C 02000CHT204052106 Pages: 4

Reg No.:_______________ Name:__________________________

APJ ABDUL KALAM TECHNOLOGICAL UNIVERSITY
Fourth Semester B.Tech Degree (S, FE) Examination January 2024 (2019 Scheme)

Course Code: CHT204

Course Name: HEAT TRANSFER OPERATIONS
Max. Marks: 100 Duration: 3 Hours
PART A
(Answer all questions; each question carries 3 marks) Marks

1 1 kW is conducted through a section of material, 0.8 m2 in cross section, 1 cm thick and (3)
thermal conductivity is 0.15 W/mK. Compute temperature difference across the
material.
2 What is the physical significance of Biot number and Fourier number? (3)
3 Discuss the need for dimensional analysis. Name two methods of dimensional analysis (3)
4 Explain Reynold’s analogy (3)
5 What is Leidenfrost point? (3)
6 What is view factor? Explain its importance in radiation (3)
7 What is meant by ‘fouling’ in heat transfer? How does it affect heat transfer? (3)
8 A double pipe counter flow heat exchanger is used to cool an oil from 70 oC to (3)
40oC using water at 28oC. Oil flow rate is 1000 kg/h and water exit temperature
should not exceed 42oC. Estimate required rate of flow of water. Cpoil = 2.05
kJ/kgoC and Cpwater = 4.17 kJ/kgoC.
9 Discuss the variation in economy and capacity of evaporators with increase in (3)
number of effects.
10 How does boiling point elevation affect evaporator performance? (3)

PART B
(Answer one full question from each module, each question carries 14 marks)

Module -1
11 a) Derive expression for critical insulation radius for a spherical surface. Show (9)
graphically variation in heat loss with radius.
b) A 1 mm diameter wire is kept at a temperature of 300oC and exposed to a (5)
convection environment at 20oC with h = 110 W/m2K. Calculate the thermal

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conductivity which will just cause an insulation thickness of 0.25 mm to

produce a critical radius. Give one application each for insulation thickness less
than critical value and more than critical value.
12 a) Distinguish between steady and unsteady state heat transfer. What is meant by (6)
lumped system analysis?
b) An infinite composite slab is made up of glass wool insulation (k = 0.04 W/mK) (8)
packed in the space between two metal sheets (0.5 mm thick). The metal sheets
are 2 cm apart. The outer surfaces of the sheets are in contact with hot air at
700oC on one side and room temperature air (30oC) on the other side. Heat
transfer coefficients of the hot and cold faces are 15 and 10 W/m2K respectively.
Calculate the steady rate at which heat flows per unit area through the slab.
Module -2
13 a) The expression for local Nusselt number for laminar flow over a flat plate is (8)
given by 𝑁𝑢𝑥 = 0.332 𝑅𝑒𝑥 1/2 𝑃𝑟1/3 . Develop a relation for average heat
transfer coefficient from x = 0 to x = L.
b) Atmospheric air at 400 K, flows over a flat plate (2m long) with a velocity 1.2 (4+ 2
m/s. Plate is kept at a constant temperature of 300 K. Calculate average heat = 6)
transfer coefficient from x = 0 to x = 2 m. Also calculate rate of heat transfer
from the plate to air stream taking plate if width = 0.5 m. Properties of air: k =
0.03 W/mK, ρ = 0.994 kg/m3, ν = 0.21 x 10-4 m2/s, Cp = 1 kJ/kgK .
14 a) Air is flowing inside a thin walled tube (2.5 cm diameter) with a velocity 0.5 (7)
m/s, in the hydrodynamically and thermally developed region. Calculate the heat
transfer coefficient if heating is done by (i) condensing steam on the outer
surface of the tube and (ii) electric resistance heating. The expression for
Nusselt number is Nu = 4.364 for constant wall heat flux and Nu = 3.66 for
constant wall temperature conditions, in the case of laminar internal flow. Take
air properties as ν = 20.76 × 10-6 m2/s and k = 0.03 W/mK.
b) A ball of ice, 4 cm in diameter, at 0oC is suspended in a dry air stream at 25oC, (7)
which is flowing at a velocity of 2 m/s. What is the initial rate of melting of ice?
Consider the expression Nu = 2 + (0.4 Re1/2 +0.6 Re2/3) Pr0.4. Latent heat of
fusion of ice = 334 kJ/kg and density of ice = 920 kg/m3. Properties of air are: ρ
= 1.248 kg/m3, µ = 1.69 × 10-5 kg/ms, Cp = 1.005 kJ/kgK.

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Module -3
15 a) What is the purpose of radiation shield? Two large parallel plates at T1 = 800 K (2+ 8
and T2 = 600 K have emissivities ε1 = 0.5 and ε2 = 0.8 respectively. A radiation = 10)
shield having an emissivity ε31 = 0.1 on one side and ε32 = 0.05 on the other side
is placed between the plates. Calculate the heat transfer rate by radiation per m2
with and without the radiation shield.
b) Explain hysteresis in the boiling curve (4)
16 a) Explain properties of a black body. Comment on the statement “a cavity (5)
approximates the black body behaviour”.
b) (i) Give assumptions in Nusselt analysis of film condensation on a vertical (5)
plate?
(ii) What is the effect of the presence of non-condensable gases on (4)
condensation?
Module -4
17 a) What is overall heat transfer coefficient? Write expression for estimation of (6)
overall heat transfer coefficient for flow through a pipe. Describe each term.
b) A heat exchanger is to be designed to cool hot water at 85oC using a cold liquid (8)
at 27oC. Hot water flow rate = 5 kg/min and cold liquid flow rate = 10 kg/min.
Specific heat of cold liquid = 2.93 kJ/kgK and that of hot water = 4.2 kJ/kgK.
Exit temperature of the cold liquid is required to be 55oC. The engineer assigned
to do the work decides to design a parallel flow configuration, but faces some
difficulty in doing the calculations. Explain why.
18 A simple heat exchanger consisting of two concentric flow passages is used for (7
heating 1130 kg/h of oil (Cp = 2.1 kJ/kgK) from a temperature of 27oC to 49oC. +7)
Oil flows through inner pipe made of copper (OD = 2.86 cm, ID = 2.54 cm) and
the surface heat transfer coefficient on the oil side is 635 W/m2K. Heating
medium is water supplied at a rate of 390 kg/h (Cp = 4.2 kJ/kgK) at an inlet
temperature of 93oC. The water side heat transfer coefficient is 1270 W/m2K.
kcopper = 350 W/mK and fouling factors on the oil and water sides are 0.0001 and
0.0004 m2K/W. Calculate the length of heat exchanger for (i) parallel flow and
(ii) counter flow.

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Module -5
19 Give procedure to estimate area requirement in a triple effect evaporator. Show (14)
all material and energy balance equations for both forward and backward
feeding.
20 Explain various feeding arrangements in multiple effect evaporators with the (14)
help of sketch, giving merits and demerits of each arrangement.
***

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