Function

Domain
& Range

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 Function, Domain & Range
Function: If a variable y depends on a variable x in such a way that each value of x determines
exactly one value of y, then y is called a function of x and it is denoted by the following symbol,
y  f ( x)
where x is independent variable and y is dependent variable.
Example: 𝑦 = 𝑥 2 + 𝑥 + 1 ; 𝑦 = 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑥 ; 𝑦 = 𝑒 𝑥 ; 𝑦 = 𝑙𝑛𝑥 etc.

Describe Function with the help of Mapping: A function or a mapping from A to B,

denoted by f : A → B is a relation from A to B in which every element from A appears exactly
once as the first component of an ordered pair in the relation.

A f B A f B

1 4 1 4

2 7 2 7

3 9 3 9
Function Not Function

Function
Describe Function with the help of Mapping: If we draw a vertical line on graph and
if this line cut only single point on graph then it will be a function other it will be not a function.

It’s a function
It’s not a function

Domain: The set of all values of x for which the function y  f ( x) is defined, is called domain
of the function. Simply domain is the set of all allowable x-values.
Mathematically, D f  x : y  f (x)  R and x  R .
Range: The set of all values of y corresponding to the values of x for which the function
y  f ( x) is defined, is called range of the function. Simply range is the set of all possible y-values.
Mathematically,.𝑅𝑓 = {𝑦: 𝑦 = 𝑓(𝑥) ∈ 𝑅 and 𝑥 ∈ 𝐷𝑓 }

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Domain and range of various types of Functions:
Problem 01: Find the domain and range of the function y  2 x  5 .
Solution: Given function is,
y  2x  5
Here, y gives real values for all real values of x.
So, the domain of the given function is,
Df  R
Again, y  2 x  5
or, 2 x  y  5
y 5
or , x 
2
Here, x gives real values for all real values of y.
So, the range of the given function is,
R f  R (Ans)
H.W:
Find the domain and range of the following functions
1. y  3x  5 Ans: D f  R and R f  R
2. y  4 x  3 Ans: D f  R and R f  R
3. y  ax  b Ans: D f  R and R f  R

x 3
Problem 02: Find the domain and range of the function y  .
2x 1
Solution: Given function is,
x 3
y
2x 1
Here, y is undefined if
2x 1  0
1
or , x  
2
1
So, y gives real values for all real values of x except x   .
2
Therefore, the domain of the given function is
 1
D f  R    .
 2
Again we have,
x 3
y
2x 1

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 or, 2 xy  y  x  3
or, x  2 xy  y  3
or , x 1  2 y   y  3
y 3
or , x 
1 2 y
Here, x is undefined if
1 2 y  0
1
or , y 
2
1
So, x gives real values for all real values of y except y  .
2
Therefore, the range of the given function is
1 
Rf  R    (Ans)
2
H.W:
Find the domain and range of the following quadratic functions
x
1. y  Ans: D f  R  1 and R f  R  1
x 1
1 x
2. y  Ans: D f  R  5 and R f  R  1
5 x
2
3. y  Ans: D f  R  3 and R f  R  0
x3

Problem 03: Find the domain and range of the function y  2 x  5 .

Solution: Given function is,
y  2x  5
Here, y gives real values iff
2x  5  0
or, 2 x   5
5
or , x  
2
Therefore, the domain of the given function is
 5 
D f   ,   .
 2 
Again,
y  2x  5 1
The values of y in (1) are positive or zero i.e, y  0 .
Now y 2  2 x  5 ; y  0 [Squaring both sides]

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2x  5  y2 ; y  0
2x  y2  5 ;y0
y 5
2
x ;y0
2
Here, x gives real values for all real values of y but in (1) we have y  0 .
Therefore, the range of the given function is
R f  [0, )
H.W:
Find the domain and range of the following functions
1 
1. y  2x 1 Ans: D f   ,   and R f   0,  
2 
2. y  1  5x Ans: D f  1,   and R f    , 0

Rational function under the square root sign:

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Problem 4: Find the domain and range of the function y  .
2x  3
Solution:
1
Domain: Given function is, y 
2x  3
3
Here, y gives real values iff, 2 x  3  0 or , 2 x  3 or , x  
2
3  3 
Therefore the domain of the given function is D f  {x : x   } .or D f    ,  
2  2 
Range:
We have,
1
y 1
2x  3
The values of y in (1) are positive i.e, y  0 .
1
Now, y 2  ;y0
2x  3
1
or , 2 x  3  2 ; y  0
y
1
or , 2 x  2  3 ; y  0
y
1 1 
or , x   2  3  ; y  0
2 y 

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Here, x gives real values for all real values of y except y  0 . But from (1) we have, y  0 .
Therefore the range of the given function is R f  (0, ) .(Ans)

Piecewise function:
A piecewise-defined function (also called a piecewise function or a hybrid function) is a function which
is defined by multiple sub-functions, each sub-function applying to a certain interval of the main
function's domain (a sub-domain).
For example: The following function is the piecewise function
 f1 (x) , xa

y  f ( x)   f 2 (x) , a  x b
 f (x) , xb
 3
Note that:
1. The function f1 (x) is defined on the interval   , a  .
2. The function f 2 (x) is defined on the interval [a, b) .
3. The function f 2 (x) is defined on the interval [b, ) .
4. The domain of a piecewise function is the union of its subdomain.
5. The range of a piecewise function is the union of its subdomain’s ranges.

Domain and range of piecewise function:

Problem 05: Find the domain and range of


 x2 ,x 0

f ( x)   x ,0  x 1
1
 , x 1
x

Solution: The domain of the given function is,

𝐷𝑓 = {𝑥: 𝑥 < 0} ∪ {𝑥: 0 ≤ 𝑥 ≤ 1} ∪ {𝑥: 𝑥 > 1}

= (−∞, 0) ∪ [0,1] ∪ (1, ∞)

= (−∞, ∞)

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 The range of the given function is,
𝑅𝑓 = {𝑓(𝑥): 𝑥 < 0} ∪ {𝑓(𝑥): 0 ≤ 𝑥 ≤ 1} ∪ {𝑓(𝑥): 𝑥 > 1}
1
= {𝑥 2 : 𝑥 < 0} ∪ {𝑥: 0 ≤ 𝑥 ≤ 1} ∪ {𝑥 : 𝑥 > 1}

= (0, ∞) ∪ [0,1] ∪ (0,1)

= [0, ∞) [ans]

Problem 06: Find the domain and range of

2 x  3 , x  0

f ( x)   x 2 ,0  x  2
 1 ,x  2


Solution: The domain of the given function is,

𝐷𝑓 = {𝑥: 𝑥 < 0} ∪ {𝑥: 0 ≤ 𝑥 ≤ 2} ∪ {𝑥: 𝑥 > 2}

= (−∞, 0) ∪ [0,2] ∪ (2, ∞)

= (−∞, ∞)
The range of the given function is,
𝑅𝑓 = {𝑓(𝑥): 𝑥 < 0} ∪ {𝑓(𝑥): 0 ≤ 𝑥 ≤ 2} ∪ {𝑓(𝑥): 𝑥 > 2}

= {2𝑥 + 3: 𝑥 < 0} ∪ {𝑥 2 : 0 ≤ 𝑥 ≤ 2} ∪ {1: 𝑥 > 2}

= (−∞, 3) ∪ [0,4] ∪ {1}

= [−∞, 4) [ans]

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 Graph of a Function
If 𝑓: 𝐴 → 𝐵 denotes a function, then the graph of the function 𝑓(𝑥) is the set of all ordered pairs
(𝑥, 𝑓(𝑥)) for all values of x in the domain A.
∴ Graph of 𝑓(𝑥) = {(𝑥, 𝑦): 𝑥𝜖𝐴, 𝑦 = 𝑓(𝑥)𝜖𝐵}
Therefore Graph is the geometrical/Pictorial representation of a function or visualization of a
function.
Human being is not able to observe its face without mirror as like this we don’t observe equation
without sketching/ graphing it geometrically.

Graph of Some elementary functions

 Graph of 𝑦 = 𝑚𝑥+c

Y Y

m> 0 m< 0

X X
O O

 Graph of 𝑦 = 𝑚𝑥

O
X

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 Graph of 𝑦 = 𝑥 Graph of 𝑦 = − 𝑥

Y Y

O
O
X X

 Graph of 𝑦 = |𝑥| Graph of 𝑦 = 𝑥 2

Y Y

X X
O O

 Graph of 𝑦 = − 𝑥 2 Graph of 𝑥 = 𝑦 2

Y Y

O O X
X

Note: when power of the variable increases then graph will be wider.

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 Graph of 𝑥 = − 𝑦 2 Graph of 𝑦 = √𝑥

Y Y

X X
O O

 Graph of 𝑦 = − √𝑥 Graph of 𝑦 = √− 𝑥
Y
Y

O X
X O

1
 Graph of 𝑦 = − √− 𝑥 Graph of 𝑦 = 𝑥
Y Y

X X
O O

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 1
 Graph of 𝑦 =
𝑥2
Graph of 𝑦 = 𝑥 3

Y Y

X X
O O

3
 Graph of 𝑦 = √𝑥 Graph of 𝑦 = 𝑒 𝑥
Y Y

(0,1)
X X
O O

Y
Y

 Graph of 𝑦 = 𝑒 − 𝑥 Graph of 𝑦 = 𝑙𝑛|𝑥| (1,0)

X
O
X
O

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Sketch the graph of the function f ( x)  x 2
 6 x  10 .

Solution:
The equation of the given function is,

y  f ( x)  x 2  6 x  10 [Say]

Completing the given equation in a square form it becomes as

y  x 2  6 x  10

y  x 2  2.x.3  32  32  10

y   x  3  9  10
2

y   x  3  1
2

The graph of the standard function y  x 2 is as follows

X
O

Translating or shifting the above graph 3 units to the left, we get the graph of the function
y   x  3 .
2

 0,9 
X
-3 O

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Translating or shifting the above graph 1 units upward, we get the graph of the function
y   x  3  1 .
2

 3,1  0,10 

X
-3 O

(Desired Graph)
H.W:

Sketch the graph of the following functions

1. f ( x)  x 2  4 x  10
2. f ( x)  2 x 2  5x  10
3. f ( x)  x 2  4 x  5
4. f ( x)  2 x 2  5

Sketch the graph of the function f ( x)  x2 5.

Solution:
The equation of the given function is,

y  f ( x)  x  2  5 [Say]

The graph of the function y  x  2  5 is

X
O
2

(Desired Graph)

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H.W:

Sketch the graph of the following functions

1. f ( x)  x  2
2. f ( x)  2 x  5
3. f ( x)  2  x  5

Mathematical Problem


 x2 1 ,x 0
Sketch the graph of the function f ( x)   x ,0  x 1 .
1
 , x 1
x

Solution:
Given function is,

 x2 1 ,x 0

y  f ( x)   x ,0  x 1 [ say ]
1
 , x 1
x
Y
The graph of the given function is as follows

X
O
1
(1, 0)

(Desired Graph)

2 x  1 ,x0
Sketch the graph of the function f ( x)   1 ,0  x 1 .
 2x 1 , x 1


Solution: Given function is,

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 2 x  1 ,x0

y  f ( x)   1 ,0  x 1 [ Say ]
 2x 1 , x 1


The graph of the given function is as follows:

X
O
1

H.W:
Sketch the graph of the following piecewise functions and find also domain and range


 x2 ,x 0

1. f ( x)   x ,0  x 1
1
 , x 1
x

 x2  1 ,x 0

2. f ( x)   x ,0  x 1
1
 , x 1
x

1  x , 1  x  1

3. f ( x)   0 ,1  x  2
 x2  4 ,x  2

 x2  1 , x 1

4. f ( x)   x 2 , 1  x  1
 x2 1 , x  1

2 x  3 , x  0

5. f ( x)   x 2 ,0  x  2
 1 ,x  2


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