packet been lost.

Devices most use a protocol like the CSMA/CD to manage access to the network medium
which can introduce delay.

Switching advantage
Switching creates separate collision domain, this means they each devices connected to the
switch port has it’s one collision domain reducing the chances of collision and improving
overall transmission
BROADCAST DOMAIN
It is logical division of a network where a broadcast packet send by bone device is received by
all other devices within the same domain. They are typically used for cast like ARP (Address
Resolution Protocol ).

IMPACT

All devices within the broadcast domain will receive a broadcast packet which can lead to
increase network traffic if many devices are present potentially causing broadcast storm if not
manage PROPERLY

CONCLUSION
In this chapter we explore the fundamental concepts of switching a crucial technology that
underpins modern networking.

Group 3

Theme: Collision and Broadcast Domain And configuration of CSMA/CD CSMA/CA

Produce a word document and configure

Practical class on how to configure using cisco packet tracer

Friday next week submit reports

Members
Christ
Alain
Picol rolston oye ayissi Ivanna karim onana
 CHAPTER 2: VLAN CONCEPTS
Introduction

A LAN is a group of devices connected to a single Ethernet network. A broadcast message is a

message that reaches all devices in the network. Devices used to broadcast messages to perform
many essential task. The more devices you add to a network, the more broadcast messages it will
have. Broadcast messages reduce network performance.

To improve network performance, administrators break the lan network into smaller LAN’s.
When you break a large LAN into smaller LAN’s, you create VLAN’s. VLAN’s are smaller
LAN’s. Vlans create a boundary for broadcast messages. A braoadcast message generated in
VLAN reaches all devices inside the VLAN. It does not go outside the VLAN if 2 devices
belong to different VLAN’s, they do not exchange broadcast messages.

What is a VLAN
A virtual LAN is a logical grouping of devices on the network, regardless of their physical location. Vlan
allow network administrators to segment networks into smaller, manageable parts, improving
performance and security by isolating broadcast domains

Roles of VLAN in a switch network

Vlan’s play a crucial role in switch network by

 Reduce broadcast traffic

Each vlan acts as it’s own broadcast domain which minimizes the amount of broadcast traffic
devices witon a vlan will only receive broadcast from other devices un the same vlan, reducing
network congestion and allowing for better performance.
 Controlling access:
Network policies and access control can be applied to specific vlan’s, ensuring only authorized
users can access certain resources
 Easier configuration
Changes can be made at the vlan level rather than leading to re0configure physical connections.
Adding or moving devices within a vlan can often be done without physical recabling.
  Scalability
Vlan’s can be used to segment networks into smaller, more manageable groups as the network
grows in size and complexity.
 Reduce hardware cost
By allowing multiple logical networks operate on a single physical infrastructure, organisations
can minimize the need for additional hardware.

VLAN Ranges
 VLAN 0-4095:
These are reserved vlan which cannot be seen or used
 VLAN 1:
It is the default vlan of switches . by default, all switch port are in this vlan . This vlan can’t be
deleted or edit but can be used
 VLAN 2/1001
This is a normal vlan range. We can create, edit and delete this vlan.
 VLAN 1002-1005
This are cisco default vlan for FDDI(Fiber Distributed Data Interface) and token rings. This vlan
can’t be deleted
 VLAN 1006-4094
This is the extended range of vlan. It allows for the creation of additional vlans beyond the
normal vlan range.

Types of VLAN

The following are the diff types of VLAN

Level 1:
1. Portbased-VLAN:This type of vlan is created based on the physical switch ports to which
devices are connected. Each port on a switch can be assigned to a specific vlan. Here,
devices connected to the same port will belong to the same vlan.
2.
Level 2:
3. Protocal-based VLAN: This type of vlan is defined based of layer 2 protocols that the
device are using (eg IP,Apple talk) It allows for the segmentation of traffic based on the
 protocol type,rather than the port assignment. It is useful in environments where multiple
layer 2 protocols are used.
Level 3
4. IP-based VLAN:This VLAN is created on layer 3 IP addresses. It facilitates routing
between diff vlans, allowing devices in diff vlan to communicate through routers or layer
3 switch. Each vlan can be assigned a unique subnet simplifying ip address management

VLAN in a simple switching environment and a multi switch

environment
Vlan can be effectively utilized in both simple amd more complex multi switch environment
1. Vlans in a simple switching environment
A simple switching environment typically consist of a single switch with multiple
ports. Devices connected to this switch can be configured into diff vlans.
Characteristics
 All vlan configuration are managed from 1 switch. Simplifying administrative task
 Devices within the same switch can communicate directly without the need for routing.
 Each vlan creates it own broadcast domain
 Devices in diff vlans cannot communicate unless a router or layer 3 switch is introduced
foe inter vlan routing
2. Vlans in a multi switch environment
A multi switch environment involves several inter connected switches allowing vlans
to span across multiple devices. This is common in larger organization or data centers
Xtics
Trunk links are used to connect switches allowing multiple vlans to pass through a single
physical link
Vlans can extend beyond a single switch enabling devices with same vlan to
communicates even if they are connected to diff switches
Management and configuration are more complex due to the need of trunk configuration
and inter vlan routing

Diff
In multiple there is trunk link configuration meanwhile in single there is not

Trunk link is he link btw 2 switches in a multiple enable vlans to exchange data

VLAN Configuration
Before diving in the configuration, you need to understand the diff switch port modes
Switch Port Modes
Switch port modes determine how the switch interact with connected devices and handle vlan
tagging(a method used to identify and separate diff vlan traffics on a network)
 1. Access Mode:
In access mode, a switch port is assigned to a single vlan. Only untagged traffic is
allowed on this port. Typically for end devices like computers, printers and IP phones
that do not support vlan tagging
Command: Switchport mode access
2. Trunk Mode:
A trunk port can carry traffic for multiple vlans simultaneously and is used to connect
switches or routers. It uses Vlan tagging(like IEEE [Link]) to differentiate between
Vlan’s commonly isued for inter switch links and connections to routers or firewall that
need to handle traffic for multiple vlans
Command: switchport mode trunk

Assignment
Complete the rest of switch port mode and commands.
Dynamic auto mode
Dynamic desirable mode
Routing mode
Read on how to configure a vlan
3. Dynamic Auto Mode:
The switch is passive and will ot initiate the formation of an ethernetchannel
It will respond to requests from another switch
Command: Switchport mode dynamic auto
Switchport duplex auto
Switch speed auto
4. Dynamic Desirable Mode:
The switch actively negotiates with the neighboring device to form an Ethernet cable. If the
neighbourhood device is configured to accept LACP packets an Ethernet channel is formed.
The port sends out LACP packets to initiate negotiations
Command: switchport mode dynamic desirable
5. Routing mode
Unicast Routing Mode:It is the process of routing packets to a single destination device.
The router uses a multicast group address to determine which devices should receive the
packet
Command: No switchport

Steps for configuring a VLAN

Here are the general steps for configuring vlans on a cisco switch, along with commands used in
the process
Step 1: Access the switch
Connect the switch to a console(CLI) or SSH
Step 2: Enter the global configuration Mode
Commands: switch>enable
switch# configure terminal
Step 3: Create a vlan
To create a new vlan, use the following command. Replace vlan_id and vlan_name with the
desired vlan id and name.
Command
Switch(config)# vlan VLAN_ID
Switch(config-vlan) # name VLAN_NAME
Example
switch(config) # vlan 10
switch(config-vlan) # name marketing
Step 4: Assign port to the VLAN
- Access the interface configuration mode for each port you want to assign
Command
Switch(config) #interface INTERFACE-ID
- Assign the port to the VLAN
Switch(config-if) # switchport mode access
Switch(config-if) # switchport access vlan10
Example
Switch(config) # interface fa0/1
Switch(config-if) # switchport mode access
Switch(config-if) # switchport access vlan10
Step 5: Save the configuration
Command: switch# write memory
LAB 1: Creating VLAN by level, testing functionality
 Concept of Trunk’s in VLAN
A trunk is a network link that carries VLAN traffic simultaneously. Unlike access ports, which
connect to a single VLAN trunk ports can transmit data for multiple VLAN. Making them
critical for interswitch communication. This is done by adding an additional header information
called Tag to the Ethernet frame. The process of adding this small header is called VLAN
tagging.
Purpose of trunk
Trucking allows for multiple VLAN to be carried over a single physical link between network devices such
as switches. This helps in conserving network resources and reducing the number of physical cables
required.

VLAN Tagging
VLAN tagging is the process of adding a VLAN tag to Ethernet frames. A tag frame indicates which VLAN
it belongs to, allowing devices to process the frame accordingly. If a frame is untagged, switches typically
assumes it belongs to the native VLAN

Why is vlan tagging important in trunk links

Because it helps us to differentiate it from native land

Native VLAN
The native VLAN is the default VLAN configured on a trunk port. It is the VLAN that untagged frames are
associated with it is essential to properly configure the native to avoid potential security issues or
misconfigurations.

LAB 2: Configuring a trunk link between switches (ass)

Pc2 and 11= vlan10

Pc1 and 10= vlan 20

Pco and 9 = vlan 40

Pc 4567 =no vlan

Explain result of different test

Inter VLAN Routing

Concept of VTP (VLAN Trucking Protocols)
The protocol Used for vlan configuration across multiple switches